人教版初升高中英语衔接教材教案讲义

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暑期初高中衔接英语教学资料

一、十大词类

英语中的词根据词义、句法作用和形式特征可分为十大词类。

名词(n.)noun

"名"就是名称--人或事物的名称.具体的人或物体的名称:人名--Mike,Li Ming;地名—America ,China 动物名--pig,dog;植物名--tree,wheat.抽象的事物的名称:idea(主意),victory(胜利),knowledge(知识). 名词可分为两大类:1、普通名词(common noun)是某一类人、事物、某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如:Teacher、 market、 rice;

2、专有名词(proper noun)是特定的某人、地方或机构的名称。专有名词的第一个字母必须大写。例如:Hemingway Russia。名词又可分为可数名词(countable noun)与不可数名词(uncountable noun)两种。名词可做主语、表语、定语、补语、同位语。如:My sister is reading a novel. (主语)

She is my sister.(表语) Iinvite my friend to dinner.(宾语)

代词(pron.) pronoun

何谓“代” ?即是替代的意思,主要是来替代名词,有时代替数词。所以说名词和代词关系是很近的,或者说代词的实质就是名词,正是这种血液关系,绝大多数时候代词跟名词在句中起的作用是一样的。如:She(主语) brought me(宾语) these books, so they are mine.(表语)

动词(v.)verb

"动"就是动作或状态--人的五官动作:walk(走),jump(跳),swim(游泳);人的大脑动作(心理活动):think(想),imagine(想象).也有些动词是表示静止的,如:am,is,are。动词根据起意义和作用可分为实义动词、系动词、情态动词和助动词。作谓语。如:He can’t underdtand (谓语) what he said. 形容词(adj.) adjective

形容词是用来修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征。例如:yellow(黄色的),wonderful(惊人的),strong(强大的)。形容词一般放在它所修饰的名词之前,例如:busy streets(繁华的街道),public relations(公共关系),young men(年轻人)等。作宾语、表语、宾补、主补、独立成分。如:The house was found empty. (主补)

He made his mother angry.(宾补)

副词(adv.)adverb

表示行为特征或性状特征的词,主要修饰动词,也可修饰形容词、副词、介词短语或全句,表示时间、地点、方式、程度,也表示说话人的态度等。作状语、表语、主补、宾补和定语。如:He speaks English quite fluently.(状语) I must be off.(表语)We saw him out.(宾补)

数词(num.)numeral

表示“数量”和“顺序”的词。前者称为基数词,例如:one(一),twenty (二十),thirty-five(三十五),one hundred and ninety-five(一百九十五)等;后者称为序数词,例如:first(第一),twentieth(第二十),fifty-first(第五十一)等。作主语、表语、定语。如:Five (主语)plus seven (宾语)is twelve.

冠词(art.)article

放在名词之前,帮助说明该名词所指的对象。英语中只有三个冠词:a\an (不定冠词)the (定冠词),不定冠词表示泛指,定冠词表示特指。

介词(prep.)preposition

又叫前置词,放在名词、代词或相当于名词的词前面,表示它后面的词与句子中其它成分之间的关系. 介词根据其构成,可分为简单介词,如:in, at, for, since等;复合介词,如:into(进入), as for(至于), out of(出自);二重介词,如:until after(直至...之后), from among(从...当中);短语介词,如:according to(根据), because of(因为), in front of(在...之前), in the event of(如果);分词介词,如:regarding(关于), considering(考虑到), including(包括)。

介词后面的名词或代词叫做介词宾语。介词和介词宾语合称为介词短语(prepositional phrase)。介词短语作状语、定语、表语。如:The women stood near the window in silence. (状语) The teacher in silence is middle-aged.(定语)

连词(conj.)conjunction

连词的作用是连接词、短语、从句或句子。连词是虚词,不能在句中单独作句子成分。

根据连词本身的含义及其所连接的成分的性质,可分为并列连词和从属连词。

并列连词是连接并列关系的词、短语、从句或句子的连词,例如:and(和), or(或者、否则), but(但是), for(因为), not only...but also(不仅...而且), neither...nor(即不...也不)。从属连词是连接主从复合句的主句和从句的连词,例如:that, if(如果), whether(是否), when(当...时候), although(虽然), because(因为), so that(结果)。如:

The boys and (连接词)the girls are working hard at school and(连接短语)at home because (连接从句)they know what (连接从句)they study,

感叹词(interj.) interjection

主要是来表示喜怒哀乐等感情的,比如:oh/ ah /well 等等,这一词类在十大词类中并不重要,了解即可。

二、英语句子成分讲解及练习

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。

1. 主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。

The sun rises in the east (名词)He likes dancing. (代词)

Twenty years is a short time in history. (数词) Seeing is believing. (动名词)

To see is to believe.(不定式)What he needs is a book.(主语从句)

It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.

(It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语)

(一)指出下列句中主语的中心词

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult. 2. 谓语(predicate):是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。

We study English. He is asleep.

(二). 选出句中谓语的中心词

① I don't like the picture on the wall. A. don't B. like C. picture D. wall

② The days get longer and longer when summer comes. A. get B. longer C. days D. summer

③ Do you usually go to school by bus? A. Do B. usually C. go D. bus

④ There will be a meeting at the library this afternoon.

A. will be

B. meeting

C. the library

D. afternoon

⑤ Did the twins have porridge for their breakfast? A. Did B. twins C. have D. breakfast

3. 表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。

He is a teacher. (名词)Seventy-four! You don’t look it. (代词)

Five and five is ten. (数词)He is asleep. (形容词)

His father is in.(副词)The picture is on the wall. (介词短语)

My watch is gone / missing / lost. (形容词化的分词)

The question is whether they will come. (表语从句)

(常见的系动词有: be, sound(听起来), look(看起来), feel(摸起来,smell(闻起来), taste(尝、吃起来), remain(保持,仍是), feel(感觉)……

It sounds a good idea. The sound sounds strange.

Her voice sounds sweet. Tom looks thin.

The food smells delicious. The food tastes good.

The door remains open. Now I feel tired.

(三) 挑出下列句中的表语

① The old man was feeling very tired. ② Why is he worried about Jim?

③ The leaves have turned yellow. ④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.

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