语法知识(5)—句子的成分和基本句型

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句子的成分和基本句型
一、句子的概念The Definition of the Sentence
句子是由词按照一定的语法结构组成的，是能表达一个完整概念的语言单位。

二、句子成分The Components of the Sentence
概念：组成句子的各个部分。

主要包括：主语、谓语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语和状语。

主语和谓语是句子的主体部分（在英文中一般的句子必须有主语和谓语，祈使句除外）。

1. 主语：是在句子中说明全句中心主题的部分。

一般由名词、名词短语、代词、
不定式或动名词来充当。

一般置于主句及从句的句首。

The classroom is very clean.
Seeing a film is pleasure while making one is hard work.
We study in No. 1 Middle School.
To teach them English is my job.
注：不定式做主语时，常可用形式主语it句型进行转换，例如上句To teach them English is my job. = It is my job to teach them English.（真正的主语是to teach them English）。

2. 谓语：主要说明主语“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么样”，即主要描述主语的行为
动作，是由动词及动词短语构成。

一般置于主语后。

His parents are doctors.
She looks well.
We study hard.
I have done the job.
He can speak English.
3. 表语：说明主语“是什么”或者“怎么样”，即主要描述主语的属性及状态。

由名
词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式及短语来担任。

表语的位置一般在系动词的后面。

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You look younger than before.
I am a teacher.
Everybody is here.
They are at home now.
My job is to teach them English.
4. 宾语：是动作、行为的对象，由名词、名词短语、代词、不定式或动名词来
充当，它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，通常置于谓语动词之后。

She is playing the piano now.
He often helps me.
He likes to sleep in the open air.
We enjoy living in China.
5. 宾语补足语：用来补充说明宾语的句子成分，帮助宾语表达完整的语义。

“宾
语+宾语补足语”合称为复合宾语。

名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式以及动词的现在分词和过去分词等均可作宾语补足语。

If you let me go, I’ll make you king.
Leave the door open.
We found Joe out when we arrive.
Make yourself at home.
I saw him enter the hall.
The boss kept them working all day.
Yesterday he got his leg broken.
6. 定语：用来修饰名词或代词。

形容词、代词、数词、名词、介词短语、不定
式等都可担任定语。

其位置一般在名词前，但有时也放在名词后，这类定语叫做后置定语。

The black bike is mine.
What is your name?
They made paper flowers.
The boy in the room is Jack.
I have something to do.
7. 状语：用来修饰动词、形容词或副词。

表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、
方式、程度等意义，一般由副词、介词短语、不定式来充当。

状语一般置于句末，但有的可以放在句首、句中。

He did it carefully.
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Without his help, we couldn’t work it out.
In order to catch up with my classmates, I must study hard.
三、五种基本句型Sentence Pattern
1. 主语+ 谓语（不及物动词）S + V
He runs in the park.
Birds fly.
Class begins.
注：有些动词既可做及物动词也可做不及物动词；但也有些动词只能做不及物动词，如下表：
2. 主语+ 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语S + V + O
My father read the book.
She likes English.
I know him very well.
They want to go.
He stopped writing.
注：有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词，后面可以加宾语，构成介宾短语。

You must listen to me.
3. 主语+ 系动词+ 表语S + V + P
常见的系动词：be动词, become, get, turn, go, grow变得，以及一些感官动词（feel, look, sound, smell, taste, keep… ）等等。

He became a scientist.
They are honest.
His face turns red.
That book looks interesting.
It grew dark.
4. 主语+ 谓语（及物动词）+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语S+V+IO+DO
主语+ 谓语（及物动词）+ 直接宾语+ 间接宾语S+V+DO+IO
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及物动词做谓语时，其后要接宾语，宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语。

直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象。

但有些动词，除了直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，这个间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所涉及的人或物，所以间接宾语就是指表示动作是“对谁做的”，或是“为谁做的“的宾语形式，只能是名词或人称代词的宾格来充当。

常带双宾语的动词，如下表：
to / for 引起的短语可与其它双宾语句型进行转换。

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He gave me a pen. = He gave a pen to me.
He will buy me some books. = He will buy some books for me.
注：间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，但当直接宾语是人称代词或间接宾语是名词时，或两个宾语都是人称代词时，间接宾语位于直接宾语之后，这时在间接宾语前必须加to或for。

I passed it to my mother.(直宾it, 间宾mother)
I found spare books for him.(直宾spare books, 间宾him)
注：主语+ 谓语（及物动词) + 间接宾语（人）+ 直接宾语（疑问词+ to…?）He taught me how to read the word.
He asked me why to sing this song.
She asked me which way to go.
I told him what to do.
5. 主语+ 谓语（及物动词）+ 宾语+ 宾语补足语S+V+O+OC
宾语+ 宾语补足语（名词、形容词、不定式）= 复合宾语
They made her happy.
I saw her dance.
We call her Connie.
常跟复合宾语的动词，如下表：
I found the movie interesting.
He left the window open.
注：省去小品词的情况—在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make, have 这些动词后的宾语补足语如果是由不定式担当，则省去小品词to。

但变为被动语态时，to 要还原。

.He saw the pianist play the piano.
— .The pianist was seen to play the piano.（被动语态）
四、双宾语和复合宾语的区分
6方法1：从概念上区分
双宾语= 直接宾语+ 间接宾语
复合宾语= 宾语+ 宾语补足语
方法2：从逻辑意义上区分
① He gave me a book.
间宾直宾
② He calls me Tom.
.宾宾补
句②中的宾语me和宾语补足语Tom, 可以形成逻辑上的主谓关系，即“我是汤姆”；但句①则不可以，间接宾语me和直接宾语a book不存在逻辑上的主谓关系，即不能说成“我是一本书”。

故我们可将复合宾语视为逻辑上可以形成主谓关系的宾语。

而将双宾语视为不存在主谓逻辑关系的宾语，以此加以区分。

根据以上方法，学生试分析以下两个句子：
He made the boy laugh.
She bought me a pen.。