Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)
lecture 8 翻译技巧七 语态变换法
1). It’s believed that her plans for a movie career had all been merely a pipe dream. 有人说她那些当明星的计划全都是些非非遐想罢了。
英语中以it 做形式主语，以被动语态作谓语，其后跟一个由that引导的主语从句的结构很多。这种结 构在译成汉语时，除把it一律省略外，通常有两种处理方法： 1.在被动语态前加“人们”、“有人”、“我们”、“大家”等词 2.用“据……”等短语译出
2). It is estimated that Americans spend up to five years of their lives in that tedious, stressful but unavoidable process known as waiting. 据估计，美国人一生中, 在乏味而令人厌烦, 却又躲避 不掉的等待上所耗费的时间,竟达五年之多。
到目前为止，二氧化硫一直被看作是这些污染物中
最严重的一种。
3) All around, the hills were black with oil, and some
were hidden by gas and drifting oil spray. 四周，由于蒙上了一层油，山峦是黑色的，有的山 峦则被天然气和在风中飘洒的喷油遮挡住了。 4) The thrust force of an airplane is produced by the propeller. 飞机的推力由螺旋桨所产生。
近四十岁时，由于事业上的挫折，他几乎为失意所 毁。
8) The laws of motion will be discussed in the next articles.
专八翻译6大翻译技巧整理
专八翻译6大翻译技巧整理一、确立主干1、确立主语（1）避免主语机械对应这个地区雨比较多。
It rains a lot in this area.（2）方位词或时间词在主语位置山下住着一位老妇人。
There lives an old lady at the foot of the mountain.（3）用it做主语翻译主语是复合结构的汉语信不信是你的事。
It is your concern whether you believe me or not.最好是等他们回来。
It is advisable to wait till they come back.勤能补拙It is diligence that makes for deficiency.2、确立谓语：英语的动词通常只能由某个动词或者系表结构担任在人际关系上我们不要太浪漫主义。
We shouldn't be too romantic about personal relationship.当他活着一天，总要尽量多工作、多学习，不肯虚度年华，不让时间白白地浪费掉。
As long as he is living, he always works and studies as hard as possible, unwilling to dream his life away, let alone waste even a single moment of life.二、语序调整1、定语的位置：英语中，单词充当定语时多为前置，短语和从句充当定语时多为后置。
钓鱼是一项能陶冶性情的运动，有益于身心健康。
Fishing is an outdoor sport that can cultivate your mind and it is good for your mental and physical health.2、状语的位置他是1970年5月20日在北京朝阳区出生的。
lecture的意思用法大全
lecture的意思用法大全lecture的意思n. 演讲,训斥，教训vi. 作演讲vt. 给…作演讲,教训(通常是长篇大论的)变形：过去式: lectured; 现在分词：lecturing; 过去分词：lectured;lecture用法lecture可以用作名词lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或谴责”。
lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或谴责某人”。
lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture用作名词的用法例句She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.她讲课前把讲稿匆匆看了一遍。
His lecture covered various aspects of language.他的讲课涉及到语言诸方面的问题。
They could not follow the lecture.他们听不懂这次演讲。
lecture可以用作动词lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。
lecture还可作“责备”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。
“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。
lecture用作动词的用法例句It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class.当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿，真让我感到羞辱。
He lectured to his students on modern writers.他给学生们讲了关于现代作家的一课。
lecture用法最全详解(含习题)
2.lecturelecture /ˈlektʃə(r)/ 词频4n. 讲座；讲课；教训. vi. (开)讲座；讲课. vt. 训斥派：lecturer 词频2 n.演讲者；（大学）讲师①高义频vi.&n.（尤指大学中的）讲座；讲课；演讲go to/attend a lecture 听讲座deliver/give a lecture做讲座a lecture on/about 关于……的讲课/训斥e.g. He lectures on literature at Manchester University. 他在曼彻斯特大学教文学。
②低义频vi.&n.教训；训斥lecture sb. about/on...因……训斥某人give sb. a lecture 给某人一个教训e.g. He’s always lecturing me about the way I dress. 他总是对我的穿着说三道四。
e.g. I know I should stop drinking-don’t give me a lecture about it.我知道我该戒酒，别教训我了。
1.单词拼写（1）I went to the ___(讲座) he gave in the hall.(lecture)（2）He learned a ___(教训)from this thing-he should stop smoking for his health.(lecture)（3）Professor Smith will give a l___ in Fudan University this evening about the history of English.(lecture)（4）She suffered a bad cold. As a result, she missed the ___(讲座) she liked very much.(lecture)（5）She preferred that we should have the discussion right after the ___(讲座).(lecture)（6）Please stop___(lecture) me! I know I should quit smoking.2.语法填空（1）The ___ (lecture) spoke very clearly so that we could hear every word.(lecturer) 3. 完成句子（1）He ___ ___ ___ ___time management to first-year students___ ___ ___ ___.他在报告厅给一年级学生做关于时间管理的讲座。
Lecture 10 分译与扩展
长句的分译
逆序法（换序法） 逆序法（换序法）
例1 It was certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO. 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。 人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。 例2 The earth’s revolution around the sun is known to all of us. 我们都知道，地球绕太阳运行。（或者：地球绕着太阳转， 。（或者 我们都知道，地球绕太阳运行。（或者：地球绕着太阳转， 这是众所周知的。） 这是众所周知的。） 例3 The heaviest load on his mind, //after s conversation with the slave trader, //lay in the foreseen necessity //of breaking to his wife the arrangement contemplated.
特殊表达方式，需拆离， 特殊表达方式，需拆离，增词完善结构
例1 His addition complete the list. 把他的名字添上，名单就完备了。 的名字添上 把他的名字添上，名单就完备了。 例2 She inspected the table for dust with her finger. 她伸出一个手指抹了一下桌子，看看有没有灰尘。 她伸出一个手指抹了一下桌子，看看有没有灰尘。
类型： 类型：
词义分译 词或短语脱句单译 从句与主句分离， 从句与主句分离，单独成句
词语搭配的分译
“一拖二” 一拖二” 一拖二 两个词， 两个词，分别搭配
例1 But this naval competition strained the Liberal Government’s principles as well as their budgets. 但是，这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说 原则无法自圆其说， 但是，这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说， 也使其预算捉襟见肘 预算捉襟见肘。 也使其预算捉襟见肘。 例2 Do not apply body lotions or perfumes while wearing silk garment; chemicals are harmful to silk. 穿丝绸服装不宜抹润肤露 洒香水之类 抹润肤露、 之类， 穿丝绸服装不宜抹润肤露、洒香水之类，化学产品对丝 绸有害。 绸有害。
lecture翻译技巧八顺序和逆序法
1. The dockers were seen unloading the chemical fertilizer from S.S. “Apollo”.
2. The Finnish Trade Mission was given a warm welcome by their counterparts.
我们天天在教室里认真学习。
2. His address is 518 Wenhua Road, Guzan Town, PA626001, Kangding. 他的地址是康定县姑咱镇文化路518号，邮编编码 626001。
3. They were badly defeated at Luding in November, 1945. 他们于1945年11月在泸定附近大败。
+post-) both his two sisters (pre- + central + post-)
我的三位朋友 她的许多本书
Fourth, general principal for placing several attributive modifiers before noun in Chinese:
predeterminer + central determiner + postdeterminer
all the four teachers (pre- + central + post-) all your three books (pre- + central + post-) all these last few days (pre-+central+post-
网友整理的专八翻译经验与技巧
专八翻译技巧有人误以为，所谓合乎翻译标准，就是在把一种语言转换为另一种语言时，做到“不增不减”。
翻译实践告诉我们，由于两种语言表达方式上存在差异，翻译时往往都是“既增又减”。
这种根据各自语言特点，在具体上下文中适当地“增、减”，就是我们所要讨论的翻译技巧。
词量增减，是指根据原文上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及译文语言句法特点和表达习惯，在翻译时增加原文字面没有出现但实际内容已包含的词，或者减去原文虽有但译文语言表达用不着的词。
必须指出的是，词量增减必须防止两个倾向：一是添枝加叶，任意发挥；二是避难就易，肆意裁割。
1、增词增词，从理论上说可以增加任何词，但在什么时候增加什么样的词，才能恰到好处，而不超出一定界限，则需要悉心体会。
下面试分析几个译例：1）A book, tight shut, is but a block of paper.译文一：一本书，紧紧合上，只是一叠纸。
译文二：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠纸。
译文三：一本书，如果紧紧合上不读，只是一叠废纸。
译文四：闲置之书只是一叠废纸。
上面同一个句子四个译文，可以体现翻译不同层次。
译文一，与原文似乎丝丝入扣，但却显得支离破碎、关系不清、语意不足；译文二，增加了“如果……不读”，意思明白无误，只是觉得言犹未尽；译文三，又增加了一个废字，这可是点睛之举。
能否译出这个废字，是翻译这个句子的关键。
一个废字，说话者语意才得以充分表达。
译文三不足之处，就是行文拖沓累赘；而译文四则简明扼要，笔酣墨浓了。
2）Success is often just an idea away.译文一：成功往往只是一个念头的距离。
译文二：成功往往只是一念之差。
译文三：成功与否往往只是一念之差。
译文一让人看后莫名其妙；译文二改变说法，但仍让人似懂非懂，而译文三只是简简单单增加了一个“与否”，但却使人豁然开朗！原句意思表达得淋漓尽致。
如同文学翻译一样，经贸文字翻译增词现象也是千变万化。
Lecture 8
• 他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之 一。They agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one third of the book. • 村上的人三三两两来访问工作队，有的是 来求教的，有的是来讨消息的。 • The villagers came in twos and threes to visit the working team, some to seek advice, some to get news.
•
•
她一只手提个篮子，内中有个破碗，空的， 另一只手拿着一根比他自己还高的竹竿， 下端开了裂。 In one hand she carried a basket in which was broken bowl, empty. In the other she held a bamboo pole, longer than herself, split at the bottom.
• To tell you the truth, I drank so much wine that I remember nothing. 老实告诉你，我 喝酒太多了，以至于什么都记不清了。 • To begin with, we must consider the problem all-sided. 首先，我们必须全面考 虑这个问题。
• 他是一位天才的语言学家，他对德、法、 英等语言同样精通。 • A gifted linguist, he was equally at home in French, German, and English.
第三类：独立不定式：表示让步，条件，结 果，以及插入成分
• 尽管活上一千年，一个人也学不够。To live a thousand years, one may not learn enough. • 即使走遍天涯海角，也找不到像这样的东西。To go to the world’s end, you could not find another like it. • To hear him speak English, one would take him for an Englishman. • 他扑通一声掉到海里，再也没有起来。He fell plop into the sea, never to rise again. • 他一去不复返。He is gone, never to return. • to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention.
lecture 8 汉英篇章翻译概述-lj (1)
What is a text?(2)
A text in linguistics (factors and relationship) Text realized in Paragraph ↓ Sentence Clause Phrase ↑ Word controlled by
Textual Translation
I. Questions to Discuss 1.What is a text? 2.What is the translation in a textual perspective? 3. What is textual ideology?
1.1 What is a text?(1)
2). Ellipsis of nouns （subject prominent to English） (你)开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。 （你）吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。 （你）愈吃愈趋于冷静，（你）吃完了这顿 宴席，缺点就都找出来了。于是（你）转喜 为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。 Version 1: stating to eat the first dish, impression is good. It’s also very delicious when eating the first two main dishes. Having finished it all the disadvantages are found out. Then turn from happy to angry, praise to blame, yes to no.
2.1 Translation procedure: Step １：word selection 浪漫Romantic,人际关系interpersonal relationship 人 Human beings,有趣的interesting, amusing, 优点Merits, strong/good points, virtue 头盘或冷碟First dish or cold dish,印象很好be favorably impressed,赞不绝口be profuse in praise of the first two dishes；冷静Sober, calm；缺点 flaw，disadvantage/ 效应effect； 转喜为怒joy give way to anger,转赞美为责备挑剔praises change to criticism/ fault-finding,转首肯为摇头 nodding in agreement to shaking the head Step 2. division of sentence (omit: based on the actual organization of sentences and use of connectives)
Lecture 1-8(中英句子)
Lecture One 定语从句[原句]Other government activities are the responsibilities of the individual states, which have their own constitution and laws.[译文]各州都有自己的宪法和法律，承担政府的其他职能。
[原句]Within each state are counties, townships, cities and villages, each of which has its own elective government.[译文]各州下属辖县，镇，市，村，皆有其民选政府。
一．省略法1.One of the features of London is the number of big stores, most of which are to be found inor near the W est End.[译文]伦敦一大特色是大商店多，大多数位于西区及其周边地区。
2.Another feature of London’s shopping life is the chain store, in which prices are low and awide variety of goods are offered.[译文]伦敦购物生活另一特色是连锁店，里面价格低廉，提供各种商品。
3.Like the press in most other countries, American newspapers range from the sensational,which feature crime, sex and gossip, to the serious, which focus on factual news and the analysis of world events.[译文]美国报纸和其他国家一样，既有耸人听闻的小报，报道犯罪，色情和小道消息，也有严肃报刊，聚焦实事新闻，分析国际时事。
托福TPO8Lecture生物类 精讲+翻译
学术讲座—学生版生物tpo8 lecture 1一、背景介绍：在生物世界，什么是动物栖息地，在栖息地被破坏之后人类是如何采取措施的，蓝莺和黑头莺如何选择栖息地的等。
二、分类表格：三、考点分析及各分类常见逻辑结构：生物类考点分析分类部位及特征用途（植物）习性（动物）栖息地繁殖与其他生物的关系生存状况相关研究生物类常见逻辑结构在课堂演讲中，教授常常会就某一生物现象或者生物特征进行讲解，并举出相应的例子进行证明，期间往往会有老师的自问自答和已经和学生之间的讨论。
四、十三大原则中这节课会用到的原则+举例1.开头原则：2.强调原则（语义的强调）：3.举例原则4.转折原则5.因果原则6.问答原则五、本次课可能用到的笔记法1. 笔记热身1）中文简写2）符号2. TPO1 Conversation1 笔记六、词汇，短语及句式1）生物类场景常用的词汇2）本次课常用词汇3）本次课常用短语及句式：七、文章框架分析Trouble and need some help: Woman cannot find where the journals are. Man says that she has focus which is good and she can find the book on the reserve.How to do the research and find more journals: Man tells her there are electronicresources. The woman thinks it is unable to use computer at home. But actually she can do it at home.How to save time to do research: narrow down the research by display abstract and summary.What will the woman do next: The woman will research the resource in the library just in case.八、听力文本Pro: OK. Well, last time(提示词，典型的回顾型开头方式) we talked about passive habitat selection, like plants for example, they don’t make active choices about where to grow. They are dispersed by some other agent, like the wind. And if the seeds land in a suitable habitat, they do well and reproduce.(针对例子出题是lecture中常见的出题方式，这里即可以针对此例出一道题) With active habitat selection, an organism is able to physically select where to live and breed. And because an animal breeding habitat is so important, we expect animal species to develop preferences for particular types of habitats. Places where their offspring have the best chance for survival.So l et’s look at the effects of the preference can have by looking at some examples(回顾完了之后转到本次的主题，本句话是主旨的体现), but first let’s recap. What do we mean by habitat?(在进入主体部分前进行相关名词解释，这也是听了lecture里常见的一个环节) Frank?Stu:Well, it’s basically the place or environment w here an organism normally lives and grows.Pro:Right, and as we discussed, there are some key elements that habitat must contain, food obviously, water, and it’s got to have a right climate and basics for physical protection.(这里可针对habitat所需的key elements出双选题或多选题) And we saw how important habitat selection is when we look at the habitat were some of the factors are removed, perhaps through habitats’ destruction. I just read about a short bird, the plover.The plover lives by the ocean and feeds on small shellfish, insects and plants. It blends in with the sand, so it well camouflage from predator birds above.(可以针对这里的信息出关于plover的细节题) But it lags eggs in shallow depressions in the sand with very little protection around them. So if there are people or dogs on the beach, the eggs and fledglings in the nest are really vulnerable. Outing California weather has been a lot of human development by the ocean. The plovers are now is threaten species. So conservation is tried to recreate a new habitat for them. They made artificial beaches and sand bars in area inaccessible to people and dogs. And the plover population is up quite a bit in those places. (此处可出细节题，针对如何挽救plover)Ok. That is an incidence where a habitat is made less suitable. But now, what about cases where an animal exhibits a clear choice between two suitable habitats? In cases like that, does the preference matter? Let’s look at the blue warbler.(这几句话是联系上下文的过渡句，That is an incidence .. But now, what about cases … Let’s look at…这些语言都是需要重点注意的常见过渡表达，帮助我们建立框架)The Blue warbler is a songbird that lives in the North America. They clearly prefer hard wood forests with dense shrubs, bushes underneath the trees. They actually nest in the shrubs, not the trees. So they pretty close to the ground, but these warblers also nest in the forests that have low shrub density. It is usually the younger warblers that nest to the area because their preferred spots where a lot of shrubs are taken by older more dominant birds.(可以针对这块儿的细节信息出关于Blue warbler的细节题)And the choice of habitat seems to affect the reproductive success. Because the older and more experienced birds who nest in the high density shrub areas have significantly more offspring than those in low density areas(可以针对这里出推断题，推断住在forests that have low shrub density里的blue warbler有什么特点，答案可设置为“They are less experienced.”), which suggests that the choice of where to nest does have impact on the number of chicks they have. But preferred environment doesn’t always seem to correlate with greater reproductive success. For example, In Europe, study has been done of blackcap warblers.(可以出回放题，问教授说这2句话的意思；另外，这里是需要重点听的联系上下文的过渡句) We just call them blackcaps.Blackcaps can be found in two different environments. Their preferred habitat is forest that near the edge of streams. However, blackcaps also live in pine woods away from water.(可针对前面的信息出关于blackcap的habitat特点的问题) Study has been done on the reproductive success rate for birds in both areas, and the result showed surprisingly that the reproductive success was essentially the same in both areas--- the preferred and the second choice habitat. Well. Why?It turns out(表结果的表达，需重点注意) there were actually four times as many bird pairs or couples living in the stream edge habitat compared to the area away from the stream, so this stream edge area has much denser population which meant more members of same species competing for the resources. When into feed on same thing or build their nests in the same places, which lower the suitability of the prime habitat even though it’s their preferred habitat. So the results of the study suggests(表结果的信息是我们重点要的听的地方，往往是对前面情况的总结) that when the number of the competitors in the prime habitat reaches a certain point, the second random habitat becomes just as successful as the prime habitat, just because there are fewer members of the same species living there. So it looks like competition for resources is another important factor(表列举的词another提示我们这句话的信息很重要) in determining if particular habitat is suitable.九、学生听力过程注：此过程中，“小节”的长度由老师根据每个学生的水平来决定，两个句子到两个自然段不等。
Lecture 8汉英翻译中词语的选择
5. 人该年轻就年轻，该年老时就年老，这 是与自然同步。（“人的包装”） V1: People should look young when they are young, and old when they grow old, synchronizing with the nature. V2: Let your looks change from young to old synchronizing with the natural ageing process. 语义连贯与语句命题的语境化融合；实写 与虚化。
汉语四字词组和俗语的翻译
汉语的四字词组是汉语的一大优势，言简意赅，形 象生动，读起来琅琅上口，并且具有很强的表现力， 能给人以美感。四字词组由四个词素组成，通常分 为前后两部分。两部分之间的语法关系可以是并列、 动宾、偏正或主谓关系。因此，四字词组又可分为 联合结构（改革开放)、动宾结构（发展经济)、偏正 结构 (富裕生活) 和主谓结构 (市场繁荣)。 四字词组是汉语方块字的优势，其他大多数语言没 有这种整齐划一的特点。英译文没有必要保持长短 一致的句式，实际上也做不到。在英译时应灵活变 通，不受原文形式拘束，只要做到与原文“意义相 近，功能相似”。
汉英词语翻译的基本要求
先读原文，第一遍主要获得总体印象，第二 遍应以双语者身份逐句深究与分析，对原文 全段意思做深层次的掌握，以便从整体上进 行翻译； 将原作者通过带有汉民族语言结构特征的语 段（篇）或文本所要表达的意思、作者的创 作意图、表达风格以及特定的思想倾向性在 译文中再现或表现出来；翻译的过程是一种 动态的“忠实”，尤其是当语言文化差异越 大，就越需要译者给予创造性的艺术再现和 表现。
3. 编辑是无名英雄，应当受到社会的尊重。 （“谈编辑”） V1: Most editors are unsung heroes; they deserve respect of the society. V2: As unsung heroes, editors are entitled to be respected. 概念的语境性虚化——模糊化
Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)
▪ (2)eat like a bird ▪ (3)turn thumbs down on sth
▪ (4)He’s a rolling stone, I don’t think he can go far. ▪ (5)The matter was finally settled under the table.
第十四页，共49页。
▪ Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores.( studies form character)
▪ 水译：有些书可供一尝，有些书可以吞下，有不多的几部 书则应当咀嚼消化；这就是说，有些书只要读读他们的一 部分就够了，有些书可以全读，但是不必过于细心地读； 还有不多的几部书则应当全读，勤读，而且用心地读。
▪ 王译：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则 须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。
beyond the dining table. ▪ 在现代世界上，盐除了供食用外，还有许多其他
用途。（dining table原文为"饭桌"） ▪
第五页，共49页。
▪ 词义的具体化引伸 ▪ 将词义作具体化的引申，就是把原文中的某些
比较抽象和笼统的词在译文中引申为意义比较 具体和明确的词。 ▪ 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示 一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引 伸。
Lecture 8翻译技巧(词义的延伸)
Lecture 8
Translation Skills
I. Transaltion Skills ：extension of word meanings (词语意义的延伸) 在英译汉的过程中，常常会碰到有些词在词 典里找不到适当的意思，如果生搬硬套或硬 按词典给出的意思翻译的话，译文就会显得 晦涩生硬，给人莫名其妙的感觉，甚至会造 成误解，在这种情况下就应采用引申词义的 方法。 词义引申就是根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该 词或词组的根本含义出发加以引申，选择恰 当的汉语词语来表达。 词义引申常用的两种方法：词义的抽象化引 申以及词义的具体化引申。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
2. concrete translation (1)All the class are moved by the story. 全班学生 (2)His translations are very popular. 翻译作品 (3)John’s lightheartedness, however, did not last long. 然而，约翰那种轻松愉快的心境没有持续多久。 (4)There had been too much violence in that region . 那个地区发生了许多暴力事件。
专八翻译词语的译法精选全文完整版
可编辑修改精选全文完整版专八翻译词语的译法专八翻译词语的译法自201x改革后，专八翻译只保留了汉译英，本文整理了一些词语的翻译方法技巧，希望对大家有帮助。
一、词义选择(1) 语境词手机刷新了人与人的关系。
Cell phone has altered the relationship among people.(2) 表意模糊的词这所全国重点大学为社会输送了大批的人才。
The national key university has prepared batches of qualified graduates for the society.(3) 比喻词汇老师答应给这几个学生“开小灶”。
The teacher promised to give these students special tuition.二、词义转换：英语的静态性和抽象性决定其出现名词化和介词化的倾向。
(1)动词转名词吃头两个菜时，也是赞不绝口。
You will be full of praise while eating the first main courses.(2)动词转介词这样，每个地方都有自己的传说，风俗也就衍传了下来。
Thus, every place, with its own legends and tales, has its traditions and customs passed on from generation to generation.(3)动词转形容词所以人们对于大自然，全都一致并且深深地依赖着。
Therefore, everyone has become unanimously andprofoundly dependent on Nature.(4)形容词副词转名词只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。
…leaving there living thins to enjoy this moment of dusk with full ease and freedom.(5)名词转动词大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。
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英语中，特别在现代英语中，常常用一个表示具体形象 的词来表示一种属性、一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类 词时，一般可将其词义作抽象化的引伸，译文才能流畅、 自然。 将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词 There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of the imperialists. 帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。 这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸 为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜和苦。 这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象 引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。
I have butterflies in my stomach. 我很紧张。 (8)In the modern world salt has many uses beyond the dining table. 在现代世界上，盐除了供食用外，还有许多其他 用途。（dining table原文为"饭桌"）
水译：有些书可供一尝，有些书可以吞下，有不多的几 部书则应当咀嚼消化；这就是说，有些书只要读读他们 的一部分就够了，有些书可以全读，但是不必过于细心 地读；还有不多的几部书则应当全读，勤读，而且用心 地读。 王译：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。 换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数 则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。
词义的具体化引伸 将词义作具体化的引申，就是把原文中的某些 比较抽象和笼统的词在译文中引申为意义比较 具体和明确的词。 英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示 一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引 伸。
(3) What is known is that weight extremes in either direction are definitely unhealthy. 众所周知，过度肥胖或消瘦肯定是不健康的。 （字面意义为"体重的两个极端"） （4）Her jealousy is the cause of her failure. 嫉妒心理是她失败的根源。
(3)If he is unhappy with her…why doesn’t he leave her? She can be happy without him. It is so silly--this cat- and –dog existence.(Theodore Dreiser: The Titan) 假使他和她在一起是那么的不幸福，他为什么不离开 她呢？这是多么无聊啊， 这种经常争吵的生活。 (4)The author’s fingerprint is quite obvious in all his works. 作者的写作特点在其所有作品中都体现得十分明显。 (5)The book is believed to be his swan song. 人们认为这本书是它的最后一部作品。（在西方的传说 中，天鹅临死时会发出美妙的歌声，句中“swan song”表示作家“最后的作品”） (6)I’m not the person to let my heart rule my head. 我不是那种让感s Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment, and disposition of business. … Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. … Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtitle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores.
2. 其他情况具体化。在实际翻译过程中，还会碰 到其他一些字面意义比较空泛或模糊的词句，如 果直译就不能把原文本意交代清楚，有时还会造 成歧义。这时就必须采用具体化的办法进行翻译。 例如： (1) No reproduction is granted by implication or otherwise of this information. 本资料不得私下或公开翻印。 （or otherwise具体译为"公开"，以与by implication相对应） (2)The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green. 我前头的那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in mores.( studies form character) 水译：史鉴使人明智；诗歌使人巧慧；数学使人 精细；博物使人深沉；伦理之学使人庄重；逻辑 与修辞使人善辩。“学问变化气质”。 王译：读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人 周密，科学使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修 辞之学使人善辩：凡有所学，皆成性格。 王佐良的译文信达雅兼备，水天同的译文流畅可 读
词义抽象化的引伸 将词义作抽象化的引申，就是把原文的某些比 较具体和形象的词在译文中引申为意义比较抽 象和一般的词。 英语中常出现一些字面意义比较明确、具体、 实在或形象的词句，但从上下文所表述的精神 实质来看，作者的真正意图有时并不强调这些 词句所表示的具体事物或概念，而是着意于一 些概括性的、泛指的或一般性的事理。 譬如用deadlock (打不开的锁)来指"僵局"， 用circulation desk （流通桌子）来只指"借阅 处 "。
Lecture 8
Translation Skills
I. Transaltion Skills ：extension of word meanings (词语意义的延伸) 在英译汉的过程中，常常会碰到有些词在词 典里找不到适当的意思，如果生搬硬套或硬 按词典给出的意思翻译的话，译文就会显得 晦涩生硬，给人莫名其妙的感觉，甚至会造 成误解，在这种情况下就应采用引申词义的 方法。 词义引申就是根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该 词或词组的根本含义出发加以引申，选择恰 当的汉语词语来表达。 词义引申常用的两种方法：词义的抽象化引 申以及词义的具体化引申。
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention.
Exercises: 1. abstract translation (1)lick one’s boots (2)eat like a bird (3)turn thumbs down on sth (4)He’s a rolling stone, I don’t think he can go far. (5)The matter was finally settled under the table. (6) She sailed into the room. 2. concrete translation (1)All the class are moved by the story. (2) His translations are very popular. (3)John’s lightheartedness, however, did not last long. (4)There had been too much violence in that region
Keys for Reference: 1. abstract translation lick one’s boots 巴结 eat like a bird 吃得很少 turn thumbs down on sth 反对 He’s a rolling stone, I don’t think he can go far. 他是个见异思迁的人，我想他不会有多大出息。 The matter was finally settled under the table. 事情终于私下里解决了。 She sailed into the room. 她仪态万方地走进房间。