高中英语阅读理解技巧点拨根据上下文推断语篇中的隐含意义——语篇类型题

高中英语阅读理解技巧点拨
根据上下文推断语篇中的隐含意义——语篇类型题《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》中规定，接触和学习不同类型的语篇，熟悉生活中常见的语篇形式，把握不同语篇的特定结构、文体特征和表达方式，不仅有助于学生加深对语篇意义的理解，还有助于他们使用不同类型的语篇进行有效的表达与交流。

语篇类型题是高考英语阅读理解经常考查的题型，本期我们结合高考真题，就如何解答语篇类型题进行相关技巧的点拨。

常用的解题技巧有：
1. 根据文章的主要内容进行判断。

如：介绍某产品性能的文章可能来自广告，介绍某人生平事迹的文章可能来自传记，而介绍一种新型科技产品的文章可能来自报纸或杂志有关科技的版面。

2. 根据文章的关键词进行判断。

如：含有experiment, research等词的文章可能来自科学报告或研究论文；小标题中含有admission, bus routes 等词的文章可能来自旅行指南。

3. 根据文章的文体特征进行判断。

新闻报道类文章开头通常附有日期、地点或通讯社名称等信息；自传类作品往往从第一人称视角出发，介绍自己的经历和事迹；广告体的文章格式特殊（常用到缩写、大写等）、语言简练，常省略冠词；源于某网站的文章中会出现website、click等词，有时还会提供网址等。

例1：（2020年新高考英语全国II卷C篇，保留原题号，下同）
In May 1987 the Golden Gate Bridge had a 50th birthday party. The bridge was closed to motor traffic so people could enjoy a walk across it.
Organizers expected perhaps 50, 000 people to show up. Instead, as many as 800, 000 crowded the roads to the bridge. By the time 250, 000 were on the bridge, engineers noticed something terrible: the roadway was flattening under what turned out to be the heaviest load it had ever been asked to carry. Worse, it was beginning to sway (晃动). The authorities closed access to the bridge and tens of thousands of people made their way back to land. A disaster was avoided.
The story is one of scores in To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure, a book that is at once a love letter to engineering and a paean ( 赞歌) to its breakdowns. Its author, Dr. Henry Petroski, has long been writing about disasters. In this book, he includes the loss of the space shuttles ( 航天飞机) Challenger and Columbia, and the sinking of the Titanic.
Though he acknowledges that engineering works can fail because the person who thought them up or engineered them simply got things wrong, in this book Dr. Petroski widens his view to consider the larger context in which such failures occur. Sometimes devices fail because a good design is constructed with low quality materials incompetently applied. Or perhaps a design works so well it is adopted elsewhere again and again, with seemingly harmless improvements, until, sudd enly, it does not work at all anymore.
Readers will encounter not only stories they have heard before, but some new stories and a moving discussion of the responsibility of the engineer to the public and the ways young engineers can be helped to grasp them.
“Success is success but that is all that it is,” Dr. Petroski writes. It is failure that brings improvement.
31. What is the text?
A. A news report.
B. A short story.
C. A book review.
D. A research article.
【分析】本文是一篇书评。

文章对Dr. Henry Petroski 的著作To Forgive Design: Understanding Failure进行了评析。

31. 本题应选C项。

根据文章的关键词（第二段中的story、book、author、writing，第三段中的book，第四段中的Readers、stories及最后一段中的writes）推断，本文是一篇书评。

例2：（2020年1月高考英语浙江卷A篇）
I never knew anyone who'd grown up in Jackson without being afraid of Mrs. Calloway, our librarian. She ran Jackson's Carnegie Library absolutely by herself. SILENCE in big black letters was on signs hung everywhere. If she thought you were dressed improperly, she sent you straight back home to change your clothes. I was willing;I would do anything to read.
My mother was not afraid of Mrs. Calloway. She wished me to have my own library card to check out books for myself. She took me in to introduce me. “Eudora is nine years old and has my permission to read any book she wants fro m the shelves, children or adults,” Mother said.
Mrs. Calloway made her own rules about books. You could not take back a book to the library on the same day you'd taken it out; it made no difference to her that you'd read every word in it and needed anothe r to start. You could take out two books at a time and two only. So two by two, I read library books as fast as I could go, rushing them home in the basket of my bicycle. From the minute I reached our house, I started to read. I knew this was extreme happiness, knew it at the time.
My mother shared this feeling of mine. Now I think of her as reading so much of the time while doing something else. I remember her reading a magazine while taking the part of the Wolf in a game of “Little Red Riding Hood” with my brother's two daughters. She'd just look up at the right time, long enough to answer — in character —“The better to eat you with, my dear,” and go back to her place in the magazine article.
23. Where is the text probably from?
A. A guidebook.
B. An autobiography.
C. A news report.
D. A book review.
【分析】本文选自美国著名女作家Eudora Welty的自传作品One Writer's Beginnings。

作者在文中分享了自己孩童时期有关阅读的回忆和经历：严厉的图书馆管理员，自己如痴如醉地阅读，同样爱好读书的妈妈。

23. 本题应选B项。

答对此题的关键在于正确分析本文的文体特征。

作者通篇以第一人称（I）视角写就此文。

文中所记所述均有关自己的回忆，以及发生在自己身上的经历；第三段讲述自己爱上了阅读；第四段讲述妈妈与自己同样热爱阅读。

由以上信息可推知，本文选自一篇自传作品。

例3：（2019年高考英语全国I卷C篇）
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric ( 生物测量) technologies — like fingerprint scans — to keep others out of private e-spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low-cost device ( 装置) that gets around this problem: a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to —regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to rec ognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic-like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
31. Where is this text most likely from?
A. A diary.
B. A guidebook.
C. A novel.
D. A magazine.
【分析】本文是一篇科研报道。

文章介绍了美国佐治亚理工学院的研究人员发明了一种智能键盘，可以通过分析用户的打字模式来判断该用户是不是安全访客。

31. 本题应选D项。

分析文章结构可知，第一段为背景介绍，第二段引出本文的话题“智能键盘（a smart keyboard）”并介绍了其工作原理；第三段及最后一段均围绕本话题进行具体陈述。

再根据第二段中出现的关键词Researchers, a low-cost device，最后一段中的the technology和researchers等推断，本文是一篇科研报道，最有可能出现在某杂志上。