英汉篇章的翻译
篇章翻译英译汉
英译汉San Francisco“San Francisco， open your Golden Gate，” sang the girl in the theatre. She never1 finished her song. That date was 18th April，1906. The earth shook and the roof suddenly divided，buildings crashed2 to the ground and people rushed out into the streets. The dreadful earthquake destroyed the city that had grown up when men discovered gold in the deserts of California.3 But today the streets of San Francisco stretch over more than forty steep hills，rising like huge cliffs above the blue waters of the Pacific Ocean.The best way to see this splendid city，where Spanish people were the first to make their homes，is to take one of the old cable cars which run along the nine main avenues. Fares are cheap； they have not risen，I‟m told，for almost a hundred years.4You leave5 the palm trees in Union Square --- the heart of San Francisco --- and from the shop signs and the faces around you，you will notice that in the city live people from many nations --- Austrians，Italians，Chinese and others6 --- giving each part a special character. More Chinese live in China Town than in any other part of the world outside China.7 Here，with Chinese restaurants， Chinese post-boxes， and even odd telephone-boxes that look like pagodas，it is easy8 to feel you are in China itself.Fisherman‟s Wharf， a place all foreigners want to see，is at the end of the ride. You get out， pause perhaps to help the other travelers to swing the cable car on its turntable （a city custom），and then set out to find a table in one of9 the gay little restaurants beside the harbor. As you enjoy the fresh Pacific seafood you can admire the bright red paint of the Golden Gate Bridge in the harbor and watch the traffic crossing beneath the tall towers on its way to the pretty village of Tiberon .漫步旧金山“旧金山，敞开你的金门吧！”剧院里女歌手唱道，可惜她再也没能唱完1。
最新版大学英语（3）第三次作业
第3次作业一、句子翻译（英译汉）（本大题共18分，共 6 小题，每小题 3 分）1.The company has successfully expanded its market.2.Mum told me that life was full of surprises and one should be ready for them.3.The result is not important; what is important is whether you have done your best.4.Most people don’t realize the importance of health until they lose it.5.It’s best to avoid going out in the strong midday sun.6.Music is the universal language of mankind.二、句子翻译（汉译英）（本大题共18分，共 6 小题，每小题 3 分）1.除夕之夜，家人们会团聚在一起吃年夜饭。
2.《哈利·波特》系列很受儿童欢迎。
3.我生病时她来看我，真是体贴周到。
4.我们应当勇敢地承担起对地球的责任。
(responsibility)5.他学习任何语言都有困难.6.由于地面有雾，班机推迟一刻钟。
三、篇章翻译（英译汉）（本大题共24分，共 3 小题，每小题 8 分）1.There were already four male candidates in the boss’s office. Obviously, the boss had difficulty in deciding whom he would employ because he said finally, “Well, I need to check your references before I can make a decision. I’ve got your telephone numbers and will call the boy I want. But remember whoever is going to be employed must be prepared to work here from 6:00 to 8:00 every evening. That’s all.”2.“If I just eat less, I will lose weight.” Many people only focus on the amount of food they take in each day. They don’t pay attention to what they’re eating. So they may be eating less, but they’re not eating healthily. Be sure to eat a good balance of different foods, including vegetables, fruits, meat, milk, and bread or rice. What you eat is just as important as how much you eat.3.When I was quite young, my family had one of the first telephones in our neighborhood. Soon I discovered that somewhere inside that wonderful device lived an amazing person — her name was “Information Please” and there was nothing she did not know. My mother could as k her for anybody’s number; when our cloc k stopped, Information Please gave us the correct time at once.四、写作（本大题共40分，共 4 小题，每小题 10 分）1.假如你是贫困地区的一名失学少年，名叫李芳。
Unit 18 英汉篇章翻译(三).
Unit 18 英汉篇章翻译（三）教学目的要求：了解如何使用各种技巧进行篇章的翻译。
初步了解语篇翻译的难点及其处理；通过对本文的翻译，了解翻译的艰辛，同时通过对主人公事迹的学习，加强学生的德育教育，寓德育教育于课堂教育中。
教学重点：把握在语篇翻译中使用各种翻译技巧，了解语篇翻译的难点及其处理。
教学难点：长句的翻译。
教学内容：Three Days to SeeBy Helen Keller摘自：许明龙译，选自《英语名作佳译赏析》，世界图书出版公司，1999。
转引自：南开大学外国语学院英语系《英语翻译教程》，天津：南开大学出版社，2004。
作者简介：Helen Keller, 美国女作家及教育家，一岁半时，由于生病失聪、失明。
她通过刻苦努力，取得了甚至常人都无法取得的成就。
她勤奋写作，并到世界各地演讲，她的事迹感动和激励了一代代的青年。
她的主要著作有《我的一生〉，《海伦·凯勒日记〉，《给我三天光明〉。
Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each day with a gentleness, a vigour, and a keenness of appreciation which are often lost when time stretches before us in the constant panorama of more days of months and years to come. There are those, of course, who would adopt the epicurean motto of “eat, drink and be merry,” but most people would be chastened by the certainty of impending death.有时我想，把每一天都当做生命的最后一天来过，也许是一种极好的生活准则。
英汉篇章翻译(技巧综合分析)
英汉篇章翻译（技巧综合分析）Category: 本科四年级Key words: comprehensive analysis, shift of perspective, amplification, parataxis, othertechniques, E-C translationAbstract: It discusses the comprehensive analysis of such major techniques as shift of perspective, amplification, and parataxis used in text translating.Compiler: 许建平等Date: 2000年E-CPassage 1①On my last holiday in the Bahamas, as I walked along the beach feeling the gentle waves wash over my feet, I felt part of universe, even if only a minuscule one, like a grain of sand on the beach.②Although I had to restrict the size of my practice, I felt a closer empathy with my patients.③When I walked into the Intensive Care Unit there was an awesome feeling knowing I, too,had been a patient there.④It was a special satisfaction to comfort my patients with cancer, knowing that it is possible to enjoy life after the anguish of that diagnosis.⑤It gave me a feeling to see the sparkle in one patient's eyes-a man with a total laryngectomy-when I asked if he would enjoy a cold beer and went to get him one.⑥If one realizes that our time on this earth is but a tiny fraction of that within the cosmos, then life calculated in years may not be as important as we think.⑦Why measure life in heartbeats?⑧When life is dependent on such an unreliable function as the beating of the heart, then it is fragile indeed.⑨The only thing that one can depend upon with absolute certainty is death.①上次到巴哈马度假期间，我沿着海滩漫步，海浪轻轻抚揉着我的双脚，此时此刻，我蓦然觉得自己与整个宇宙融为一体，尽管我显得微不足道，就像海滩上的一粒沙子。
翻译技巧删减和否定翻译法
I. Review and comments on the assignments
27. They wanted to determine if he complied with the terms of his employment and his obligations as an American. 他们想要确定， 他是否履行了受雇条件， 是否履行了作为 美国公民所应尽的职责。 28. Each country has its own customs. 各国有各国的风俗。 29. You may borrow whichever novel in my bookcase you like best. 我书架上的小说你最爱哪一本， 你就可以借哪一本。 30. Our reception in China, he would tell people, “was enormously gracious and polite”; we were “very businesslike, very precise, no rhetoric on either side.” 他逢人便说，当中国接待我“非常周到，客气极了”；给 我们的待遇“好得不得了”； 会谈“非常务实， 非常明确， 双方都不说空话。”
早睡早起使人身体健康。（省略连词and 和 不定冠词a ）
II. Omission in translation
５．As it is late, you’d better go home.
时间不早了，你该回家了。（省译原因的 从属连词as） ６．Metals expand when heated and contract when cooled. 金属热胀冷缩。（省译从属连词when） ７．I won’t go if you are not going. 你不去，我也不去。（省译连词if）
英汉篇章翻译
Frank Underwood, the treacherous main character of the Netflix series House of Cards, uses a combination of deceit, manipulation, and even violence to transform himself from a U.S. senator to contender for the White House. In each episode Underwood makes asides to the camera, summarizing his strategy for gaining power. In one episode he tells us: “For those of us climbing to the top of the food chain, there can be no mercy. There is but one rule: hunt or be hunted.”弗兰克·安德伍德是Netflix的美剧《纸牌屋》中邪恶的主人公，他利用一系列欺骗、篡改甚至暴力手段让自己从美国的一名参议员成为总统候选人。
每一集，安德伍德都会对着镜头总结他获得权力的策略。
其中有一段，他说：“对于爬到食物链顶端的我们而言，绝不能心慈手软。
我们的世界只有一条规则：弱肉强食。
”Underwood’s philosophy towards gaining power is an old one, tracing at least back to the time of Niccolo Machiavelli, who warned that kindness only leads to weakness. In the modern era, some research suggests that people with narcissistic and tendencies are more likely to rise to the top of organizations. But that doesn’t nec essarily mean they are effective leaders. When it comes to political power, how does virtue relate to success? 对于获得权力，安德伍德的哲学是并不新鲜，这一哲学至少可以追溯到尼古拉·马基雅维利时期，尼古拉·马基雅维利曾提醒世人：仁慈只会导致软弱。
英汉互译② L4 汉英翻译基础知识之三
型，确定译文的主语和谓语； 当话题=主语时，直接用原文的主语作译
文的主语； 当话题≠主语时，需要用原文的其他成分
作主语或者重新确定主语； 时刻注意主谓一致的问题。
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课内练习：C-E
这本书我看过了，一点意思也没有，你不 要பைடு நூலகம்了。
这个地方只能摆一张床，想再放一个柜子， 根本不可能。
这把刀你别剁肉，太钝了，切菜还可以。 婚姻的事，应该让孩子自己做主，都什么
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3.2 衔接手段
3.2.1 指称衔接 (referential cohesion) 3.2.2 结构衔接 (structural cohesion) 3.2.3 词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)
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3.2.1 指称衔接
指称衔接按范围划分为外指和内指：外指 的所指对象在篇章外，内指的所指对象在 篇章内。按指称手段划分为用人称代词的 人称照应、用指示代词的指示照应和用比 较级的比较照应。(教材42-45页)
eg. She hit John. eg. Elephants are big. 主语属于句子层面的现象。
专八翻译_108散文篇章_精选
专八翻译_108散文篇章_精选第一部分汉译英1. 丑石(An Ugly Stone)2. 匆匆(Rush)3. 冬夜(Winter Night)4. 互助(Helping Each Other)5. 黄昏(Dusk)6. 盼头(Something to Lookl Forward to)7. 媲美(Beauty)8. 枪口(The Muzzles)9. 鸲鹆(The Story of a Myna) 10. 铜镜(The Bronze Mirror) 11. 学校(The College)12. 野草(Wild Grass)13. 种梨(Planting a Pear Tree) 14. 哀互生(Mourning for Husheng) 15.落花生(The Peanut)16. 盲演员(A Blind Actor)17. “孺子马” (An”Obedient Horse”)18. 小麻雀(A Little Sparrow) 19. 雄辩症(A Case of Eloquence) 20. 大钱饺子(A Good-luck Dumpling) 21. 荷塘月色(Moonlight over the Lotus Pond)22. 黄龙奇观(A View of Huangllong)23. 枯叶蝴蝶(Lappet Butterfies)24. 泡菜坛子(A pickle Pot)25. 田水哗啦(The Irrigation Water Came Gurgling) 26. 我若为王(If IBe King)27. 西式幽默(Western Humour)28. 项脊轩志(Xiangjixuan)29. 夜间来客(A Night Visitor——A True Story abouta ”Celebrity”Being Interviewed)30. 珍禽血雉(China‘s Native Pheasant)31. 常胜的歌手(A Singer Who Always Wins) 32. 健忘的画眉(The Forgetful Song Thrush) 33. 可爱的南京(Nanjing the Beloved City) 34. 鲁迅先生记(In Memory of Mr.Lu Xun)35. 苗族龙船节(The Miao Drangon-Boat Festival) 36. 秋天的怀念(Fond Memories of You)37. 献你一束花(A Bouquet of Flowers for you) 38. 鸭巢围的夜(A Night at Mallard-Nest Village) 39. 玫瑰色的月亮(The Rosy Moon)40. 内画壶《百子图》(Snuff Bottles with Pictures Inside) 41. 维护团结的人(A Man Upholding Unity)42. 我有一个志愿(I Have a Dream)43. 运动员的情操(Sportsmen‘s Values)44. 神话世界九寨沟(Jiuzhaigou,China‘s Fairyland)45. 生命的三分之一(One Third of Our Lifetime)46. 我可能是天津人(I Might Have Come from Tianjin) 47. 五台名刹画沧桑(The famous Monastery Witnesses Vicissitudes) 48. 爱梦想的羞怯女孩(A Shy Dreamer)49. 永久的憧憬和追求(My Lnging and yearning)50. 老人和他的三个儿子(The Old Man and his three sons) 51. 乐山龙舟会多姿多彩(dragon-Boat Festival at Leshan) 52. 撷自那片芳洲的清供(AnOffering from his Sweet homeland) 53. 三峡多奇景妙笔夺开工(The Scenic Three Gorges Captured ) 54. 初中国旅游可到哪些地斱(Tips on Traveling to China the First Time)第二部分英译汉1. A Ball to Roll Around(滚球)2. A Boupquet for Miss Benson(送给卞老师的一束花)3. A Boy and His Father Become Partners(父子伙伴情)4. A Gift of Dreams(梦寐以求的礼物)5. A Hard Day in the Kitchen(厨房里的一场闹刷)6. A Nation of Hypochondriacs(一个疑病症患者的国度)7. Are Books an Endangered Species? (书籍是即将灭绝的物种吗?)8. A Sailor‘s Christmas Gift(一个海员的圣诞礼物)9. A Tale of Two Smut Merchants(两上淫秽照片商的故事)10. A Visit with the Folks(探访故亲)11. Canadian Eskimo Lithographs(加拿大爱斯基摩人的石版画) 12. Divorce and Kids(离婚不孩子)13. Doug Heir(杜格?埃厄)14. Fame(声誉)s Journey(费利西娅的旅行) 15. Felicia‘16. Genius Sacrificed for failure(为育庸才损英才) 17. Glories of the Storm(辉煌壮丽的暴风雨) 18. Han Suyin‘s China(韩素音笔下的中国) 19. Hate(仇恨)20. How Should One Read a Book? (怎样读书?) 21. In Praie of the Humble Comma(小小逗号赞) 22. Integrity——From A Mother in Mannville(正直) 23. In the Pursuit of a Haunting and Timeless Truth(追寻一段永世难忘的叱实)24. Killer on Wings is Under Threat(飞翔的杀手正受到威胁) 25. Lifein a Violin Case(琴匣子中的生趣)26. Love Is Not like Merchandise(爱情不是商品) 27. Luck(好运气)28. Mayhew(生活的道路)29. My Averae Uncle(艾默大叔——一个普普通通的人) 30. My Father‘s Music(我父亲的音乐)31. My Mother‘s Gift (母亲的礼物)32. New Light Buld Offers Energy Efficiency(新型灯泡提高能效) 33. Of Studies(谈读书)34. On Leadership(论领导)35. On Cottages in General(农舍概述)36. Over the Hill(开小差)37. Promise of Bluebirds(蓝知更鸟的希望)38. Stories on a Headboard(床头板上故事多)39. Sunday(星期天)40. The Blanket(一条毛毯)41. The Colour of the Sky(天空的色彩)42. The date Father Didn‘t Keep(父亲失约)43. The Kiss(吻)) 44. The Letter(家书45. The Little Boat That Sailed through Time(悠悠岁月小船情) 46. The Living Seas(富有生命的海洋)47. The Roots of My Ambition(我的自强之源)48. The song of the River(河之歌)49. They Wanted Him Everywhere——Herbert von Karajan(1908-1989) (哪儿都要他)50. Three Great Puffy Rolls(三个又大双暄的面包圈) 51. Trust(信任)52. Why measure Life in Hearbeats? (何必以心跳定生死？)53. Why the bones Break(骨折缘何而起)54. Why Women Live Longer than Men(为什么女人经男人活得长)丑石 An Ugly Stone贾平凹 Jia Pingwa我常常遗憾我家门前的那块丑石呢:它I used to feel sorry for that ugly 黑黝黝地卧在那里，牛似的模样;谁也不知black piece of stone lying like an 道是什么时候留在这里的.谁也不去理会它。
英汉对比与篇章翻译
English Order of Linguistic Elements 英语语序
Relatively flexible order （语序相对灵活） resulting from the use of inflections and connectives Phrases:
the Russian people, the people of Russia, the people living in Russia, the people who live in Russia a pretty and clever girl a girl pretty and clever a girl who is pretty and clever
Chinese Order of Linguistic Elements
Order of logic <cause-effect, conditionresult> （逻辑顺序：因果，条件-结果） • 志同道合，友谊才会持久。 • 名不正则言不顺，言不顺则事不成。 • 天下雨，运动会延期了。 • 他爱睡懒觉，考试难过关。
我们看到很多住人的迹 象，当漫步街头走过一 个很大的棚户集中地， 离中央大道不远。
Hale Waihona Puke 我们漫步街头，在中 央大道附近发现了一 个很大的棚户区，有 很多迹象表明茅棚里 还住了人。
Pay attention to Chinese order of time and space.
Contrast Between English and Chinese
The position will not be given up so long as we are still living.
Unit 16 英汉篇章翻译(一)
Unit 16 语篇翻译(一)课时安排：2节教学目的要求：了解如何使用各种技巧进行篇章的翻译。
教学重点：把握在语篇翻译中使用各种翻译技巧，了解语篇翻译的难点及其处理。
教学难点：长句的翻译。
教学内容：The T akeout Business in ManhattanI suppose there are studies that connect the ubiquitousness of takeout in Manhattan with the increase in two-job families or the supposed hatred of cooking by yuppies, some of whom are said to live in expensive apartments that have no kitchens. I have never actually run across an independently confirmed case of yuppies living in an expensive apartment with no kitchen, although a friend from that generation told me that he once sought to use the oven belonging to someone with whom he’d become romantically involved and found that she was using it to store fashion magazines.Ubiquitousness：existing everywhere;Yuppies: /intl/zhcn/voanews/idioms/archives/wi129/你要是查1983年以前出版的字典，你可能还找不到yuppy这个字。
英汉中的翻译对比
英汉中的翻译对比英汉对比在翻译中的应用摘要:英汉由于形态、结构、篇章、民族文化以及思维方式的不同,翻译时往往导致产生差异。
所以在翻译过程中要仔细斟酌,尽量用符合英汉两种语言特点的文字来重现原文的风采。
关键词:英汉对比形态结构篇章翻译英汉两种语言各属不同语系,经过长期的历史演变构成了自己鲜明的特点。
从语言形态学分类上来说,属于印欧语系的英语是一种综合语为主要特征并逐渐向分析型发展过渡的语言,而属于汉藏语系的汉语却是一种以分析型为主的语言。
综合语(synthetic language)与分析语(analytical language),前者的词与词的关系是靠词本身的结构变化来体现的如拉丁语、德语、古英语等。
后者的词与词的结构关系是靠语序和虚词为主要手段来表示。
本文从现代英语和汉语的形态,结构、篇章、民族文化和思维模式的不同来谈论一下英汉对比在翻译中的应用。
一、英汉形态的不同现代英语的形态愈来愈简单化,而它的语序和虚词在语法上的作用加强了,因此有人认为现代英语已朝分析语的方向发展。
以连词为例,英汉连词的作用有许多共同点,但英语的连词比汉语多,且用得也比汉语广泛。
因为英语短语与短语,句与句之间多采用形合法(hypotaxis),即要求结构上的完整。
汉语则不同,短语与短语之间,句与句之间多采用意合法(parataxis)。
汉语句子结构一般都按时间顺序和逻辑关系排列、语序固定、关系明确,因此不需要用那么多连接词来表示相互之间的关系.有时甚至用“却”、“就”、“边”、“再”等副词表示连接关系。
因此,英译汉时不少并列复合句或从属复合句中的连词往往省略。
例:Whenever he is free,he willcome and see me.? 他一有空就来看我。
但是,英语还保留着一些词形变化(inflections),如:动词的表示“时”(tense)和“体”(aspects)的语法意义的后缀变化,这是汉语里所没有的。
英汉翻译练习16篇(参考译文)
英汉翻译练习16篇（参考译文）·英汉翻译练习翻译16篇1．用翻译学外语经验谈大凡水平较高的人都接受过两种教育，一种是从师，另一种更为直接、更为重要——自学。
……在做法语和拉丁语翻译时，我采用了一个极好的方法。
在此，我愿从自己成功的经验出发，把它介绍给学生们效仿。
我选择了一些经典作家，如西塞罗和维脱，因为他们的文体纯正优雅，最受好评。
譬如，我把西塞罗的书信译成法语，然后把译文搁置一旁，等其中的词句和短语全都忘光之后，再把法语译文回译成我力所能及的拉丁语。
最后，拿我那蹩脚的译文与那位罗马演说家平易、优美、用词精当的原文，逐句逐句进行对照。
同样，我也拿维脱的《革命文献》做过好些页的翻译练习。
我把它们先译成拉丁语，搁置一段时间以后，再把它们回译成法语，然后，就我的习作和原文之间的异同，做详细的比较。
渐渐地．我对自己感到比较满意了。
我坚持这种对译的练习，竟用了好几个笔记本。
最后，我终于熟悉了两种语言的习惯用法，至少掌握了一种正确的文体。
这种有益的书面翻译练习还要与欣赏名著这种更为愉快的活动同时或交叉进行。
认真阅读罗马经典著作，对我来说既是一种练习也是一种犒赏。
(爱德华·吉朋)（译文参考祝吉芳编著《英汉翻译——方法与试笔》，北京大学出版社，2004）2．罗马假日影评（节选）当电影发展到苦乐交融的高潮时，通过一种感人的方式把人物带回到现实世界，人物升华到了真正的高尚和无私的精神境界。
派克越来越少考虑把赫本作为独家新闻，更多地把她看作是一个具有完美人格的真实的人。
他在对赫本的爱和想攀上事业阶梯的欲望之间挣扎着。
最后，他选择了爱，放弃了金钱和名誉。
派克以一贯稳健的表演（坚毅的形象）演绎了一个令人难以忘怀的结局。
结尾的处理真实而浪漫，暗示着一种超乎现实之外的精神上的启示。
这一苦乐交融的结局使“罗马假日”免于沦为一类题材的浪漫喜剧-----它们经常靠制造紧张的情节以获得一个美满的结局。
3．人在旅途无论你是谁，无论你身在何方，此时此刻，你我有一个共同点，一个永远伴随你我的共同点。
英译汉的层次(段落篇章翻译)
REPORTING
句子的结构分析
主语、谓语、宾语
在英语句子中，主语、谓语和宾 语是句子的核心成分，需要准确 识别并翻译为对应的中文表达。
状语、定语
状语和定语是句子中修饰或限定 名词或动词的成分，需要仔细分 析并恰当地翻译。
省略与冗余
英语句子中有时会省略一些成分， 而有时则会出现冗余现象，需要包括深入理解原文含义，准确把握语言
差异，适当调整表达方式以符合汉语习惯。
02
文化背景差异问题
不同文化背景下的语言表达习惯和思维方式存在差异，可能导致翻译时
无法准确传达原文含义。解决方法包括了解相关文化背景，理解原文中
的文化内涵，适当进行解释和调整。
03
专业术语问题
不同领域和专业中存在大量专业术语，翻译时需要准确理解和表达这些
了解原文的文化背景和历史背景，以便在译文中进行适当的解释和补充。 注意文化差异，避免因文化误解而产生的歧义。
在译文中适当添加注释或说明，以帮助读者更好地理解原文的文化内涵。
2023
PART 06
英译汉的实践与技巧总结
REPORTING
翻译实践中的常见问题与解决方法
01
语言差异问题
英语和汉语在语法、词汇和表达方式上存在显著差异，导致翻译时容易
长句的翻译技巧
切分长句
01
对于长句，可以将其切分为若干个短句，按照中文的表达习惯
进行翻译。
顺序调整
02
在翻译长句时，可以根据中文的表达习惯调整句子的顺序，使
译文更加流畅。
增译与减译
03
根据原文的意思和中文的表达习惯，可以适当增译或减译一些
词语，使译文更加准确。
句子的语序调整
1挑选翻译 5 篇章翻译
光：名词、形容词、副词等
爱克斯光 日光 春光 争光 X-ray Sunlight Spring scenery To win honor
光头
Bare-headed
两面光 （脸上）无光
Smooth on both sides
To feel ashamed
The 墨水用光了。
ink’s used up. To wipe out the enemy. 把敌人消灭光 To eat and drink up 吃光喝光
你能够使朋友高兴，也能痛恨或踢 敌人，甚至把斧头架到敌人脖子 上。
Don’t trouble trouble till trouble troubles you. 麻烦不找你，别去找麻烦。
Like:
Like knows like. Like cures like. Like attracts like. Hitler and his like. 英雄识英雄。 以毒攻毒。 物以类聚。 希特勒之流。
“你们这些男人什么都看不出来。你 这糊涂瞎眼的人哪，克劳莱夫人 要有什么三长两短，夏泼小姐就 要做你的后娘了。你瞧着吧。”
2. 考虑词的搭配关系
It is a wet summer. 这是一个多雨的夏天。 He is wet through. 他浑身湿透了。
If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 你若认为我支持他,那你就大错特错了. She had a wet nurse for the infant Eliot. 她雇佣了一名奶妈,为襁褓中的艾略特喂 奶。
挑选
Diction 选词用字
Tea 墙报
第三章英译汉的层次-句子的翻译
• I told the story to John, who told it to his brother.
• 他把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的弟弟。
• We wish to express our satisfaction at this to the Special Committee, whose activities deserve to be encouraged.
• 走到拐弯处，她突然想到了一个新主意，立刻停了下来。
• In our factory, there are many people who are much
interested in the n余ew额invention.
• 在我们工厂里，许多人对这项新发明很感兴趣。
• She had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her
叛乱
• They tried to stamp out the revolt, which spread all the more
them. • 对参与此次袭击的恐怖分子和那些庇护他们的人，我们都将严惩
不贷。
9
第九页，编辑于星期五：十七点 五十九分。
• Try to translate:
• He who has never tasted what is bitter does not know what is sweet.
• 没有吃过苦的人不知道什么是甜。 • Space and oceans are the new world which
• 他虽然经验不足，但很有进取心和创造力，而这正是在这一领域获得成功的 关键。
英汉翻译之篇章翻译的技巧
（一）衔接(Cohesion)
Def和词
汇手段来实现。前者指照应 (reference),替代(substitution),省 略(ellipsis)和关联(conjunction)，后 者指复现(reiteration)和同现 (collocation)。这些语言手段形成一 个有形的完整网络，使篇章的各组 成部分有机地衔接起来，从而增强 整个篇章的内聚力。
英汉翻译技巧与实践之
篇章的翻译
篇章分析
篇章分析是指对篇章的结构规律、风格特点、涉及的人、事、境、 情的认识和分析。相比而言，各篇章的交际功能或目的不同，主题 或内容有异，文体及表现形式有别，因此翻译要求也有所不同。
1、辨别篇章的文体，运用文体分析方法弄清该篇的文体特点，以便再现原作的精神实质和文 体风格。
the gifts were wrapped in red paper．
3）上下义词复现：
如：Birds did not chirp. The leaves did not rustle. The insects did not sing.
4）反义词复现：
如：I hate yon and yon don’t like me.
文化语境（cultural context)，即语篇所涉及的文化、社会背景。原文语篇是在原语社 会、文化背景下产生和传播的，而其译文要在译语的社会、文化背景下传播。这就要求译 者要充当跨越两种文化的桥梁作用： 1、设身处地，从原文文化语境的角度理解原文； 2、从译语文化语境着眼，将原文信息重新表述为能为译
• 首先，我要向您致歉：为我方未能按照合同约 定日期发送你方定购的产品致歉，也为您在试 图与我取得联系得过程中所遭遇的重重困难而 致歉。您可能已从新闻中得知，我们经历了一 次重大的劳资纠纷。所有的员工都卷入了这场 纠纷，致使全部生产陷入完全停顿状态。秘书 和行政人员也卷入了纠纷，这就是您难以与我 取得联系的原因。
英译汉翻译作业2(1)
英译汉翻译作业21. 句子翻译1) He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他把手插入口袋，耸了耸肩。
2) The decrease in his income changed his life style.收入降低改变了他的生活方式。
3) I am ill-fated. My father died when I was four years old. My mother took her solemn vow to remain in widowhood. She was stricken with poverty and had to earn a living all by herself. She nurtured me and educated me until I grew up.（请用文言文翻译）吾不幸，生孩四年，慈父见背，母严誓寡居。
母常为金银所困，然独身抚养，教我至长。
4) A poverty-stricken people would breed wickedness and all kinds of evils. But poverty rises from insufficiency, which in turn comes from the people’s being divorced from farming. Without farming, they would not be settled on the land, and this would cause them to leave their native places and make little of their homes. If people are like fowls and beasts, they are not to be contained even by high walls and severe punishments. When attacked by cold and hunger, one might be lost to all sense of shame. For it is in the human nature that one would feel hungry without eating twice a day and would freeze without renewing his clothes by the end of a year. If hunger is not stayed by food and cold not resisted with clothes, even a kind-hearted mother could not keep her children, how could a monarch keep his people? （请用文言文翻译）贫者生万恶之念。
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First,
context is very important to understanding intercultural communication. There are two ways individuals use context in communication: one is low-context and the other is high-context.
Low-context communication is like a computer program; everything must be specified in the coded message or the computer program will not run. In a lowcontext culture like the United States, individuals must express themselves as explicitly as possible for effective communication to occur. high-context communication, in contrast, is like communication between twins who were raised together. Twins intuitively understand each other and use shortened sentences and words when they talk.
汉语段落
主题句不明显 段尾可引出新主题
现在的写作已不再是一些专门家的事情，而是越来越 社会化、生活化，这当然很好。“作家”如今更多地 被赋予职业的意义，它标明的仅仅是一个职业而已。 只要是写了一点作品、或者有这个努力和爱好的，都 被他视和自视为“作家”。与其他行当和职业不同， 如从来没有把股长或科长厅长说成是政治家，也没有 把一个在部队干的人叫成军事家。作家在职业的意义 上被如此轻浮地界定，事出有因。所以现在，妓女、 商人、政客、主持人、艺人、杀人犯、道德家，无论 各行各业的人都可以因为自己的理由去写作，并产生 卖点，成为“名作家”。从商品社会里看，这很正常。 美国一个杀人犯，出来后把杀人的过程写出来，畅销 并已致富。原来此刻一切都是为了卖，能卖即是成功。
续
外向的就象是计算机的程序，一切都按
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
照编好的程序进行，否则就运转不了。 美国的文化是外向型的，美国人表达自 己思想的时候尽可能简单明了，以有利 于传播或交流。与此相反的是同含蓄的 人交流，这种交流就象是在一起的孪生 兄弟姐妹之间的交往。因为他们心领神 会，谈话时只需简短的句子和言词。
第九章：英汉篇章的翻译
9.1英汉篇章对比
英语篇章： 开门见山，直奔主题 章法：introduction
汉语篇章： 迂回曲折，委婉含蓄。 章法：起承转合
body conclusion
9.1.1 英汉段落结构对比
英语段落：
key sentence
key sentence
译文
不同文化之间的交流是一门跨学科的研究 科目，它综合研究社会心理学、社会学、人文 人类学、社会语言学以及传播学等学科。研究 不同文化之间交流的学问，最重要的研究课题 之一就是不同文化背景的人交往的时候，如何 尽可能减少误解。 首先，了解背景情况对不同文化之间的交 流非常重要。人与人之间的交往有两种情况： 一种是外向的，另一种是含蓄的。
by example
by space by contrast
by cause and effect
例证方式展开
Many examples of a connection between “right” and “straight” can be found. In Mexican Spanish you indicate straight (ahead) by saying “right right”; in Black American English, “right on” is an expression of approval, often for a sentiment eloquently or deftly phrased. “Straight” meaning conventional, “correct” or “proper” is a commonplace in colloquial English today. In Russian, right is “prava”, a cognate of “pravda”, which means “true”. And in many languages “true” has the additional meaning of “straight” or “accurate”, as in “his aim was
张炜：精神的背景——消费时代的写作和出版
——２００３年８月在烟台出版咨询年会上的发言
9.1.2 英汉篇章结构对比
英语篇章：
汉语篇章：
主题----段落 （层层递进；直线 展开）
不同层面，同一论点， （螺旋形上升）
英语篇章
Intercultural communication is an interdisciplinary field of study which incorporates research from disciplines such as social psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, socio-linguistics, and, of course, communication. One of the most important areas of research addressed by intercultural scholars is how misunderstandings can be minimized when people communicate with others from different cultures.