第十一章财务分析
山东大学期末考试课程复习：财务分析[第十一章企业发展能力分析]课程复习
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第十一章企业发展能力分析一、企业发展能力分析的目的企业发展能力通常是指企业未来生产经营活动的发展趋势和发展潜能，也可以称之为增长能力。
从形成看，企业的发展能力主要是通过自身的生产经营活动，不断扩大积累而形成的，主要依托于不断增加的资金投入、不断增长的营业收入和不断创造的利润等。
从结果看,一个发展能力强的企业，应该是资产规模不断增加，股东财富持续增长。
企业所追求的目标通常被概括为生存、发展与获利，从中可以窥见发展对于企业的重要性。
如果说生存是企业实现盈利的前提,那么发展就是企业实现盈利的根本途径。
因此要着眼于从动态的角度分析和预测企业的发展能力。
企业能否持续增长对股东、潜在投资者、经营者及其他相关利益团体至关重要,因此有必要对企业的发展能力进行深入分析,目的在于:1．对于股东而言，可以通过发展能力分析衡量企业创造股东价值的能力，从而为采取下一步战略行动提供依据.2．对于潜在的投资者而言,可以通过发展能力分析评价企业的成长性,从而选择合适的目标企业作出正确的投资决策。
3．对于经营者而言，可以通过发展能力分析发现影响企业未来发展的关键因素，从而采取正确的经营策略和财务策略促进企业可持续增长。
4．对于债权人而言，可以通过发展能力分析判断企业未来的盈利能力,从而作出正确的信贷决策。
二、企业发展能力分析的内容企业发展能力分析的内容可分为以下两部分：1．企业单项发展能力分析.企业价值要获得增长，就必须依赖于股东权益、利润、收入和资产等方面的不断增长。
企业单项发展能力分析就是通过计算和分析股东权益增长率、利润增长率、收入增长率、资产增长率等指标，分别衡量企业在股东权益、利润、收入、资产等方面所具有的发展能力，并对其在股东权益、利润、收入、资产等方面所具有的发展趋势进行评估。
2．企业整体发展能力分析。
企业要获得可持续增长,就必须在股东权益、利润、收入和资产等各方面谋求协调发展6企业整体发展能力分析就是通过对股东权益增长率、利润增长率、收入增长率、资产增长率等指标进行相互比较与全面分析，综合判断企业的整体发展能力。
《财务管理》(张玉英)PPT 财务管理11
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
二、财务报表分析评价标准 (三)社会标准
行业标准
社 会
地区标准
标
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国内标准
国际标准
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应用广泛
内容讲解
第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法 二、因素分析法 三、趋势分析法
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第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
一、比率分析法
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第二节 财务报表分析的基本方法
三、趋势分析法
(一)多期比较分析
【例11-2】表11-2是N公司连续4年的利润表资料，按此 编制的变动差额与百分比报表如表11-3所示。
表11-2 单位：万元
项目 营业收入
减：营业成本 营业毛利
减：营业税费 减：期间费用 营业利润 加：营业外损益 利润总额 减：所得税 净利润
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表分析
是以企业财务报表及其他有关财务资料为基础，
对企业财务活动的过程和结果进行的研究评价过程。
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第一节 财务报表分析概述
一、财务报表分析目的
财务报表基 本分析内容
企业偿债能力 资产管理比率 盈利能力 发展能力分析
财务报表分析与运用 杰拉尔德 课后答案英文版第十一章
Chapter 11 SolutionsOverview:Problem Length Problem #s{S} 1 - 4, 9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 21, 22{M} 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24 {L} 6, 19, 251.{S}(i) Interest expense = 12% x $10,000 (beginning balance oflease obligation) = $1,200.(ii)The lease obligation will be reduced by $100 ($1,300 - $1,200) leaving an obligation of $9,900.(iii)Cash from Operations will be reduced by the interest payment of $1,200. Cash from investing activities willnot be affected. (However, the firm will report thecapi tal lease as a “noncash investment and financingactivity.” Cash from financing will be reduced by theamount of the principal payment of $100.(iv)Under an operating lease there is no lease obligation on the balance sheet. The only effect on income isRent Expense of $1,300. Similarly, CFO is reduced by$1,300. (CFI and CFF are not affected).2.{S}(i) In a take-or-pay arrangement, a company contracts tobuy or pay for a certain amount of a supplier’scommodity at a predetermined price over a stated timeperiod. The company, by entering the contract, incursan economic liability. However, since it is only acontract, no accounting liability is recorded on thebalance sheet – it is off balance sheet.(ii) In a sale of receivable, a company “sells” its receivables to a third-party, usually a financialinstitution. Typically, the sale is made at adiscounted price from the face value and the sellermay retain some or all of the default risk. The sale,in substance, is a financing arrangement with thereceivables being used as collateral. However, underGAAP, the transaction is treated as a sale and thedebt does not appear on the balance sheet.(iii)A joint venture represents an investment of 50% or less by one company (the “investor”) in anothercompany. Under GAAP, since ownership is not over 50%,the assets and liabilities of the joint venture neednot be consolidated with the parent’s assets andliabilities. Hence, any debt taken on by the jointventure remains off balance sheet even when theinvestor is liable for the debt.11-13.{S} Effect of choice of interest rate on lessee:4.{S}a. Pallavi must capitalize the lease because the leaseagreement contains a bargain purchase option. Notethat the lease also meets one other capitalizationcriterion: The present value of minimum lease paymentsexceeds 90% of the fair market value of the equipment(see part b for computations).b. The fair market value of the asset is $125,000. Thepresent value of the MLPs is $127,785 (at 8%, thelower of the lessee and lessor rates); the asset mustbe capitalized at the (lower) fair market value. (Notethat the lease obligation is the sum of the presentvalues of the MLPs and the bargain purchase option –the latter is not provided.)11-2c.Leases must be capitalized at the lesser of thepresent value of lease payments or the fair value ofthe lease; in this case, the lease must be capitalizedat the fair value of $125,000.d. The existence of the bargain purchase option requiresdepreciation over the estimated economic life of theasset rather than the (shorter) lease term.e. The option creates the presumption that the asset willbe held past the expiration date of the lease.Otherwise it must be assumed that use of the assetwill revert to the lessor at expiration, requiring thelessee to depreciate the leased asset over the(shorter) lease term.5.{M}a. The following states the effects of Tolrem using thecapital lease method as compared with the operatinglease method.(i) Cash from operations is higher as only theinterest portion of lease expense is deductedfrom operating cash flows; total lease expense isdeducted for operating leases.(ii) Financing cash flow is lower for capital lease, as part of lease rental is treated asamortization of liability and classified asfinancing cash outflow.(iii)Investing cash flow is not affected by the lease treatment. However, the firm will report capitalleases in the statement of cash flows (or afootnote) as noncash investment activities.(iv) Net cash flow reflects the actual rental payment and is unaffected by the financial reportingtreatment of the lease.(v) Debt/equity ratio is higher for capital lease, as it records the present value of minimum leasepayments as debt and reduces net income (andtherefore equity) in first year.(vi) Interest coverage ratio is usually (not always) lower for capital lease method, which reportsinterest expense but also higher EBIT, see (vii).For coverage ratios well above 1.0, the ratiowill decline. If the increase in interest expenseexceeds the increase in EBIT, the ratio willdecline even for firms with very low coverageratios.11-3(vii)Operating income is lower for operating lease because the total lease payment is an operatingexpense; for capital lease, interest portion oflease expense is nonoperating.(viii)Net income is higher for operating lease; total lease expense (interest plus depreciation) ishigher for capital lease.(ix) Deferred tax assets are higher for capital lease;as lease treatment for tax purposes is unaffectedby accounting choice, capital lease will generatea deferred tax asset as taxable income (operatinglease) exceeds pretax income (capital lease).(x) Taxes paid are unaffected by choice of method.(xi) Pretax return on assets is higher for operating leases as pretax income is higher and no assetsare reported as the result of the lease; acapital lease reduces income and reports leaseassets. Post-tax return on assets is higher forthe same reasons.(xii)Pretax return on equity: both pretax income and equity are higher for operating than for capitalleases. The higher pretax income should increasethe ratio in all but exceptional cases. Post-taxreturn on equity should be higher for same reason.However as increase in post-tax income equals(for first year) increase in equity, there may bemore exceptional cases.b. Net income (viii) will be lower for the operatinglease after the "crossover" point. As total net income over the life of the lease is unaffected by the accounting choice, higher net income (operating lease) in the early years must be offset by lower net income in later years.c. Consistent use of the operating lease method in placeof capitalization will not change the direction of the effects shown in part A, but will increase their magnitude. In aggregate, new leases will keep Tolrem from reaching the crossover point for net income, keeping net income and return ratios higher than if the leases were capitalized.11-46.{L}a. and b.4 payment annuity of $10,000 per year at 8%). Assuming zero residualvalue, depreciation = $43,121/5 = $8,624.2Interest expense = 8% x ($43,121 - $10,000) = $2,650Caramino's EBIT is $1,376 higher; Aglianico reportsrental expense but no depreciation expense since itdoes not record an asset. Because total lease expense(depreciation plus interest) is higher than the leaserental, Caramino's EBT is lower by $1,274. After adeferred income tax offset of $510, Caramino's netincome is $764 lower.Caramino's deferred tax debit (asset) results from thedifference between financial reporting (capital lease)and tax reporting (operating lease). The $1,274 timingdifference results in a deferred tax debit of $1,274x .40 = $510c. andd. Comparison of Cash Flow Statementshave been collected by the end of the year.11-5Caramino reports higher cash from operations by $10,000. Since the tax rate is 40%, Aglianico (operating lease firm) reports aftertax operating cash outflow of $6,000. Caramino (capital lease firm) pays no interest but, since it uses the operating lease method for taxes, receives a tax deduction of $4,000 for the annual payment of $10,000. Caramino's aftertax operating cash inflow is $4,000.The difference ($6,000 + $4,000 = $10,000) is recorded by Caramino as a financing cash outflow; this is the amount of the lease payment considered a reduction of the capitalized lease liability for 2002. [Note that the lease payment made on January 1, 2002 has no interest component; there is no accrued interest as the lease has just begun. Interest accrued during the year will be paid January 1, 2003.]e. There is no impact on investing cash flow for eitherfirm. Caramino would report the present value of the capital lease as a noncash investment activity.f. The net cash outflow for each firm is the leasepayment of $10,000 less the tax deduction of $4,000 (40% tax rate). Only the classification of cash flow components is affected by the lease method used.g. By using the capital lease method, Caramino reportshigher debt and lower income. However the firm also reports higher cash from operations. The choice of method may reflect different debt covenants or simplya preference among financial characteristics.11-67.(M) a. Since it is the first year:Capital lease obligations $2,596,031Repayment of capital lease obligations 3,969Capital lease at inception $2,600,000b. Amortization expense =$2,600,000 - $2,479,570 = $120,430Assuming the asset is being amortized on a straightline basis over the lease term, the lease term =$2,600,000/$120,430 = 21.6 or 22 yearsTotal expense = interest + amortization =$120,430 + $223,733 = $344,163c. CFO was reduced by the interest expense of $223,733and CFF was reduced by the “repayment of capital leaseobligations” of $ 3,969d. Free cash flows should be reduced by $2,600,000 – the“cost” of the leased asset.e. (i) Lease expense would be lease payment =$223,733 + $3,969 = $227,702(ii) CFO would be reduced by lease payment of $227,702f. Using 1999 payment only: $223,733/$2,600,000 = 8.6%Using all the payments, we have exact MLP’s for thesix years 1999 –2004. The “thereafter” MLP’s totaling$4,596 thousand are spread over 16 years; i.e. $287.25thousand/year. Equating this stream to the presentvalue of $2,600,000 yields a rate (IRR) of 9.3%.The two methods yield rates within “range” of eachother especially when we consider that the ratederived from the first method is typically downwardbiased.11-78.{M}a. The adjustment involves the addition of the interestcomponent of minimum lease payments to stated interestexpense. The adjustment reflects a partial, de factocapitalization of operating leases.(i)Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges:Pretax earnings $ 2,363,646Interest on indebtedness 68,528Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) $ 2,432,174Fixed Charges:Interest on indebtedness $ 68,528Unadjusted Ratio of Earnings to Fixed Charges 35.5X(ii) The unadjusted ratio is almost four times the adjusted ratio. Note: the SEC rule that governsthis calculation assumes that the interestcomponent is one-third of the MLP. The trueinterest component may be higher or lower,changing the coverage ratio.b. Reported debt-to-equity = $550,000/$2,233,303 = 0.25c. Calculation of amounts adjusted for leasecapitalization:The Limited, Inc.1999 Working Capital Position and Capitalization Table1 Working capital is reduced by the principal component of the 2000MLPs calculated as$436,670 = [($643,828 - (.06 x $3,452,628)],where $3,452,628 is the present value calculated in note 2 below.2 Present value of MLPs using an interest rate of 6%. The “thereafter”MLPs are spread using the constant rate assumption; ($502,880 in 2005and 2006 and $422,102 in 2007).11-89.{S} Note: all amounts in $millionsa. Debt to equity = ($2,416 + $235)/$4,448 = 0.60b. (i) Interest portion of 2001 payment = $63-$39 = $24Therefore interest rate = $24/$235 = 10.2%(ii)Using the constant rate assumption yields theThe IRR that equates the above to $235 is 7.9%c. Under the constant rate assumption, the payment streamto be discounted at 10.2% isThe present value is $7,435d. Adjusted debt-to-equity is($2,416 + $235 + $7,435)/$4,448 = 2.27The adjustment increases the ratio almost four-fold.The real effect is greater as equity would be lower ifDelta had capitalized its operating leases at theirinception.e. After adjustment, both AMR’s and Delta’s ratios are atsimilar levels of 2.3x.Had the lower rate been used, the present value ofDelta’s operating lease would be significantly higheras would its debt-to-equity ratio.f. The adjustments are appropriate for two reasons(1)To obtain the appropriate levels of the ratio foreach firm. For both companies, the reported ratiosunderstate their financial leverage.(2)For comparison purposes. Before adjustment,Delta’s ratio at 0.6x is 50% lower than AMR’s 0.9x.After adjustment, that superiority is removed asboth firms have similar ratios.11-910.{M}a. The following MLP stream is assumed (€ million):At a rate of 7%, the present value is €505.3 millio nb. (i) €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09(ii)(€1,294 + €505)/€14,145 = 0.13c.Another assumption would be to find a decline ratefrom the initial payment of €166.5 such that the sumof the years 2 to 5 payments using that decline rateequals €275.2; i.e. solve for d i n the followingequation(d + d2 + d3 + d4 ) x €166.5 = €275.2The above can be solved by trial and error and thesolution is d = 67.66% with a MLP stream of €112.6,€76.2, €51.5 and €34.9.Using this MLP stream would increase the present valueof the operating lease obligation.11.{S}a. We use the constant rate assumption, yielding thefollowing payment stream (€ millions)At a discount rate of 7%, the present value is €12,543.b. (i) Reported debt-to-equity = €1,294/€14,145 = 0.09Adjusted for part a:(€1,294 + €12,543)/€14,145 = 0.98(ii) Adjusting for operating leases as well(€1,294 + €12,543 + €505)/€14,145 = 1.0111-1012.{S}a. The cash outflow of $25.6 million represents thedecrease in the balance of sold but uncollectedreceivables ($192.8 - $167.2). It represents netcollections (by Arkla as the firm continues to servicethe receivables) of receivables sold; amountscollected from previously sold receivables were paidto the purchasers of those receivables.b. Receivables sold but uncollected as of 12/31/93 can bededuced to be:Outstanding 3/31/94 $118.7 millionDecrease during quarter 107.7Outstanding 12/31/93 $226.4 millionc. The required adjustments to Arkla's CFO for quartersended:March 31, 1994 March 31, 1995 Cash outflow $107.7 $25.6These amounts are the decrease in receivables soldduring the respective quarters. The adjustment isrequired because the cash flow was recognized when thereceivables were sold rather than when customers paid.This adjustment produces a measure of CFO based onwhen the receivables were collected.13.{S} All amounts in $millionsa. (i) Current ratio was increased by 15% from 1.61 to1.86 as a result of receivable sale.Reported = $686/$369 = 1.86Adjusted = ($686 + $153.1)/($369 + $153.1) = 1.61 (ii) & (iii)Average receivables as reported =.5($546 + $312) = $429Adjusting for sale of receivables would increaseaverage receivables by.5($153.1 + $115) = $134 to $563Reported turnover = $2,951/$429 = 6.88# of days = 365/6.88 = 53 daysAdjusted turnover = $2,951/$563 = 5.24# of days = 365/5.24 = 70 daysAs a result of the receivable sale the cash cyclelooked better than it really was by (70 –53) =17 days and the receivables turnover “improved”from 5.24 to 6.8811-11b. Reported debt/equity = $1,096/$950 = 1.15Debt should be adjusted upwards by the receivablessold to ($1,096 + $153.1 =) $1,249.1 with a resultantdebt to equity ratio of $1,249.1/$950 = 1.31.c. Reported cash flow from operations increased by $154million from ($96) million to $58 million. Theseamounts were inflated by the increase in receivablessold and should be adjusted by that increase:Adjusted CFO 1998 = ($96) – ($115 – $103.3) = ($107.7)Adjusted CFO 1999 = $58 - ($153.1 – $115) = $19.9After removing the effects of the receivable sales,CFO increased by $127.6 million from ($107.7) millionto $19.9 million. The actual level and trend in CFO isconsiderably lower than the amounts reported.14.{M}a.11-12The sale of receivables allowed the company to show an improved receivable turnover and cash cycle; the improvement was more significant for 1999 as the amount of receivables sold increased and sales declined.b. The effect on the current ratio is minimal as the sameamount is added to both numerator and denominator of the ratio and that ratio is close to 1. The debt-to-equity ratio adjustment is more significant in 1999 due to the increase in receivables sold and the lower equity amount.c. As the calculation below indicates, both the level andtrend in CFO are overstated as a result of the sale of receivables.11-1315.{S}a. The cash from investment amounts are equivalent to thechange in the “Receivables sold by Funding topurchaser”. (Reca ll that 1997 was the first year ofreceivable sales.)b.receivable balances 17% to 21% less than their actuallevels.c. The sale of receivables should be reported as cashfrom financing as they are, in effect, borrowings(using receivables as collateral).16.{S} Aluminum producers that have take-or-pay contracts forenergy and/or bauxite have converted significantvariable costs into fixed costs. Therefore, theirmarginal costs are much lower than if these contractshad not been entered into. Under these conditions,aluminum producers will continue production as long asrevenue exceeds marginal costs, even though they losemoney based on total costs.17.{M}a. By transferring receivables to a (unconsolidated)subsidiary, Lucent removed the receivables from itsreceivable balance and reported them as “Investments,”a somewhat different asset category. Analyticaladjustment is required to eliminate the artificialreported “improvements” in receivables turnover, thecurrent ratio and the cash cycle.b. The adjustment requires adding $700 million (inaddition to the balance of uncollected receivables) tothe 1999 accounts receivable and current assets. Theeffect is to increase the growth in receivables,reduce the receivable turnover and increase the numberof days receivables outstanding. This adjustmentreinforces the conclusion (see text page 381) thatLucent’s receivables growth outpaced the growth insales. On the other hand, the adjustment improves the1999 current ratio.11-14Note: The bold values indicate which amounts were altered from Exhibit 11-4. The Exhibit 11-4 amounts for those items affected by the adjustment are shown in parentheses.11-1518.{M}a. Debt should be increased by:$ 20 million (present value of operating lease)5 (guarantee)7 (present value of take-or-pay agreement)$ 32 millionThere is no effect on equity as each obligation isoffset by a corresponding asset:Leased assets for operating leaseReceivable for Crockett's obligation to repay debtSupply agreementThe recomputed debt-to-equity ratio is:($12 + $32)/$20 = 2.2X as compared to .6X beforeadjustmentb. Additional interest expense is:Lease (effective interest rate is about 18%).18 x $20 = $3.6 millionBond guarantee .10 x 5 = 0.5Total $ 4.1 millionBefore adjustment, the interest expense is $1.0 millionand the times interest earned ratio is 5.0, implyingEBIT of $5.0 million.After adjustment, the ratio is:($5.0 + $4.1)/($1.0 + $4.1) = 1.78XNo adjustment has been made for the take-or-paycontract, as it does not affect 1993 interest expense.Adjustments in future years will be based on theimplicit interest rate of 21%.c. Reasons for entering into off-balance-sheet obligations:1. Avoidance of or mitigation of the risk of violatingdebt covenant restrictions.2. Leased assets revert to lessor after eight years,limiting risk of obsolescence.3. Guarantee of Crockett's debt may lower interestcosts, increasing profitability of investment.4. Contract with PEPE secures source of supply andpossibly advantageous pricing.11-16d. Additional information needed for full evaluation:1. (Lease) Useful life of leased assets; conditionsunder which lease can be canceled; nature ofleased assets.2. (Guarantee) Financial condition of Crockett; bondcovenants.3. (Take-or-pay) Alternate sources of supply;quantity to be purchased relative to total needs;price provisions of contract.19.{L}a. As the table below indicates, the declining paymentassumption using a 92% declining rate (the averagerate over the first five years (2000 - 2004)) is agood approximation for JC Penney. The present value is$3,320; a deviation of one-half of one percent fromthe stated present value of $3,302. If the constantpayment assumption is made, the error is about fourpercent.11-17b. Using only the first year payment: Payment = $66 andcurrent portion = $16; therefore interest portion = $50 and interest rate = $50/$417 =12%.Using all payments:Constant payment assumption implies MLP’s of $54 from 2004 through 2017 and $12 in 2018. Equating this payment stream to $417 yields an IRR of 11.8%For the declining payment assumption, we would use a declining rate of 95%, the average of (2000 - 2004).Using this rate yields an IRR of 10.44%The rate seems to be between 10.4%-12%. Given that two of the methods yield estimates closer to the high end of the range, using a rate of approximately 11.5% would be an appropriate estimate.c. The rate used by Sears is somewhat higher than that ofJ.C. Penney. That may be a function of (1)higher credit rating for Penney, (2)differing risk characteristics of the leased properties, or (3) Sears leases were entered into in periods of higher interest rates.d. Given the rapid decline over the first four years, wechoose to use the declining payment assumption. Usinga decline rate of .86 (the average over the first fiveyears) and a discount rate of 11.5% (from part b), the present value of the operating leases is $1,375 million.11-1820.{M} Adjusting for the operating lease results in adeterioration of the ratios in each case.* Year 2000 MLP = $352. Interest portion is equal to 11.5% x $1,325 = $158; Therefore, current portion of debt = $352 -$158 = $194** Present Value of operating leases as calculated in Problem 19 part d.† Assumes interest this year (1999) is approximately equal to next year’s (2000) interest levels.Note: No adjustment is made for pretax income, which maybe higher or lower depending on the age” of the lease.The earlier (later) in the lease term, expense is higher(lower) for the capital lease. On average the expense isidentical.As we do not know the relative age of theleases we assume no change.11-1921.{S} Sears’ MDA reports securitized (credit card) balancessold of $6,579 and $6,626 million in 1999 and 1998respectively. Adjusting for these balances (in 1999)requires adding $6,579 to accounts receivable andcurrent liabilities (assuming the debt is short-term)and increasing CFO by ($6,626 – $6,579) $47 million. Asthe table below indicates, the impact on these threeratios is considerable.22.{S} The adjusted ratios are poorer than those based on Sears’reported data. The adjustment for securitization ofreceivables accounts for far more of the impact than theoperating leases.Note: See problems 11-19, 11-20, and 11-21 for explanation of these adjustments11-2023.{M}a. Using th e constant rate assumption (MLP’s of $59million from 2004 - 2017 and $8 million in 2018), theimplicit interest rate is 4.19%.Note that Texaco has not guaranteed all of this lease.The total present value of the guaranteed portion ofthe lease is approximately ($336/44%) $764 million.b. The rate is somewhat lower than the 5% - 5.5% ratecalculated for Texaco in the chapter (page 385).c. Equilon may have less debt (in relation to theirassets) than Texaco, or the nature of its business (orof the leased assets) may be operationally less risky.The leases may have been entered into when interestrates were especially low.Assets are higher because inventory is replaced with (higher) receivables because of the recognition of manufacturing profit. Assets remain higher throughout the lease term.Revenues are higher in Year 1 as the sales-type lease recognizes a sale whereas the operating lease method does not. In later years, interest revenue from the sales-type lease should be lower than lease revenue for the operating lease. This effect is more pronounced over time; in year 9, interest income is low given the small remaining receivable.The revenue effect increases the asset turnover ratio in the first year. But the revenue effect reduces turnover in the ninth year.11-21Expenses are higher in year 1 due to the recognition of cost of goods sold. In later years, there is no expense for the sales-type lease; the operating lease method reports depreciation expense in every year, however.Initial period income and income-related ratios are higher for the sales-type lease because the sale (and income) is recognized at the inception of the lease. In later years, however, income is higher for the operating lease.Income taxes paid are the same since the lease cannot be considered a completed sale for tax purposes.Cash from operations is higher for the first year due to recognition of the sale (the investment in the lease is classified as an investing cash outflow). In later years the operating lease method shows higher cash from operations as rental income exceeds the interest income recorded for the sales-type lease (income taxes paid are the same).[See Exhibit 11-8 and the accompanying text for further explanation of these effects.]25.{L}a. The present value of the minimum lease paymentsreceivable of $170,271 (at 10%, the lower of lesseeand lessor rates) is more than 90% of the fair marketvalue of $185,250. Therefore, the lessee, Baldes,should capitalize the lease. It would be useful toknow whether the lessee has guaranteed the residualvalue of the leased asset.b. Leased assets $ 170,271Long-term lease obligation 167,298Current portion of lease obligation 2,973Total lease obligation $ 170,271Note that there are no income or cash flow statementeffects at the inception of the lease.11-2211-23c. (i) Balance sheet effects of capital lease:No impact on balance sheet if operating lease method applied. [Deferred tax assets reflecting the difference between total expense under the two methods would also be reported.](ii) Income statement effects of capital lease:1Interest expense for: 2001 = .10 x $170,271 2002 = .10 x $167,298 2Deprecation expense = $170,271/20 for each yearThe income statement would show lease expense of $20,000 each year under the operating lease method.(iii) Statement of cash flow effects of capital lease:The operating lease method reports $20,000 cash outflow from operations for each year.。
第十一章《财务分析》习题
第十一章《财务分析》习题一、单项选择题1．企业增加速动资产，一般会产生（）结果。
A．降低企业的机会成本 B．提高企业的机会成本C．增加企业的财务风险 D．提高流动资产的收益率2．下列各项中，不会影响流动比率的业务是( )。
A．用现金购买短期债券 B．用现金购买固定资产C．用存货进行对外长期投资 D．从银行取得长期借款3．下列各项中，可能导致企业资产负债率变化的经济业务是( )。
A．收回应收账款 B．用现金购买债券C．接受所有者投资转入的固定资产D．以固定资产对外投资(按账面价值作价)4．公司目标资金结构是维持权益乘数为1.25的资金结构，则该公司的自有资金占总资金的比重为（）。
A．80% B．70% C．60% D．50%5．某公司已获利息倍数为3，且该公司未发行优先股，债务利息全部为费用化利息，则其财务杠杆系数为（）。
A．3 B．2.5 C．2 D．1.56．某企业本年销售收入为20000元，应收账款周转率为4，期初应收账款为3500元，则期末应收账款余额为（）元。
A．5000 B．6000 C．6500 D．4000二、多项选择题1．调整企业的资金结构，提高负债的比例能( )。
A．提高资产负债率 B．提高权益乘数C．增加企业的财务风险 D．增大财务杠杆系数2．下列各项中，可能直接影响企业净资产收益率指标的措施有( )。
A．提高营业净利率 B．提高资产负债率 C．提高总资产周转率 D．提高流动比率3．权益乘数在数值上等于（）。
A．1/（1-产权比率） B.1/（1-资产负债率） C.1+产权比率 D．资产总额/所有者权益三、计算题1．已知某公司2008年会计报表的有关资料如下：资料金额单位：万元要求：（1）计算杜邦财务分析体系中的下列指标（凡计算指标涉及资产负债表项目数据的，均按平均数计算）：①净资产收益率；②总资产净利率（保留三位小数）；③销售净利率；④总资产周转率（保留三位小数）；⑤权益乘数。
《财务分析》教学大纲(含章节知识点)
《财务分析》教学大纲教学目的：财务分析实际上是在会计信息供给（会计学）与会计信息需求（财务学、经济学、管理学等）之间架起的一座桥梁。
财务分析是财务分析主体为实现财务分析目标，以财务信息及其他相关信息为基础，运用财务分析技术，对分析对象财务活动的可靠性和有效性进行分析，为经营决策、管理控制及监督管理提供依据的一门具有独立性、边缘性、综合性的经济应用学科。
通过本课程的教与学，一方面使学生掌握财务分析的基本理论与基本方法；另一方面使学生明确作为财务分析师或分析人员应如何阅读与分析财务报表、如何分析财务活动状况、如何评价财务绩效等等。
财务分析无论对企业的所有者、债权人、经营者、职工，还是对政府、客户、供应商等都是十分重要的。
财务分析将为各分析主体进行财务预测、财务决策、财务控制和财务评价等提供可靠信息。
课程概述：财务分析是以财务报告资料及其他相关资料为依据，采用一系列专门的分析技术和方法，对企业等经济组织过去和现在有关筹资活动、投资活动、经营活动、分配活动的盈利能力、营运能力、偿债能力和增长能力状况等进行分析与评价，为企业的投资者、债权人、经营者及其他关心企业的组织或个人了解企业过去、评价企业现状、预测企业未来，做出正确决策提供准确的信息或依据的经济应用学科。
本课程将全面系统地介绍财务分析的基本理论、基本方法和基本应用领域，包括四篇十三章内容：第一篇为财务分析概论，本篇包括财务分析理论、财务分析信息基础和财务分析程序与方法三章内容。
第二篇为财务报告分析，本篇包括资产负债表分析、所有者权益变动表分析、利润表分析和现金流量表分析四章内容。
第三篇为财务效率分析，本篇包括企业盈利能力分析、企业营运能力分析、企业偿债能力分析和企业发展能力分析四章内容。
第四篇为财务分综合分析和评价，本篇包括综合分析和业绩评价和企业价值评估两章内容。
课程性质：财务分析是会计学专业和财务管理专业的专业基础课和专业核心课，也是金融学专业及工商管理其他专业的基础课程。
十一章财务分析题库(2)
第十一章财务分析一、单项选择题：1．企业的财务报告不包括（）。
A．现金流量表B．财务状况说明书C．利润分派表D．比较百分比会计报表2．资产欠债表不提供以下（）财务信息。
A．资产结构B．负债水平C．经营功效D．资金来源状况3．现金流量表中的现金不包括（）。
A．存在银行的外币存款B．银行汇票存款C．期限为3个月的国债D．长期债券投资4．以下财务比率反映企业短时间偿债能力的有（）。
A．现金流量比率B．资产负债率C．偿债保障比率D．利息保障倍数5．以下财务比率反映企业营运能力的有（）。
A．资产欠债率B．流动比率C．存货周转率D．资产报酬率6．以下经济业务会使企业的速动比率提高的是（）。
A．销售产成品B．收回应收账款C．购买短时间债券D．用固定资产对外进行长期投资7．以下各项经济业务可不能阻碍流动比率的是（）。
A．赊购原材料B．用现金购买短期债券C．用存货对外进行长期投资D．向银行借款8．以下各项经济业务会阻碍到企业资产欠债率的（）。
A．以固定资产的账面价值对外进行长期投资B．收回应收账款C．同意所有者以固定资产进行的投资D．用现金购买股票9．在财务分析中，最关切企业资本保值增值状况和盈利能力的利益主体是（）。
A．企业所有者B．企业经营决策者C．企业债权人D．政府经济管理机构10．若是流动比率大于1，那么以下结论成立的是（）。
A．速动比率大于1 B．现金比率大于1C．营运资金大于零D．短期偿债能力绝对有保障11．衡量企业归还到期债务能力的直接标志是（）。
A．有足够的资产B．有足够的流动资产C．有足够的存货D．有足够的现金12．运用杜邦财务分析体系的核心指标是（）。
A．总资产报酬率B．总资产周转率C．自有资金利润率D．销售利润率13．以下分析方式中，属于财务综合分析方式的是（）。
A．趋势分析法B．杜邦分析法C．比率分析法D．因素分析法14．权益乘数是指（）A．1÷（1－产权比率）B．1÷（1－资产欠债纺）C．产权比率1÷（1－产权比率）D．资产欠债率1÷（1－资产欠债率）15．有形净值债务率中的“有形净值”是指（）。
基础会计十一章知识点汇总
基础会计十一章知识点汇总在会计领域，基础知识是建立起整个体系的关键。
本文将对基础会计的十一章知识点进行汇总，旨在帮助读者对各个知识点有一个全面的了解。
一、资产负债表资产负债表是会计报表的三个基本财务报表之一。
它反映了一个企业在特定日期上的资产、负债和所有者权益的情况。
资产负债表由两个主要部分组成：资产和负债+所有者权益。
资产分为流动资产和非流动资产，负债分为流动负债和非流动负债。
所有者权益则是指所有者对企业净资产的权益。
二、收入与费用收入与费用是资产负债表和利润表的核心内容。
收入是企业在正常经营活动中所得到的经济利益的增加，它可以分为主营业务收入和非主营业务收入。
费用是企业为了获得收入所发生的经济利益的减少，并可分为经营费用和非经营费用。
三、利润表利润表是企业经营活动一定期间内所产生的收入、费用和利润的汇总表。
它反映了企业在特定期间的经营绩效和盈利能力。
利润表由三个主要部分组成：营业收入、营业成本和净利润。
营业收入指企业在销售商品、提供劳务和转让资产等经营活动中所产生的收入。
营业成本是指为了获得营业收入而发生的直接和间接成本。
净利润是指企业在一定期间内的收入扣除所有费用后的余额。
四、现金流量表现金流量表是企业在一定期间内所产生的现金流量的记录和总结。
它反映了企业现金的收入和支出情况，分为经营活动现金流量、投资活动现金流量和筹资活动现金流量。
经营活动现金流量是指企业在正常业务运作过程中所产生的现金流量。
投资活动现金流量是指企业进行投资活动时所产生的现金流量。
筹资活动现金流量是指企业进行筹资活动时所产生的现金流量。
五、会计政策和审计会计政策是企业按照一定的会计准则和规定所采用的计量、核算和报告方法。
会计政策主要由会计准则和会计制度来规定。
审计是对企业会计核算工作的独立、客观和历史的审核，以确定企业财务报表的真实性和准确性。
审计由内部审计和外部审计组成，它们都对企业的报表和会计流程进行检查、评估和审计。
第十一章 财务报表趋势分析方法
第二节 趋势报表分析方法
趋势报表分析方法的含义
（一）趋势报表分析方法的基本含义
趋势报表分析是将一定时期内（两期或连续数期）的财 务报表数据在同一报表上予以并列列示，直接观察比较 各期有关项目的增减变动的方向、数额和幅度，以判断 企业的财务状况和经营成果变动情况及发展趋势的一种 财务报表分析方法。
财务报表分析方法
陈少华/主编
厦门大学出版社
21世纪会计学系列教材
Hale Waihona Puke 第十一章–第一节 –第二节 –第三节 –第四节
财务报表趋势分析方法
财务报表趋势分析概述 趋势报表分析方法 财务报表时间序列预测方法 预测财务报表及其敏感性分析方法
第一节
财务报表趋势分析概述
财务报表趋势分析的含义
（一）财务报表趋势分析的基本含义
趋势报表分析方法的类型
通过表11-3财务比率的趋势比较，结合财务比率视角一章 的内容，我们可以对春兰公司作出如下的判断： （1）净资产收益率：1999年度春兰公司净资产收益率 为18%，2000年度为16%，降低了2个百分点，春兰股 份指标值的下降反映了运营效益的降低。 （2）主营业务毛利率：春兰股份在家电行业竞争激烈 的情况下仍能取得1999年的获利水平，在行业中排名 亦属于前列。主营业务比率与1999年基本持平，仍达 到97%的水平，说明若2001年行业情况变动不大，企 业收益可保持相对稳定。
趋势报表分析方法的类型
（3）总资产报酬率：春兰股份2000年总资产报酬率较 1999年略有下降，但是在同行业中仍保持相对较高的 水准。另外，春兰股份2000年该指标值高于市场资本 利率，说明企业可适当扩大举债规模，充分利用财务杠 杆为股东赚取更多的收益。 （4）流动能力和现金能力：根据表11-3，春兰股份短 期偿债能力和现金能力的各项比率中，2000年度的流 动比率、速动比率比1999年度显著提高。 （5）资产负债率：春兰股份的资产负债率2000年不超 过30%，一方面反映出企业的经营稳健，另一方面也反 映企业未能充分利用财务杠杆。
第十一章 民间非营利组织财务报告和财务分析 《公共组织财务管理》PPT课件
（29）“受托代理负债”项目，反映民 间非营利组织因从事受托代理业务、接 受受托代理资产而产生的负债。
（30）“非限定性净资产”项目，反映 民间非营利组织拥有的非限定性净资产 期末余额。
（31）“限定性净资产”项目，反映民 间非营利组织拥有的限定性净资产期末 余额。
第三节 业务活动表
一、业务活动表的主要内容 业务活动表，是指反映民间非营利组织某一会计期
现金流出项目主要有：偿还借款所支付的现 金、偿还利息所支付的现金和支付的其他与 筹资活动有关的现金。
（二）现金流量的分类
按照民间非营利组织业务活动的不同性质， 民间非营利组织一定期间内的现金流量分为 三大类，即业务活动产生的现金流量、投资 活动产生的现金流量和筹资活动产生的现金 流量。
1.业务活动产生的现金流量。
业务活动产生的现金流量，是指民间非营利组织投 资活动和筹资活动以外的所有交易和事项而发生的 现金流入和流出。
第四节 现金流量表
一、现金流量表的主要内容 现金流量表，是指反映民间非营利组织某一会计期
间内现金和现金等价物流入和流出信息的会计报表。 现金流量表的“现金”有特定含义，包括现金和现
金等价物。 现金流量是一定时期内民间非营利组织现金流入和
流出量的数量。当民间非营利组织从各种业务活动 收进现金，为现金流入；当民间非营利组织为各种 业务活动付出现金，称为现金流出。现金流入量减 现金流出量的差额，叫做净现金流量。
1.根据总账科目余额直接填列。
2.根据几个总账科目的余额合计数填列。
3.根据总账科目和明细科目余额分析计算填列。
4.根据有关资产科目与其备抵科目抵消后的净额填列
（二）、资产负债表编制说明
1.本表反映民间非营利组织某一会计期末全 部资产、负债和净资产的情况。
酒店财务分析范例
8 千升酒利润
控制能 力分析
9 销售成本偏差率 10 管理费用偏差率 11 净利润偏差率
资产管 理能力
分析
12 固定资产成新率 13 闲置固定资产比率
注：本指标 按季度计算
注:１、固定资产成新率=平均固定资产净值/平均固定资产原值x100%；平均固定资产净值=(年初固定资产 净值+年末固定资产净值)/2；
194223
334300 384731.8
748730
注：1、由于 一月二月在财软件中是一起核算的，本次重点主要分析三月、四月、五月数据。
-4-
2000000 1800000 1600000 1400000 1200000 1100514.5 1000000
800000 600000 400000 200000
２、闲置固定资产比率=期末闲置固定资产净值/期末固定资产净值x100%;
-8-
第一章 经营概况及特殊情况说明 第二章 预警指标分析
第三章 销量分析
第四章 利润分析 第五章 产品获利能力分析 第六章 生产成本分析 第七章 消耗指标分析 第八章 费用分析 第九章 资产负债表分析 第十章 盈亏平衡点及单因素变动分析
31,240
单位：万元
(逆差)/顺差 38,204 4,368 -11,332 -24,792 -6,429 1,104
-246 7,692 -2,340 -1,855
注：１、销量因素=（本年销量-去年销量）x去年单位可变利润 2、收入/成本/组合=本年毛利润-去年毛利润-销量因素-固定生产成本因素
-1539035
4432 -1440673
-3321.17
餐饮总收入
35494
472426
《财务管理》第11章财务分析
（一）按比较内容分类 1.会计报表项目比较 2.会计报表项目构成比较
构成比率 效率比率 相关比率
3.财务比率比较
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第十一章 财务分析
（二）按比较对象分类 1.与本企业历史比——趋势分析法 2.与同类企业比——横向比较 3.与计划预算比——差异分析 •应注意的问题 计算口径一致性 剔除偶发因素 运用例外原则
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第十一章 财务分析
三、财务分析的内容 •一般内容
偿债能力、营运能力、盈利能力、发展能力和获取 现金能力 •不同利益相关人财务分析的重点内容
投资人、债权人、经营者、供应商、客户、政府、 雇员、中介机构
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第十一章 财务分析
四、财务报告本身的局限性 •1.以历史成本报告资产 •2.假设币值不变 •3.要求预计损失而不预计收益 •4.按年度分期报告，不能提供反映长期潜力的信息 •5.会计政策选择的影响 •6.财务报告的真实性问题
注意是否规范、是否有遗漏、是否有反常现象 •7.审计报告及注册会计师的信誉 •8.比较基础问题——参照标准
同业标准、历史数据、计划或预算本身问题
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第十一章 财务分析
第二节 财务分析方法
一、比较分析法 比较分析法是指将两个或两个以上可比数据进行对
比，从而揭示差异和矛盾的财务分析方法。
①
项目
第一20次05替年代：6%2×006.年8×2=9.6% ②
权益净利率 第二8次% 替代：6%×9%0.5×2=6% ③ 销售净利率 第三5次% 替代：6%×6%0.5×3=9% ④
资产周转率 0.8
0.5
第11章综合分析与业绩评价
• 权益乘数变动的影响=8%×0.3×(2-1.8)=0.48%
二、杜邦财务分析体系的变形与发展 ——帕利普财务分析体系
• 美国哈佛大学教授帕利普等在其所著的 《企业分析评价》一书中，将财务分析 体系（帕利普财务分析体系）作了重新 界定。
可持续增长率
净 资 产 收 益 率 × （ 1- 股 利 支 付 率 ）
销售（营业）净利率 × 总资产周转率 × 财务杠杆作用
销售收入成本率 销售毛利率 销售收入期间费用率 销售收入研究开发费用率 销售净利率 销售收入非营业损失率 销售息税前利润率 销售（营业）税费率
流动资产周转率 营运资金周转率 固定资产周转率
评分值
标准比率（%）
行业最高比率 （%）
最高 评分
20
5.5
20
26
10
4.4
15.8
30
56.2
30
22.7
15
8
25.9
8
95.7
8
290
8
800
55.8
12
253.6
12
960
12
3 030
12Leabharlann 62.56
10.1
6
7.3
100
38.9
9
51.2
9
42.8
9
150
最低评分
10 10 5
4 4 4 4
2．分析要点
净资产收益率
总资产净利率
×
业主权益乘数 =1÷（ 1－ 资 产 负 债 率 ）
销售净利率
×
总资产周转率
(整理)十一章财务分析题库 (2).
第十一章财务分析一、单项选择题：1．企业的财务报告不包括（）。
A．现金流量表B．财务状况说明书C．利润分配表D．比较百分比会计报表2．资产负债表不提供下列（）财务信息。
A．资产结构B．负债水平C．经营成果D．资金来源状况3．现金流量表中的现金不包括（）。
A．存在银行的外币存款B．银行汇票存款C．期限为3个月的国债D．长期债券投资4．下列财务比率反映企业短期偿债能力的有（）。
A．现金流量比率B．资产负债率C．偿债保障比率D．利息保障倍数5．下列财务比率反映企业营运能力的有（）。
A．资产负债率B．流动比率C．存货周转率D．资产报酬率6．下列经济业务会使企业的速动比率提高的是（）。
A．销售产成品B．收回应收账款C．购买短期债券D．用固定资产对外进行长期投资7．下列各项经济业务不会影响流动比率的是（）。
A．赊购原材料B．用现金购买短期债券C．用存货对外进行长期投资D．向银行借款8．下列各项经济业务会影响到企业资产负债率的（）。
A．以固定资产的账面价值对外进行长期投资B．收回应收账款C．接受所有者以固定资产进行的投资D．用现金购买股票9．在财务分析中，最关心企业资本保值增值状况和盈利能力的利益主体是（）。
A．企业所有者B．企业经营决策者C．企业债权人D．政府经济管理机构10．如果流动比率大于1，则下列结论成立的是（）。
A．速动比率大于1 B．现金比率大于1C．营运资金大于零D．短期偿债能力绝对有保障11．衡量企业偿还到期债务能力的直接标志是（）。
A．有足够的资产B．有足够的流动资产C．有足够的存货D．有足够的现金12．运用杜邦财务分析体系的核心指标是（）。
A．总资产报酬率B．总资产周转率C．自有资金利润率D．销售利润率13．下列分析方法中，属于财务综合分析方法的是（）。
A．趋势分析法B．杜邦分析法C．比率分析法D．因素分析法14．权益乘数是指（）A．1÷（1－产权比率）B．1÷（1－资产负债纺）C．产权比率1÷（1－产权比率）D．资产负债率1÷（1－资产负债率）15．有形净值债务率中的“有形净值”是指（）。
财务管理 第十一章 财务分析答案
第十一章财务分析1，已知某公司2001年会计报表的有关资料如下：资料金额单位：万元要求：（1）计算杜邦财务分析体系中的下列指标（凡计算指标涉及资产负债表项目数据的，均按平均数计算）①净资产收益率②总资产收益率（保留三位小数）③营业净利率④总资产周转率（保留三位小数）⑤权益乘数（2）用文字列出净资产收益率与上述其他各项指标之间的关系式，并用本题数据加以验证。
答案：(1)①净资产收益率＝500/[(3500＋4000)/2]×100％＝13.33%②总资产收益率＝500/[(8000＋10000)/2]×100％＝5.556%③营业净利率＝500/20000×100％＝2.5%④总资产周转率＝20000/[(8000＋10000)/2]×100％＝2.222(次)⑤权益乘数＝[（10000＋8000）/2]/ [（4000＋3500）/2]=2.4(2) 净资产收益率＝营业净利率×总资产周转率×权益乘数＝2.5％×2.222×2.4＝13.33％2，某公司××年度简化的资产负债表如下：资产负债表××公司××年12月31日单位：万元其他有关财务指标如下：（1）长期负债与所有者权益之比：0.5（2）销售毛利率：10％（3）存货周转率（存货按年末数计算）：9次（4）平均收现期(应收账款按年末数，一年按360天计算):18天（5）总资产周转率（总资产按年末数计算）：2.5次要求：利用上述资料，在答题卷填充该公司资产负债表的空白部分，并列示所填数据的计算过程。
答案：所有者权益＝100＋100＝200长期负债＝200×0.5=100负债及所有者权益合计＝200＋100＋100＝400资产合计＝负债及所有者权益合计＝400销售收入＝2.5×400＝1000应收账款＝18×1000/360＝50（销售收入－销售成本）/销售收入＝10％，销售成本＝900存货＝900/9＝100固定资产＝400－50－50－100＝2003，某商业企业2006年度营业收入为2000万元，营业成本为1600万元，年初、年末应收账款余额分别为200万元和400万元，年初、年末存货余额分别为200万元和600万元，年末速动比率为1.2，年末现金与流动负债的比为0.7。