Linguistics语言学归纳

Linguistics

1.The scope of linguistics: (a branch of linguistics that….) phonetics（语音学）: the study of linguistic speech sounds, how they are produced, how they are perceived, and their physical properties.(study of the phonic medium of language)

phonology:（音位学）the study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistics communication.

morphology:（形态学）the study of the word structure and word formation.

syntax:（句法学）is the branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences.

semantics: (语义学) the study of linguistic meaning. pragmatics:（语用学）a branch of linguistics that studies the context of language use to effect successful communication.

Some distinctions in linguistics:

1)Prescriptive & descriptive

Prescriptive: aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use

Descriptive: aims to lay down rules for “correct & standard”

behavior in using language.(doctor)

2)Synchronic & diachronic 共时的&历时的

Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history.

Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time.

3)Langue & parole 语言&言语

Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.

Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use. 4)Competence & performance 语言能力&语言运用

Competence: the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language Performance: the actual realization of this knowledge in

linguistic communication.

Design features of language:

1)arbitrariness: （任意性）means there is no logical connection

between meanings and sounds.

2)Productivity: it makes possible the construction and

interpretation of new signals by its users.

3)Duality:（双重性）duality of structure or double articulation of

language enables users to talk about anything within their

knowledge.

4)Displacement: language can be used to refer to contexts removed

from the immediate situations of the speaker. 不受时空限制

5)Cultural transmission 文化传播（eg:狼孩）

2.Functions of language:

1)Descriptive function: it is the function to convey factual

information, which can be asserted or denied, and in some cases even verified.

2)Expressive function: supplies information about the user’s

feelings, preferences, prejudices and values.

3)Social function: serves to establish and maintain social

relations between people.