英语语言学导论复习题
《语言学导论》期末试卷
1绍兴文理学院 2010 学年 01学期英语 专业 08 级《 英语语言学导论 》试卷 (A)（考试形式：开卷 ）I. Define the following terms （共20分，每小题 4 分）conversational implicature; componential analysis; Sapir-Whorf hypothesis; minimal pair; design featuresII. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False, T for true and F for false （共10 分，每小题 1分）1. The fact that we use seemingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationshipbetween people without involving any factual content has mainly to do with the interpersonal function of language.2.The subject-predicate distinction is the same as the theme and rheme contrast.3. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called “voiceless ”, which is afeature of all vowels and some consonants, such as [b], [z], and [m].4. Of the views concerning the study of semantics, the contextual view, which places the study ofmeaning in the context in which language is used, is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense.5. The core of linguistics covers phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and pragmatics.6. The major difference between a pidgin and a Creole is that the former usually has its native speakerswhile the latter doesn’t.7. There is no one-one relationship between morphemes and phonemes. A single phoneme mayrepresent a single morpheme, but they are not identical.8. Syntax mainly deals with how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern theformation of sentences.9. An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlikeentailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true.10. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according totheir degree of formality.III. Group the following words according to the sense relations and give out the headterm for each group. Each word can only be used once （共20 分，每小题4分）talent transportation torch attach alienated before rent odd flashlight flat detach even idiot fragmented profound superficial let housing shipping after 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.IV . Draw the two tree diagrams of the following sentence according to Immediate Constituent Analysis （共10 分，每小题5分）Leave the book on the shelf.V . Identify any of the ten cohesive ties employed in the following passage （共10 分，每小题 1分）Chris Baildon, tall and lean, was in his early thirties, and the end-product of an old decayed island family.Chris shared the too large house with his father, an arthritic and difficult man, and a wasp-tongued aunt, whose complaints ended only when she slept.The father and his sister, Chris ’s aunt Agatha, engaged in shrill-voiced arguments over nothing. The continuous exchanges further confused their foolish wits, and yet held off an unendurable loneliness. They held a common grievance against Chris, openly holding him to blame for their miserable existence. He should long ago have lifted them from poverty, for had they not sacrificed everything to send him to England and Oxford University?Driven by creditors or pressing desires, earlier Baildons had long ago cheaply disposed of valuable properties. Brother and sister never ceased to remind each other of the depressing fact that their ancestors had wasted their inheritance. This, in fact, was their only other point of agreement.A few years earlier Agatha had announced that she intended doing something about repairing the family fortunes. The many empty rooms could be rented to selected guests. She would establish, not a boarding-house, but a home for ladies and gentlemen, and make a tidy profit. She threw herself into the venture with a noisy fury. Old furniture was polished; rugs and carpets were beaten, floors painted, long-stored mattresses, pillows and bed-linen aired and sweetened in the sun. The huge kitchen was attacked.VI. Answer the following questions （共 30分，每小题15 分）1. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.2. Of all the theories in general linguistics, which one (ones) do you think help(s) your English learning most?。
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Chapter 1IntroductionI. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. If a study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be CA. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language? DA. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness3. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ___C_________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because______D_____.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed.C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mothertongue.D. All of the above5. A historical study of language is a __B__ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6. Saussure took a(n) ___A____ view of language, while Chomsky looks at languagefrom a ________ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalB. Psychological, sociologicalC. applied, pragmaticD. semantic, linguistic7. According to F. de Saussure, _C___ refers to the abstract linguistic system sharedby all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. LangueD. language8. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between__B____ and meanings.A. senseB. SoundsC. objectsD. ideas9. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situationsof the speaker. This feature is called___A___.A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission10. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the nextthrough __D__ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.1.Duality is one of the design features of human language which refers to thephenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommunication.3.The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words intopermissible sentences in languages is called __syntax .4.Human capacity for language has a genetic_ basis, but the details of languagehave to be taught and learned.5.Parole_ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.6.Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of somepractical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as applied _ linguistics.nguage is productive_ in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.III. Define the following terms.1. Syntax:The study of how morphemes and words are combined to formsentences is called syntax.2. Applied linguistics:In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to theapplication of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching andlearning, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In abroad sense, it refers to the application of linguistic findings to the solutionof practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.3. Arbitrariness: It is one of the design features of language. It means that thereis no logical connection between meanings and sounds.4. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be used to refer tothings which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past,present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can beused to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker.5. Duality:The duality nature of language means that language is a system,which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and theother of meanings.6. Design features:Design features refer to the defining properties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.IV. Answer the following questions.1. A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleven postures of the tail that express such emotions as self-confidence, confident threat, lack of tension, uncertain threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousand different emotions that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a language similar to man’s? If not, Why not?答案1. No. Hint: Wolf’s way of expressing emotions does not present the defining features of human language. Examine them one by one.2. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?答案2. While speech is the vocal/spoken form of language, writing is the written form of language. They belong to different systems though they mayoverlap.That speech is primary over writing is a general principle of linguistic analysis. First, speech existed long before writing systems came into being.Second, written forms just represent in this way or that the speech sounds.Third, genetically children learn to speak before learning to write.However, emphasizing the primacy of speech is by no means to deny the importance of writing, which gives language new scope and uses thatspeech does not have. First, with writing, messages can be carried throughspace and time. Second, oral message are subject to distortion, eitherintentional or otherwise, causing misunderstanding, while written messagesremain exactly the same whether read a thousand years later or ten thousandmiles away.Everything considered, speech is believed to more representative of human language than writing. Most modern linguistic analysis is thusfocused on speech, different from traditional grammar of the 19th centuryand therebefore.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?答案3. First, linguistics is descriptive, while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Linguistics describes languages as they are and does not lay down rules ofcorrectness; traditional grammar emphasizes such matters as correctnessand aims to prescribe what is right.Second, linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.Third, traditional grammar is based on Latin and it tries to impose the Latin categories and structures on other languages (Latin patterns andcategories, especially its case system and tense divisions of past, presentand future), while linguistics describes each language on its own merits.Linguists are opposed to the notion that any one language can provide an adequate framework for the others. They are trying to set up a universalframework, but that will be based on the features shared by most of thelanguages used by mankind.(Traditional grammar is usually based on earlier grammars of Latin and applied them, often inappropriately, to some other language. Forexample, some grammarians stated that English had six cases because Latinhad six cases. )4. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?答案4. According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to therealization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions andrules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concreteuse of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; itis not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers tothe naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it doesnot change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and fromsituation to situation.According to Chomsky, competence is the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language. This internalized set of rules enables the languageuser to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences andrecognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. However,performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguisticcommunication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue isperfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social andpsychological factors such as stress, embarrassment, etc. Chomsky believesthat what linguists should study is the competence, which is systematic, notthe performance, which is too haphazard.Although Saussure’s distinction and Chomsky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a sociological view of language andhis notion of langue is a mater of social conventions, and Chomsky looks atlanguage from a psychological point of views and to him, competence is aproperty of the mind of each individual.Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and theydistinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution. F2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning. F3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.F4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. T5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms ofthe amount of information conveyed. T6.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.T7.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the partof the tongue that is raised the highest. F8.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which theconsonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar. F9.Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tonguein the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels. T10.According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels,semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels. FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1.Of all the speech organs, the t _1. tongue _ is the most flexible, and is responsiblefor varieties of articulation than any other.2.English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in termsof p__2. place_ of articulation.3.When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speechsound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s_3. stop.4.S__4. Suprasegmental_ features are the phonemic features that occur above thelevel of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.5.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are calleds_5. sequential_ rules.6.The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_6. narrow _ transcription.7.When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i__ 7. intonation _.8.P_8. Phonology_ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.9.T__9. Tone_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.10.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_10. sentence_ stress.III. Define the terms below:1 Phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.2. Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3. International phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription.4. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.5. Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.6. Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.7. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.Phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit of distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.IV.1What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?答案. They differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess, how they can be classified. Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech soundsanswer to the question, or will best complete the sentence.1.The morpheme “vision” in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements4. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined withother morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic6. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. cannot be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes2.Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of language.3.Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent unitsof meaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in combination with oth-er morphemes.4.Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be usedindepen-dently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free orbound, to form a word.5.Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although itbears clear, definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix to form a word.6.Affix: Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional affixesmanifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories, whilederivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word.7.Prefix: Prefixes occur at the begin-ning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning ofthe stem, but they usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. 8.Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of theoriginal word and in many cases change its part of speech.9.Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixesare added to an existing form to create a word.pounding: Compounding can be viewed as the combination of two orsometimes more than two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.1. What are the main features of the English compounds?Orthographically a compound can be written as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphen in between. Syntactically, the part of speech of a compound is determined by the last element. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its components. Phonetically, the word stress of a compound usually falls on the first element.2.Distinguish between phonologically and morphologically conditioned allomorphs.Give examples.Morphophonemics is an intermediary level of analysis between phonology and morphology in which the phonological regularities in the framework of morphology, especially the systematic phonological variants of morphemes and the conditions of their occurrence are described. 1) Phonological conditioning of allomorphs. The distribution of the allomorphs of a morpheme is stated in terms of their phonetic environment, e.g. the phonetic variations of the past tense morphemes, -ed, as /d/ in stayed, /t/ in heaped, and /id/ in needed. 2) Morphological conditioning of allomorphs. The morphologically conditioned allomorphs of a morpheme are regarded as irregular in contrast to the phonologically conditioned allomorphs which are regarded as regular. For instance, it is the particular morphemes rather than the sounds of the words that determine the plural forms of nouns. E.g. child: children, foot: feet.3. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”.Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.4. What have you learned about the topic of morphology, can you put them into practice in you English learning?(This is an open question. No answer is provided there.Chapter 4 Syntaxl.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T7.T8.F9.F10.T11.F12.T13.T14.T1.Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including thecombination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3.Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with oneadding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise thesystem of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5.The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number ofsentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6.In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong tothe same syntactic category.8.Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members areallowed for.9.In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed,namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10.In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words andphrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12.A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13.It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentencesat the level of D-structure.14.WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative tointerrogative.plex 20.embedded 21.open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.15.A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate andstands alone as its own sentence.16.A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words toform a complete statement, question or command.17.A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18.The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which sayssomething about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19.A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into theother.20.In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called ane_______ clause.21.Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22.A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient shouldstay adjacent to each other.23.P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way oranother and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24.The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.25.D26.D27.A28.29.A30.A31.D32.C33.D34.B25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentencesB. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positionsB. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms.35.Syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. Itconsists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36.Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.37.Coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking wordcalled coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".38.Syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers toa word (called a lexical category) or a phrase (called a phrasal category) that performs aparticular grammatical function.39.Grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents arecalled grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom.40.Linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntacticrules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41.Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence typeinto another type.42.D-structure: D-structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movementtakes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions.43. What are the basic components of a sentence?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate (compound) sentence, and complex sentence.A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example:John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called47. What is NP movement? Illustrate it with examples.NP movement involves the movement of a noun phrase. NP movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice:(A) The man beat the child.(B) The child was beaten by the man.B is the result of the movement of the noun phrases "the man" and "the child" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left.Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example:(C) It seems they are quite fit for the job.(D) They seem quite fit for the job.These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superficial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underlying structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.Chapter 5 Semantics1. Define the following terms briefly.semantics naming theory truth-conditional semanticsbehaviourist theory use theory sensereference conceptual meaning connotative meaninglexical field lexical gap componential analysissemantic feature synonymy antonymyhyponymy meronymy semantic role。
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Chapter 1 IntroductionI. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement.1. If a study describes and an alyzes the Ian guage people actually use, it is said to beCA. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic2. Which of the follow ing is not a desig n feature of huma n Ian guage? DA. Arbitrari nessB. Displaceme ntC. DualityD. Meaningfuln ess3. Moder n lin guistics regards the writte n Ian guage as C ________ .A. primaryB. correctC. sec on daryD. stable4. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because_____ D ____ .A. in lin guistic evoluti on, speech is prior to writ ingB. speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amount of in formati onconveyed.C. speechis always the way in which every n ative speakeracquires his mother tongue.D. All of the above5. A historical study of Ian guage is a __B__ study of Ian guage.A. synchronicB. diachr onicC. prescriptiveD. comparative6. Saussure took a(n) A view of Ian guage, while Chomsky looks at la nguage7. Accordi ng to F. de Saussure, _C _ refers to the abstract lin guistic system sharedby all the members of a speech com mun ity.A. paroleB. performa neeC. Lan gueD. la nguage8. Lan guage is said to be arbitrary becausethere is no logical conn ecti on betwee n__B ___ and meanin gs.A. senseB. SoundsC. objectsD. ideas9. Lan guage can be used to refer to con texts removed from the immediate situati onsof the speaker. This feature is called _ A __ .from a _______ point of view.A. sociological, psychologicalC. applied, pragmatic B. Psychological, sociologicalD. sema ntic, li nguisticA. displaceme ntB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural tran smissi on10. The details of any Ian guage system is passed on from one gen erati on to the n ext through__D__ , rather tha n by in st inct.A. lear ningB. teach ingC. booksD. both A and BII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1.1. Duality is one of the design features of human Ianguage which refers to the phe nomenon thatIan guage con sists of two levels: a lower level of meanin gless in dividual sounds and a higher level of meanin gful un its.2. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human com muni catio n.3. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in Ian guages is called syntax .4. Human capacity for Ianguage has a genetic, basis, but the details of Ianguage have to betaught and lear ned.5. Parole _ refers to the realizati on of Ian gue in actual use.6. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems.The study of such applicati ons is gen erally known as applied _ lin guistics.7. Language is productive, in that it makes possible the construction and in terpretati on of newsig nals by its users. In other words, they can produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of senten ces which they have n ever heard before.III. Define the following terms.1. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form senten ces is called syntax.2. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to the applicati on of lin guisticprin ciples and theories to Ian guage teachi ng and learning, especially the teaching of foreign and second Ianguages. In a broad sen se, it refers to the applicatio n of lin guistic findings to the soluti on of practical problems such as the recovery of speech ability.3. Arbitrari ness: It is one of the desig n features of Ian guage. It means that thereis no logical connection betwee n mea nings and soun ds.4. Displaceme nt Displaceme nt means that Ian guage can be used to refer to things which areprese nt or not prese nt, real or imag ined matters in the past, prese nt, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, la nguage can be used to refer to con texts removed from theimmediate situati ons of the speaker.5. Duality: The duality nature of Ianguage means that Ianguage is a system, which con sists of twosets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanin gs.6. Design features: Design features refer to the defining properties of humanIan guage that dist in guish it from any an imal system of com muni catio n.IV. Answer the following questions.1. A wolf is able to express subtle gradations of emotion by different positions of the ears, the lips, and the tail. There are eleve n postures of the tail that express such emotio ns as self-c on fide nee, con fide nt threat, lack of tension, un certa in threat, depression, defensiveness, active submission, and complete submission. This system seems to be complex. Suppose there were a thousa nd differe nt emoti ons that the wolf could express in this way. Would you then say a wolf had a Ianguage similar to man's? If not, Why n ot?答案1. No. Hint: Wolf' way of expressing emotions does not present thedefi ning features of huma n Ian guage. Exam ine them one by one.2. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of Ianguage as primary, not the writte n? 答案2. While speech is the vocal/spoken form of Ianguage, writing is the writte n form of Ian guage. They bel ong to differe nt systems though they may overlap.That speech is primary over writi ng is a gen eral prin ciple of lin guistic an alysis. First, speech existed long before writi ng systems came into being.Second, writte n forms just represe nt in this way or that the speech soun ds.Third, gen etically childre n lear n to speak before lear ning to write.However, emphasiz ing the primacy of speech is by no means to deny the importa nee of writi ng, which gives Ian guage new scope and uses thatspeech does not have. First, with writ ing, messages can be carried through space and time. Second, oral message are subject to distortion, either inten ti onal or otherwise, caus ing misun dersta nding, while writte n messages rema in exactly the same whether read a thousa nd years later or ten thousa nd miles away.Everyth ing con sidered, speechis believed to more represe ntative of human Ianguage than writing. Most modern linguistic analysis is thus focused on speech, differe nt from traditi onal grammar of the 19th cen tury and therebefore.3. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?答案3. First, linguistics is descriptive, while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Lin guistics describes Ian guages as they are and does not lay dow n rules of correctness;traditional grammar emphasizessuch matters as correctness and aims to prescribe what is right.Second, linguistics regards the spoken Ianguage as primary, not the writte n.Third, traditi onal grammar is based on Lat in and it tries to impose the Lat in categories and structures on other Ian guages (Lati n patter ns and categories, especially its case system and tense divisions of past, present and future), while lin guistics describes each Ian guage on its own merits.Lin guists are opposed to the no ti on that any one Ian guage can provide an adequate framework for the others. They are tryi ng to set up a uni versal framework, but that will be based on the features shared by most of the Ian guages used by mankind.(Traditional grammar is usually based on earlier grammars of Latin and applied them, ofte n in appropriately, to some other Ian guage. For example, some grammaria ns stated that En glish had six cases because Lat in had six cases.)4. S aussure ' destinction between Iangue and parole seems similar to Chomsky' s dist in ctio n betwee n compete nee and performa nee. What do you think are their major differe nces?答案4. According to Saussure,langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech com mun ity, an dparole refers to the realization of Iangue in actual use.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which Ian guage users all have to follow whileparole is the con crete use of the conven ti ons and the applicati on of the rules. Lan gue is abstract; it is not the Ian guage people actually use, but parole is con crete; it refers to the n aturally occurri ng Ian guage eve nts. Lan gue is relatively stable, it does not cha nge frequently; while parole varies from pers on to pers on, and from situatio n to situati on.Accord ing to Chomsky, compete nee is the ideal user ' s kno wledge of the rules of his Ian guage. This intern alized set of rules en ables the Ian guage user to produce and un dersta nd an infin itely large nu mber of senten ces and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. However, performanee is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic com muni cati on. Although the speaker ' s kno wledge of his mother ton gue is perfect, his performances may have mistakes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarrassme nt, etc. Chomsky believes that what lin guists should study is the compete nee, which is systematic, not the performa nee, which is too haphazard.Although Saussure "dstinction and Chomsky' sare very similar, they differ at least in thatSaussure took a sociological view of Ian guage and his no ti on of Ian gue is a mater of social conven ti ons, and Chomsky looks at Ian guage from a psychological point of views and to him, compete nee is a property of the mind of each in dividual.Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language1. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they dist in guishmeaning, they are said to be in compleme ntary distributi onF2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaningF3. English is a tone Ianguage while Chinese is noF4. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. T5. In everyday com muni cati on, speech plays a greater role tha n writ ing in terms of the amountof in formati on eonv eyed.T6. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.7. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the ton guethat is raised the highestF8. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolaF.9. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth,the ope nn ess of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the len gth of the vowels. T10. A ccording to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-closevowels, semi-ope n vowels and ope n vowels.11. F ill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. Of all the speech organs, the t _. tongue_ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties ofarticulati on tha n any other.2. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p__2.place_ of articulatio n.3. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech soundproduced with the obstructi on audibly released and the air pass ing out aga in is called a s_3.stop4. S__ . Suprasegmenta_ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of thesegme nts. They in clude stress, tone, inton ati on, etc.5. The rules that gover n the comb in ati on of sounds in a particular Ian guage are calleds_5. sequentia l rules.6. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad tran scripti on while the tran scripti on with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_6. narrow _ tran scripti on.7. Whe n pitch, stress and sound len gth are tied to the sentence rather tha n the word in isolatio n, they are collectively known as i__ 7. intonation _.8. P_8. Phonology_ is a discipli ne which studies the system of sounds of a particular Ianguage and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic com muni cati on.9. T 9. Tone_ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibrati on of the vocal cords and which can disti nguish meaning just like phon emes.10. Depe nding on the con text in which stress is con sidered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s10. sentenc_ stress.III. Define the terms below:1 Phon eme: The basic unit in pho no logy is called phon eme; it is a unit of disti nctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collecti on of disti nctive phon etic features.2. Allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phon etic en vir onments are called the allopho nes of that pho neme.3. International phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationally accepted system of phon etic tran scripti on.4. Intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolati on, they are collectively known as inton ati on.5. Auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hearer.6. Acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds are tran smitted through the air from one pers on to ano ther.7. Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segme nt which occurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a mini mal pair.Phoneme: The basic un it in phono logy is called phon eme; it is a un it of disti nctive value. But it is an abstract un it. To be exact, a pho neme is not a sound; it is a collecti on of disti nctive phon etic features.IV. 1 What are the major differe nces betwee n phono logy and phon etics?答案.They differ in their approach and focus. Phon etics is of a gen eral n ature; it is in terested in all the speech sounds used in all huma n Ian guages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phon etic features they possess, how they can beclassified. Phono logy, on the other han d, is in terested in the system of sounds of a particular Ian guage; it aims to discover how speech soundsin a Ian guage form patter ns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning inlin guistic com muni cati on.1. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.答案1) The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, such as 'import and im'port. The similar alternation of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase con sisti ng of the same eleme nts. A pho no logical feature of the English compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the sec ond eleme nt receives sec on dary stress, for example: 'blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not n ecessarilyblack, but a black 'bird is a bird that is black.2) The more importa nt words such as nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs, etc. arepronounced with greater force and made more prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certa in no ti on, a word in sentence that is usually un stressed can be stressed to achieve differe nt effect. Take the sentence “ He is driv ing my car.example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is not his, or yours, butmine, the speaker can stress the possessive pronoun my, which under normal circumsta nces is not stressed.3) English has four basic types of intonation, known as the four tones: When spoken in differenttones, the same sequenee of words may have different meanin gs. Gen erally speak ing, the falli ng tone in dicates that what is said is a straight-forward, matter-of-fact stateme nt, the risi ng tone ofte n makes a questi on of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is an implied message in what is said.2. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?答案A basic way to determine the phonemes of a Ianguage is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represe nt differe nt phon emes.Chapter 3 MorphologyExercise and Discussion Questionsanswer to the question, or will best complete the sentence.1. The morpheme “visio n ” in the com mon word “ televisi on ” is a(n) __________ .A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. i nflectio nal morphemeD. free morpheme2. The compound word “ bookstore ” is the place where books are sold. This indicatesthat the meaning of a compo und _________ .A. is the sum total of the meaning of its comp onentsB. can always be worked out by look ing at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phraseD. None of the above3. The part of speech of the compo unds is gen erally determ ined by the part of speechof __________ .A. the first eleme ntB. the sec ond eleme ntC. either the first or the sec ond eleme ntD. both the first and the sec ond eleme nts4. ______ are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined withother morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words5. The meaning carried by the in flecti onal morpheme is ______ .A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic6. Bound morphemes are those that ___________ .A. have to be used in depe nden tlyB. cannot be comb ined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be comb ined with other morphemes7. ___ m odify the mea ning of the stem, but usually do not cha nge the part of speech of the origi nal word.A. PrefixesC. Roots 8. -s ” in the word “ books ” is .A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an in flecti onal affixD. a rootII. Decide whether each of the following statements True or False.1. Although the vast majority of prefixes do not change the original word class, there are prefixesthat are class-cha nging: a-, be-, em-, en-.2. Inflectional ending can be added to derivational ones, but not vice-versa.3. The syllabic structure of a word and its morphemic structure must correspond.4. Derivations can make the word class of the original word either changed or unchanged.5. Words are the smallest meaningful units of Ianguage.6. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.7. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories suchas nu mber, ten se, degree, and case.8. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be abound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.9. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.10. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.Therefore, words formed accord ing to the morphological rules are acceptable words.III. Define the following terms.1. Morphology: Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.2. Morpheme: It is the smallest meaningful unit of Ianguage.3. Free morpheme: Free morphemes are the morphemes which are independent units ofmeaning and can be used freely all by themselves or in comb in ati on with otler morphemes. B. Suffixes D. Affixes4. Bound morpheme: Bound morphemes are the morphemes which cannot be usedin depe n-den tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.5. Root: A root is often seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears clear,defi nite meaning; it must be comb ined with ano ther root or an affix to form a word.6. Affix: Affixes are of two types: in flecti onal and derivati on al. I nflecti onal affixesmani fest various grammatical relati ons or grammatical categories, whilederivati onal affixes are added to an existi ng form to create a word.7. Prefix: Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word. Prefixes modify the meaning ofthe stem, but they usually do not cha nge the part of speech of the orig inal word.8. Suffix: Suffixes are added to the end of the stems; they modify the meaning of the orig inalword and in many cases cha nge its part of speech.9. Derivation: Derivation is a process of word formation by which derivative affixesare added to an exist ing form to create a word.10. Compo unding: Compo unding can be viewed as the comb in ati on of two orsometimes more tha n two words to create new words.V. Answer the following questions.1. What are the main features of the En glish compo un ds?Orthographically a compo und can be writte n as one word, two separate words with or without a hyphe n in betwee n. Syn tactically, the part of speech of a compo und is determ ined by the last eleme nt. Sema ntically, the meaning of a compo und is idiomatic, not calculable from the meanings of all its comp onen ts. Phon etically, the word stressof a compo und usually falls on the first eleme nt.2. Disti nguish betwee n phono logically and morphologically con diti oned allomorphs. Giveexamples.Morphoph on emics is an in termediary level of an alysis betwee n phono logy and morphology in which the phono logical regularities in the framework of morphology,especially the systematic pho no logical varia nts of morphemes and the con diti ons oftheir occurre nee are described. 1) Phono logical con diti oning of allomorphs. The distribution of the allomorphs of a morpheme is stated in terms of their phonetic en vironment, e.g. the pho netic variati ons of the past tense morphemes, -ed, as /d/ i n stayed,/t/ in heaped, and /id/ i n n eeded. 2) Morphological con diti oning of allomorphs. The morphologically con diti oned allomorphs of a morpheme are regarded as irregular incon trast to the pho no logically con diti oned allomorphs which are regarded as regular.For instanee, it is the particular morphemes rather than the sounds of the words thatdeterm ine the plural forms of nouns. E.g. child: childre n, foot: feet.3. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, -” in thebw o kd “ bookish ” .Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as-ish ” in “ bookish ” . Bound morphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is see n as part of a word; it can n ever sta nd by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning, such as“ ijette word “generate ” . Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as -s” in the word “ books Io indicate plurality of nouns. Derivati onal affixes are added to an existi ng form to create a word such as “miisin the word “ misi nform ” . Derivatio nal affixes can also be divided in to prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beg inning of a word such as - ” n the “ dis word “ dislike ” , while suffixes occur at the end of a word suchla s s ” in the word ““ friendless ” .4. What have you lear ned about the topic of morphology, can you put them into practice in you En glish lear ning?(This is an ope n questi on. No an swer is provided there.Chapter 4 Sy ntaxl.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.T1. Syn tax is a subfield of lin guistics that studies the sentence structure of Ian guage, in cludi ng the comb in ati on ofmorphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed followi ng a set of syn tactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequenee of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one addi ng on to ano therfollowi ng a simple arithmetic logic.4. Uni versally found in the grammars of all huma n Ian guages, syn tactic rules that comprise the system ofinternalized linguistic knowledge of a Ianguage speaker are known as linguistic compete nee.5. The syn tactic rules of any Ian guage are fin ite in nu mber, but there is no limit to the nu mber of senten ces native speakers of that la nguage are able to produce and comprehe nd.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold un equal status, one subord in at ing the other.7. Con stitue nts that can be substituted for one ano ther without loss of grammaticality bel ong to the same syn tacticcategory.8. Minor lexical categories are ope n because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In En glish syn tactic an alysis, four phrasal categories are com monly recog ni zed and discussed, n amely, nounphrase, verb phrase, infin itive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather tha ngrammatical kno wledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the in serti on of the lexic on, gen erate senten ces at the level of D-structure.14. WH-moveme ntin terrogative.is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to15. simple 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex20. embedded 21. ope n 22. adjacency 23. Parameters 24. CaseII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.15. A s _______ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate andsta nds alone as its own senten ce.16. A s _____ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words toform a complete stateme nt, questi on or comma nd.17. A s _____ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which sayssometh ing about the subject is grammatically called p ________ .19. A c _______ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into theother.20. In the complex sentence, the in corporated or subord in ate clause is no rmally called ane ______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o _ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A ____ Con diti on on case assig nment states that a case assig nor and a case recipie nt shouldstay adjace nt to each other.23. P ______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way orano ther and con tribute to sig ni fica nt lin guistic variati ons betwee n and among n atural Ian guages.24. The theory of C ____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject andobject positi ons.27. A 28. 29. A 32. C 33. D 34. B25. A sentence is con sidered ____ whe n it does not conform to the grammatical kno wledge in themind of n ative speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. un grammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces theembedded clause.A. coord in atorB. particleC. prepositi onD. subord in ator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ p roperties.A. recursiveB.grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better un dersta nd ___________A. how words and phrases form senten cesB. what con stitutes the grammaticality of stri ngs of words25. D26. D 30. A 31. D。
《英语语言学导论》(第四版Chapter11 Second Language Acquisition
11.2.2 Learner’s factors
• Learner’s factors mainly cover the following aspects:
• Motivation • Language aptitude • Age • Learning strategy
11.2.1 Social factors
Discussing Task
Group work: Have a discussion on the following questions.
1. How does (second) language acquisition take place?
2. How is foreign language learning different from second language acquisition?
The Symbolic Function of Words
Teaching Aims
1. To know what SLA is, and how the theories account for SLA. 2. To understand different factors affecting SLA 3. To know how learner’s language is analyzed 4. To cultivate students’ research awareness and innovative spirit in discovering and solving problems by analyzing the different kinds of errors and individual differeneces in SLA.
语言学导论Unit3练习
Unit 3 The Units of EnglishF1. Phon etically, the stress of a compo und always falls on the first eleme nt, while the sec ond eleme nt receives sec on dary stress.F2. Words are the smallest meanin gful un its of Ian guage.T3. Just as a pho neme is the basic unit in the study of pho no logy, so is a morpheme the basic un it in the study of morphology.T4. The smallest meanin gful un its that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.F5. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morphemeT6. I nflectio nal morphemes man ifest various grammatical relati ons or grammatical categories such as nu mber, ten se, degree, and case.F7. Base refers to the part of word that rema ins whe n all in flect ional affixes are removedF8. There are rules that gover n which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word.Therefore, words formed accord ing to the morphological rules are acceptable words.T9. In most cases, prefixes cha nge the meaning of the base whereas suffixes cha nge the word-class of the base.F10. All words in En glish have a hierarchical structure.F11. Clippi ng is one of the three most importa nt devices of word-formati on inEn glish.T12. Idioms in En glish are modifiable in some grammatical ways.F13. The prese nee of con struct ions is unique to En glish.F14. Every En glish sentence has a subject.A1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as _____________A lexical wordsB grammatical wordC fun ctio nD forwardsD2. The compound word “ bookstore ” is the place where books are sold. This in dicates that the meaning of a compo und ________________.A.is the sum total of the meaning of its comp onentsB.can always be worked out by look ing at the meanings of morphemesC.is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D.None of the above.B3. The part of speech of the compo unds is gen erally determ ined by the part of speech of .A. the first eleme ntB. the sec ond eleme ntC. either the first or the sec ond eleme ntD. both the first and the sec ond eleme nts.A4. Morphemes that represe nt ten se, nu mber, gen der and case are called morphemeA in flecti onalB freeC fun ctio n wordsD derivati onalC5. ____________ is a branch of grammar which studies the in ternal structure of wordsand the rules by which words are formed.A. Syn taxB.GrammarC. Morphology D MorphemeC6. The meaning carried by the in flect ional morpheme is ____________ .A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. sema nticD7. Bound morphemes are those that ____________________ .A. have to be used in depe nden tlyB. can not be comb ined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. has to be comb ined with other morphemesA8. ______ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not cha nge the part ofspeech of the orig inal word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. AffixesB9. ____________ is ofte n thought to be the smallest meanin gful un its of Ian guage by thelin guists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. Phon emesD. Senten cesB10. All of them are meanin gful except for __________________A lexemeB phon emeC morphemeD allomorphDiscuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the in depe ndent un its of meaning and can be used freelyall by themselves, for example, -” “theword “ bookish ” . Bound morphemes: They are those that cannot be used in depe nden tly but have to be comb ined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as-ish ” in “ bookish ” . BoundMorphemes can be subdivided in to roots and affixes. A root is see n as part of a word; it can n ever sta nd by itself although it has a clear and defi nite meaning, such as “ genen the word“generate ” . Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivatio nal. I nflect ional morphemes mani fest various grammatical relatio ns or grammaticalcategories such as-s” in the word “ books ” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivati onal affixes are added to an exist ing form to create a word such as“ m-” in the word “ misinform ” . Derivational affixes can also be divided into prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the begi nning of a word such as - ” in “ dis the word “ dislike ” , while suffixes occur at the end of a word sieshBa's in the “word “ friendless ” .。
大学《语言学导论》试题及答案
大学网络与继续教育学院课程考试试题卷类别：网教专业：英语 20 年6月课程名称【编号】：语言学导论【0181】 A卷大作业满分：100分（要求：学生必须按各大题的答题要求，完成全部题目）Ⅰ. For each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question, or would best complete the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your ANSWER SHEET. (20%)1. ________ refers to the language user’s underlying knowledge about the systemof rules of his language.A. RegisterB. PerformanceC. CompetenceD. Dialect2. “classmate” is a _______.A. compoundB. phraseC. derivativeD. morpheme3. The function of the sentence “I promise to come on time tomorrow” is mainly_______.A. directiveB. informativeC. performativeD. phatic4. Which of the following sounds is a voiceless stop? _______.A. [d]B. [p]C. []D. []5. “-ed” and “-s” are ______ because they do not help to form new words.A. free morphemesB. inflectional morphemesC. derivative morphemesD. roots 6. Systemic-functional grammar has been developed by _______.A. GriceB. AustinC. ChomskyD. Halliday7. The syllabic structure of the word “studied” is ______.A. CCCCVVCB. CCCCVCC. CCCVVCD. CCVCVC8. ______ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have thesame form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy9. The study of meaning in context is called _______.A. pragmaticsB. sociolinguisticsC. applied linguisticsD.semantics10. _______ means that certain authorities, such as the government, choose aparticular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language testingB. Language changeC. Language planningD. Language transferⅡ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False. Write True or False on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)11. Diachronic linguistics studies language development or change over time.12. Ultimate constituents are constituents directly below the level of aconstruction.13. Standard dialect is a particular variety of a language, which is used by aparticular social class.14. Compounds are words that are formed by joining two or more words.15. Transformational-Generative grammar was first proposed by P. H. Grice.16. To linguists, no languages are superior to any other languages.- 1 -- 2 -- 3 -。
《语言学导论》期末复习及练习
《语言学导论》复习及各章节练习CHAPTERONEI.Designfeaturesoflanguage:productivity,duality,arbitrariness,anddisplacementII.Originoflanguage:•Themysteriousoriginofthelanguageorholyorigin•Bow-wow自然模声说•Yo-he-ho劳动号子说•Evolution进化说•Conventionalism约定俗成说•Innatism先天论•After-birthacquisition后天习得说•Gestures手势说•Embodiment体验说(Reality---cognition---language)III.Functionsoflanguage:informativefunction,interpersonalfunction,performativefunction,emotivefunction,phaticcommunion,recreationalfunctionandm etalingualfunctionIV.Linguisticsanditsbranches1.Sixperiodsoflinguistics•Philology传统语文学时期(19世纪前)•Historical&comparativelinguistics历史比较语言学时期(19世纪)•Structurallinguistics结构主义语言学时期(20世纪初)•Functionallinguistics系统功能主义语言学时期(20世纪中)•Transferredgenerativelinguistics转换生成语言学时期(20世纪中)•Cognitivelinguistics认知语言学时期(20世纪80年代)2.internalbranches:inrea-disciplinarydivisions(内部分支)1）Phonetics（语音学）studieshowspeechsoundsarepronounced,transmittedandperceived.2）Phonology（音系学）isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthestructure,distributionandsequencingofspeechsoundsandtheshapeofsyllables.（研究语音和音节的结构、分布和序列）3）Morphology（形态学）isconcernedwiththeinternalorganizationofwords.Itstudiestheminimalunitsofmeaning-morphemesandword-formationprocesses.4）Syntax(句法学)isthestudyoftherulesgoverningthewaysdifferentconstituentsarecombinedtoformsentencesinalanguage,orthestudyofinterre lationshipsbetweenelementsinsentencestructures.5）Semantics（语义学）isthestudyofhowmeaningisencodedinalanguage,oritisthestudyofmeaningoflinguisticunits,wordsandsentencesinparticular.6）Pragmatics（语用学）isthestudyofmeaningincontextorinuse.3.externalbranches:inter-disciplinarydivisions（外部分支：跨学科分支，即宏观语言学分支）1）Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftheinterrelationoflanguageandmind.2）Sociolinguisticsstudiesthecharacteristicsoflanguagesvarieties,languagefunctionsandspeakersasthethreeinteractandchangewithi naspeechcommunity.3）Anthropologicallinguisticsstudiestheemergenceoflanguageandthedivergenceoflanguageoverthousandsofyears.4）Computationallinguisticsstudiestheuseofcomputerstoprocessorproducehumanlanguage.ChapterTwoPhonetics1.Sub-branchesofphoneticsArticulatoryphonetics:theproductionofspeechsoundsAcousticphonetics:thephysicalpropertiesofspeechsoundsAuditoryphoneticsorperceptualphonetics:theperceptivemechanismofspeechsounds2.GroupsofspeechsoundsConsonantsandvowels3.Waystodescribeconsonants1)positionofarticulation2)mannerofarticulation3)voicedorvoiceless4.Waystodescribevowels1)theheightoftongueraising(high,mid,low);2)thepositionofthehighestpartofthetongue(front,central,back)3)thelengthortensenessofthevowel(xorlongvs.short);4)lip-rounding(roundedvs.unrounded)ChapterThreePhonologyI.PhonemesandAllophones1.Phoneme:adistinctive,abstractsoundwithadistinctivefeature(具有区别意义的最小语音单位)2.Allophones:thevariantsofaphoneme(音位变体)3.Contrastivedistribution(对立分布)：thetypicaltobefoundinMinimalPairs(最小对比对)。
英语语言学导论练习题
英语语言学导论练习题英语语言学导论是一门研究英语语言结构、发展和使用的学科。
以下是一些练习题，旨在帮助学生更好地理解英语语言学的基本概念和理论。
练习题一：语音学1. 描述英语中的元音和辅音的区别。
2. 列举至少五种英语中的双元音，并说明它们的发音特点。
3. 解释“音位”和“音素”的区别，并给出例子。
练习题二：形态学1. 定义“形态学”并解释其在语言学中的重要性。
2. 举例说明英语中的派生词和复合词。
3. 描述英语中的不规则动词变化，并给出几个例子。
练习题三：句法学1. 简述句法研究的主要内容。
2. 用树状图表示一个简单英语句子的结构。
3. 解释“主语”、“谓语”和“宾语”在句子中的作用。
练习题四：语义学1. 定义“语义学”并解释其研究范围。
2. 描述“同义”和“反义”的概念，并给出英语例子。
3. 解释“语境”如何影响语言的意义。
练习题五：语用学1. 什么是语用学？它与语义学有何不同？2. 描述“指示语”、“礼貌原则”和“合作原则”在交际中的作用。
3. 举例说明如何在不同的社交场合中使用不同的语言风格。
练习题六：社会语言学1. 解释社会语言学研究的主要内容。
2. 讨论语言变异与社会身份之间的关系。
3. 描述双语现象及其对语言使用者的影响。
练习题七：心理语言学1. 心理语言学是如何研究语言的？2. 描述“语言习得”的过程及其理论。
3. 讨论“母语”和“第二语言”学习之间的差异。
练习题八：历史语言学1. 定义“历史语言学”并解释其研究目的。
2. 描述英语的发展历史和主要变化。
3. 讨论语言接触和借用对语言发展的影响。
完成这些练习题将有助于加深对英语语言学各个方面的理解，并提高分析和应用语言学理论的能力。
希望这些练习题能对你的学习有所帮助。
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语言学导论复习一．名词解释1.Broad transcription(宽式音标):Broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only. This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbooks for general purposes.ponential[.kɔmpə'nenʃəl]analysis（成分分析）: Componential analysis is a way proposed by the structural semanticists[sə'mæntəsist] to analyze word meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.3.Interlanguage（中介语；过渡语）：Proposed by S. Pit Corder and Larry Selinker, the concept of interlanguage was established as learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum [kən'tinjuəm]or approximation [ə.prɔksi'meiʃən] n. 接近，近似from his native language to the target language.petence & performance(语言能力和语言行为)：Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowled ge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.5. Context（语境）: The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer, such as cultural background, situation, the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, etc.nguage Acquisition(语言习得)：Language acquisition refers to the child’s acquisition of his mother tongue, i.e. how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.7.Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis [hai'pɔθisis]（萨丕尔-沃尔夫假说）:Sapir and Whorf, proclaimed that the structure of the language people habitually use influences the ways they think and behave. Sapir and Whorf believe that language filters过滤people’s perception感官，观念and the way they categorize分类experiences. This interdependence互相依赖of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis.nguage Acquisition Device(语言习得机制)：The linguist Noam Chomsky claims that human beings are biologically [baiə'lɔdʒikli] 生物学地programmed for language and that the language develops in thechild just as other biological functions such as walking. Originally Chomsky referred to this innate天生的ability as Language Acquisition Device, (also known as LAD).二．论述题1. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?(1) The naming theory命名论One of the oldest notions concerning meaning, and also the most primitive one, was the naming theory proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. The view holds that words are just names or labels称谓for things.(2) The conceptualist view 概念论This view holds that there is no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and the real world); rather, in the interpretation解释of meaning they arelinked through the mediation of concepts in the mind.(3)Contextualism语境论The view holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context —elements closely linked with language behaviour.(4)Behaviorism行为主义论Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the“situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth唤起，引起in the hearer”.(Bloomfield)2. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin, a speaker might be performing three acts when speaking: locutionary [ləu'kju:ʃənəri]act(言内行为), illocutionaryact(言外行为) , and perlocutionary act. (言后行为)A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.For example:“You have left the door wide open.” The locutionary act is the saying of it with its literal meaning: you have left the door open. The illocutionary act can be a request of the hearer to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context. The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. It can be the hearer’s closing the door or his refusal to comply with the request.3. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.(1)Arbitrariness(任意性)This means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. However, language is not entire arbitrary; certain words are motivated. Some compound words are also not entirely arbitrary. But non-arbitrary words make up only a small percentage of the vocabulary of a language.(2)Productivity (能产性)Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. Productivity is unique to human language.(3)Duality（二层性）Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. At the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. This duality of structure of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge.(4) Displacement（移位性）Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.(5) Cultural transmission（文化传承性）We were all born with the ability to acquire language, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. The process whereby凭借conj. language is passed on from one generation to the next is described as cultural nguage is culturally transmitted. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted基因遗传.。