Hippies反主流文化-嬉皮士
美国60年代反主流文化与嬉皮士相关资料反文化运动
美国60年代反主流文化与嬉皮士相关资料反文化运动概述：“反文化”运动是指美国60年代在青年人当中流行的以反战和反主流文化为特征的一种价值观、文化和生活方式。
第一次将“反文化”归结为以60年代发生在美国社会政治、文化领域的青年人抗议运动为特征的，是美国加利福尼亚州立大学海沃德分校（California State University, Hayward)历史学教授西奥多•罗斯扎克。
他于1969年出版的《反文化的诞生：反思技术社会及其年轻人的反叛》一书，在嬉皮辍学者和学生中的激进分子这两个分裂的群体中间找到了契合点，那就是反文化，亦即反抗以技术为主体的工业化社会。
在他的定义中，反文化运动是指60年代发生在美国社会的一切抗议运动，既包括校园民主运动、妇女解放运动、黑人民权运动、反战和平运动、环境保护运动、同性恋者权利运动等方面的政治“革命”，也包括摇滚乐、性解放、吸毒、嬉皮文化，及神秘主义和自我主义的复兴等方面的文化“革命”。
通常，人们把那些激进的青年学生主张用激进手段进行社会政治改革的运动称为“新左派运动”，而把那些中途辍学、以期通过吸毒、放纵等方式进行的文化反叛，称为“反文化”运动。
在此，姑且将60年代发生在政治及文化领域的反抗运动统称为“反文化运动”。
这首先是因为，对主流文化、对现存制度的不满与批判，对妇女、对少数民族处境的同情，对和平的渴望，是这两种运动的共同特征，而他们又源出于同样的历史背景。
其次，从成员构成上看，很难在两者之间明确区分。
不少反文化运动的参加者，同时也是新左派运动的成员。
⏹反文化运动的主要口号是：爱、正义、自由和和平。
就运动本身而言，它包涵以下几方面内容：⑴民权运动；⑵反战和平运动；⑶文化反抗运动，即以青年学生为主体的、反抗一切现存文化的运动。
⏹反主流文化定义：反主流文化是指与占主导地位的文化抗争的文化，具体讲，是指的是当代西方社会中所产生的与传统的西方社会理性文化发生冲突矛盾的各种现代文化。
hipps嬉皮士介绍
Life Style
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Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American jewelry, head scarves, headbands and long beaded necklaces
Jean Vast headband Long hair Longbeaded necklace
1970-present
By the 1970s, the 1960s zeitgeist that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane. Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by the early 1970s.
The Hippies, who were seen as an offshoot of the hippie movements parodying as a political party, came to national attention during their celebration of the 1968 spring equinox, when some 3,000 of them took over Grand Central Station in New York — eventually resulting in 61 arrests.
'hippie' was initially used to describe beatniks,
which inherited the countercultural values of the Beat Generation, created their own communities, listened to psychedelic rock, support the sexual revolution, and used drugs such as marijuana(大麻） and LSD to explore alternative states of consciousness
嬉皮风格PPT演示课件
其道而行之，“沉湎于
‘新款’的生活方式，立
异于主流文化”。但其
“新款”的生活方式，并
二战后的美国
美国统治集团对外实施冷
战政策，对内实行法西斯
6
式的欺骗宣传和恐怖政策。
在臭名昭著的麦卡锡主义
的思想统治下，人民民主
权利遭到严重威胁，许多
进步知识分子遭到迫害。
正常的思想交流、严肃地
探讨社会问题成了人们相
图案
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图案上，以民族图案为
主，强调局部图案的色彩 与装饰；无规则的花纹图 案，多彩的宽条纹多为水 平方向。
细节装饰特征
以局部装饰为主，多用刺绣、彩珠、亮片、流苏、蕾丝或毛边（抽去 纬纱或经纱）进行装饰；装饰的部位上装主要集中在领口，其次在袖 口和腰线或在前衣片的局部，下装主要集中在臀围线以上或裙底摆， 注重的是多种面料的质感与色彩的搭配。
这些，不仅削弱了青年们
的斗志，还激起了其他人
的反感。而运动的自发性、
无组织性和嬉皮士“抛弃
嬉皮士风格要点
1性别模糊：男女都留长
发、额前系发带或戴头巾、
12
穿牛仔裤、拖鞋(或者赤胡子，女人几乎不化妆、 不穿文胸，长发完全不经 染烫，不是看上去像三个 礼拜没洗，就是松松散散 地自然风干。
things：做自己的事、无 为而治，热衷于用极端的 方式来发泄自己
1973年的一天，旧金山
举行了一场埋葬嬉皮士的
9
葬礼。嬉皮士们抬去一口
标有“爱情之夏”字样的
灰色棺材，里面装有十字
架、橘子皮、孔雀毛、吉
祥饰物、旗帜和一块大麻
味的饼干。他们把它付之
一炬，唱着《上帝保佑美
正面影响
第一，“60年代既推动
嬉皮士文化(反文化)
60年代美国的嬉皮士
♦嬉皮士（英语Hippies的音意译）本来被用来描写西方国家1960年代和1970年代反抗习俗和当时政治的年轻人。
嬉皮士这个名称是通过《旧金山纪事》的记者赫柏．凯恩普及的。
嬉皮士不是一个统一的文化运动，它没有宣言或领导人物。
嬉皮士反对战争，批评传统的价值观。
♦他们批评政府对公民的权益的限制，大公司的贪婪，传统道德的狭窄和战争的无人道性。
♦嬉皮士后来也被贬义使用，用来描写长发的、肮脏的吸毒者。
直到最近保守派人士依然使用嬉皮士一词作为对年轻的自由主义人士的侮辱。
♦当时的嬉皮士想要改变他们的内心（通过使用毒品、神秘的修养或两者的混合）和走出社会的主流。
他们反体制，反战，追求迷幻药，性开放；否定既有的社会制度、物质文明、性观念等，寻求直接表达爱的方式的人际关系。
他们留长发、蓄胡子，奇装异服，时常共同生活，并且吸毒。
嬉皮士因为追求爱，所以也追求美好的事物，尤其以花为主。
活动的中心在旧金山，因此有个歌词是这样说的：If you are going to San Francisco,be sure to wear some flowers in your hair .因此这些嬉皮士也被人们称为“花童”。
这些人通常反对政府的一切决定，认为一切政府活动中都有不可告人的秘密。
到了运动结束后，一部分人沦落社会底层，在被迫的情况下进行贩毒、偷运军火等非法的勾当。
嬉皮士文化
论嬉皮士文化对现代女装的影响和风格奠定摘要：本片论文以嬉皮文化为背景，阐述嬉皮文化所产生的社会影响从而衍生到对现代女装的影响，并介绍其风格在现在多个品牌中的表现形式和应用，从中引发对现代服装设计的思考和探索。
关键词：嬉皮服饰格式演变形象分析和特点波西米亚前言：可以说20世纪60年代的这个时期，是一个改革与创新存在于社会每个角落，并掀起了一场空前的“年轻风暴”。
有那么一部分年轻人他们蔑视传统，废弃道德，有意识地远离主流社会，以一种不能见容于主流社会的独特的生活方式，来表达他们对现实社会的叛逆，这些人就被称为“嬉皮士”。
而嬉皮士则是这个年代所形成的反文化。
而自由是嬉皮士风格的核心。
他们宣扬和平和博爱，专注个人精神生活，以一种反传统的姿态对峙主流文化于高级服装业，并出现了波西米亚风格的反文化。
现在许多设计都会从嬉皮士文化元素中寻找灵感。
自那以后，包括嬉皮士风格以内的“青年风暴”是时装界发生天翻地覆的变化，一向满足以贵妇人风格的高级时装遭到致命打击。
成衣业迅速崛起。
时尚趋势被打破，时装完全融入了大众文化之中。
（一）嬉皮文化服饰的起源和背景20世纪60年代，在西方社会中兴起的“嬉皮士”运动，是否定当时西方主导价值的一种反文化。
美国的嬉皮士号称“退出习俗社会”，他们认为工业文明给人类带来了紧张和压抑，他们向美国人所珍视的规范和价值观进行挑战，包括：成功·勤奋·物质享受·循规蹈矩，科学理性，白人优越感，性行为限制等。
嬉运动就是嬉皮风格服饰产生的基础。
但对于掀起这场运动风暴的嬉皮士们，人们的理解也是众说纷纭。
有人说嬉皮士是一种人们的穿着方式，行为方式以及生活方式。
另一些人把吸毒的，摇滚追星族或那些有激进主张的人成为嬉皮士。
字典里是：他们不遵守社会的标准，他们鼓吹自由的性行为和生活方式。
从中我们衍生出的就是嬉皮士风格的叛逆风格，在现代女装中的延续下去。
背景：政治方面，全球形成了冷战的战略格局，而美国国内经受着内部的政治骚动。
20世纪60年代的美国
嬉皮士20世纪60年代的美国，动荡，喧嚣，充满了各种可能性。
民权运动，新左派运动，反战运动，风起云涌。
价值体系，道德标准不断地受到冲击。
此时的美国变成轰轰烈烈的政治批判与政治反抗的战场。
与这些激烈的政治斗争同时登上60年代美国政治舞台的，是一波采取不同于街头巷战、但同样表达着对美国社会的不满与反抗的运动，这就是嬉皮士运动。
嬉皮士——hippies，特指20世纪60年代出现于美国社会中的青年群体。
他们否定理性，强调本能，关注当下，以一种非暴力的方式表达对主流文化的不满。
《简明不列颠百科全书》是这样定义嬉皮士的：“hippies，指生活在既定的社会之外的不顺从的年轻人。
其特征是他们寻找一种非唯物主义的生活方式，偏爱奇装异服，常用致幻的麻醉剂或大麻。
”嬉皮士生活的四个主要元素——奇装异服、毒品、摇滚乐、群居——体现了嬉皮文化的精神内核：反叛，不满。
总的来说，嬉皮士作为一场文化反叛，它针对的是传统的价值观念和生活方式。
嬉皮士们在60年代所努力争取的和平，友爱和自由的理想和价值观念，并没有因为社会现实的改变而失败，相反却是逐渐地深入人心。
“嬉皮士”的起源、发展及消亡上世纪60年代后期，全世界的年轻人都不约而同举起了反主流的大旗。
法国爆发了“五月风暴”，暴力革命的风潮由此波及整个欧洲。
可是，美国却出现了相对平和的嬉皮士运动，其宗旨不是“暴力”，而是“爱”。
Hip这个词的本义是指人的髋部，后来有人用这个词描述吸鸦片者，因为这些瘾君子们通常是侧躺在床上吸烟，髋部总是高高突起。
在“垮掉派”的词典里，Hip通常用来形容那些经常站在流行风潮最前沿的人，或者那些最有魅力的人。
Hip后面加上后缀“ie”就是指“小一号的Hip”，也可翻译成“业余垮掉派”。
从这个词的演变就可以看出，嬉皮士们的精神导师就是那些来自纽约的“垮掉派”诗人。
不同的是，加利福尼亚和煦的阳光让他们变得不再那么愤怒了。
1967年的美国出现了只有中国“文革”“大串联”时才能看到的景象。
20世纪60年代美国嬉皮士
York L.A San Francisco
and so on, Where they share all things they have.
3000
the number of state-owned herd village
1971
200
1970
Bob Dylan: The Pioneer of the Social Reformation
Treason of the mainstream of society. Resistance to the tradition.
Drug Abuse
Rock & Roll Hedonism
Rebellion
Rebellious
The Hippie choose to live together in state-owned herd villages, located in New
C
Watergate
black riots
social scandal
The Crisis of United States in 1960s,1970s
The Effect of the Hippie Movement
Although the Hippie movement failed but its sprit has impose a long-term effect in American society.
The Hippie effect: love
Environmental
protection
peace
——Modern English-Chinese Dictionary
Anti-Mainstream of cultural
美国嬉皮士运动文化成因浅析
美国嬉皮士运动文化成因浅析美国嬉皮士运动文化成因浅析[摘要] 传统文化功能的失调，社会信仰危机的出现，反主流文化的预演是二十世纪六十年代美国嬉皮士运动产生的主要文化成因。
嬉皮士运动是美国文化自我调节、自我反省的必然产物,是美国文化封闭性导致的结果。
[关键词] 嬉皮士运动新教伦理信仰危机垮掉的一代美国嬉皮士运动产生于二十世纪六十年代，是当时反主流文化运动（也称反正统文化运动）的重要一翼。
同反主流文化运动其他流派一样，嬉皮士运动的主体嬉皮士（hippies）以独特的方式向当时传统的主流价值观和既存社会现实发起了挑战，企图实践他们的创造新社会、新生活等方式的理想，重新回到“伊甸园”，去品尝人生的“真正乐趣”。
嬉皮士运动同当时的学生运动、黑人民权运动、反战运动、妇女运动互相交织，形成了一股巨大的浪潮，对美国社会的政治、文化和道德观念产生了深刻的影响。
理所当然，这样一场大规模社会文化运动的产生有着多方面的深刻原因，诸如美国在越南战场上的胶着及战争对美国社会政治经济的影响等等，更有着深层次的文化价值体系方面的原因。
保罗•古德曼在《新改革》中指出，六十年代更为深刻的反叛是精神和宗教上的反叛。
（1）（一）文化是任何一种社会结构中都不可缺少的要素。
文化模式（价值、信仰、语言和其他符号）通过社会化的机制被内化为人格系统，并制约它的需求结构，同时，又通过文化模式所包含的思想内容向行动者提供共同的立场，使互动得以以最少分歧的方式进行下去。
（2）由这一阐释,文化的功能可引申如下:文化要执行向特定社会中的人们解释人生和社会生活意义的任务。
同时，它还通过使特定社会中的一部分或相当一部分人对人生和社会生活的意义有相似的认识，使该社会保持一定的有序性。
美国是一个移民国家，移民的到来使美国社会文化呈现出复杂多样的特点，各种文化之间的冲突与融合也日益成为人们必须面对的社会问题。
但直到十九世纪中后期,美国的主流文化始终是新教文化,主要是加尔文教及其在这个移民社会中或多或少地修正了的其它形式。
二十世纪六十年代的美国青年反文化运动
论二十世纪六十年代美国青年的反文化运动010911121 刘健红摘要：在20世纪60年代，美国青年以各种方式攻击美国的主流文化以及社会的规范。
这一运动发生的原因是多方面的既有国际因素也有国内环境影响，其表现方式也是及其多样，并且这场激进的运动带来了深远的影响。
关键词：青年反文化运动 60年代嬉皮士反文化运动是指在上个世纪六十年代发生在美国社会的一切抗议运动，运动的主体是青年们。
它既包括校园民主运动、妇女解放运动、黑人民权运动、反战和平运动、环境保护运动、同性恋权利运动等政治方面的“革命”，也包括摇滚乐、性解放、吸毒、嬉皮文化及神秘主义、自我主义的复兴等方面的文化“革命”。
有人将这场运动称为“嬉皮士运动”或“美国的文化革命”，而探究美国的这场反文化运动之所以能如火如荼的展开是与其国际国内背景离不开的。
一、反文化运动的背景二十世纪五六十年代的美国是建国以来最不稳定的时期之一，与苏联的冷战、越南战争泥潭的深陷、约翰·肯尼迪总统的遇刺、国内民权运动的兴起以及社会转型过程中发达工业社会对人性的压抑、基督教新教伦理精神的衰落等问题。
这一系列的问题加剧了青年人对国家和社会的不满，尤其是在1963年肯尼迪遇刺身亡之后，使人们的梦想破灭。
并且对于从1964年起的越南战争，很多年轻人是及其厌恶的，在他们看来国家的想法就是把他们从学校直接送向战场。
所以对这一代的年轻人来说，越战和征兵是最令人恐惧的事情。
因此反文化运动的爆发与越战有着不可分割的联系，正是在1968年美国更深入地卷入越战之后，反文化运动才发展至高潮的。
20 世纪50年代中期以来，在马丁·路德·金为代表的民权运动领袖领导下，美国黑人以非暴力的方式，对美国的种族歧视与隔离制度展开了广泛的斗争，并取得了一系列立法上的成果。
然而法律上的平等并不代表事实上的平等，在教育、住房、就业与社会保障等方面，黑人并没有得到太多的实惠。
到20世纪60年代中期，美国黑人运动从非暴力群众行动直接走向城市造反的新高潮，黑人群众逐渐意识到，光是依靠法院斗争，并不能使他们获得真正的平等权利。
嬉皮士的繁荣与衰落
38
科 学 大 观 园
20世纪六七十年代美国那场轰轰烈烈的反主流文化运动，最终没有带来任何有意义的改变。
自称嬉皮士的年轻人被毒品填满级的孩子。
”最让普通市民抓狂的是，这些孩子既不是因肤色而愤世嫉俗的黑人，也不是因生疏而举止怪异的移民，而是家庭条
39
科 学 大 观 园
症去世。
他说，“我那时已经开始沉沦了。
没法集中精力，大学里再没什么事能让我提起兴趣。
”不过，当年很多人是为了告别旧生活才跑去了那里。
这正是一个宏大的课题，我果断抄起了相机。
”在加州，年轻人
的嬉皮打扮可谓登峰造极。
嬉皮士之“死”乔开始厮混街头。
“我没衣
来对付学生们，大学校长则高高在上掌控一切。
”
乔说，“其实大街上的人们对政治几乎一无所知。
他们关心
他们的确掀起了一场革命
“依赖毒品的人不会有什么
长进。
他们想通过吸毒来获得更
深层的思考，以及更好地理解整
认知之中。
他们只想占用公共空
间，破坏公共环境，并且搅得那
些努力工作的人不得安宁。
”
尽管如此，嬉皮士还是对美。
朋克
： 起源
精神 态度 态度
发展 特征 特征
嬉皮士） 二、Hippies(嬉皮士） ： 来源 嬉皮士 三、Yuppies (雅皮士）： 来源 雅皮士）： 雅皮士
一、 Punk（朋克）：起源 精神 发展
• PUNK, 是兴起于1970年代的一种反当时的传统摇滚，商业摇滚的音乐力量PUNK在中国大陆 译作“朋克”在台湾译作“庞克”, 香港则叫作“崩”。 在西方, PUNK在字典里的解释 是(俚语)小流氓、废物、妓女、娈童、低劣的等意思 (虽然现在它的意思有了一定的改变 )。 从最早由Leg McNeil于1975年创立《PUNK》杂志,之后由Sex Pistols将此音乐形成潮 流距今已有25年历史了。 要了解PUNK对世界及对室内空间的影响, 必先了解PUNK的意义 及发展。 PUNK这一词是被英国人叫唤起来的, 当时战后的英国, 经济萧条, 失业率高,而当时美国 那电影发展得蓬勃刺热, 间接导致英国的电影业一落千丈; 在音乐事业方面, 英国亦是处 于低迷状态, 美国正流行着progressive （激进的`前卫的。即激进摇滚）诗篇式的摇滚 乐, 十多分钟的solo（,独奏(曲)的;独唱(曲)的）， 音乐十分注重技巧化的表达, 而当 年的掘摇滚乐逐渐商业化起来, 成为主流的地面商品, 那时候progressive rock 的表演 者有YES, GENESIS, KING CRIMSON…。 其实自60年代起, 摇滚乐逐渐步入了一种可悲的 境地, 为了商业利益, 乐队及乐手越来越缺乏摇滚乐所应具有的敏感性(sensitive)及抗 争性(complaint)。 1975年Virgin 唱片公司所签下的label - “SEX PISTOLS”(大陆译名“性枪手”)是PUNK 的起点。他们发表的专辑“GOD SAVE THE QUEEN”的唱片封套大胆地把英女皇的嘴巴用 “SEX PISTOLS”的封条封着。大胆的作风前无来者(及后新浪漫时期英国一队band JAPAN亦曾在music video 内炸毁毛泽东的肖像), 他们完全的发泄心里一腔的愤恨, 无论 对前途、社会都是一种控诉。 这就是PUNK的诞生。
嬉皮士
周恩来总理在回答美国乒乓球队员（提出对嬉皮士的看法）时说：“青年人是社会里面最积极、最活跃的分子，他们总是在寻找真理，他们做各种各样的实验，通过实验他们会得出自己的结论。
”嬉皮士（英语Hippie或Hippy的音意译）本来被用来描写西方国家1960年代和1970年代反抗习俗和当时政治的年轻人。
嬉皮士这个名称是通过《旧金山纪事》的记者赫柏·凯恩普及的。
嬉皮士不是一个统一的文化运动，它没有宣言或领导人物。
嬉皮士用公社式的和流浪的生活方式来反应出他们对民族主义和越南战争的反对，他们提倡非传统的宗教文化，批评西方国家中层阶级的价值观。
批判他们批评政府对公民的权益的限制，大公司的贪婪，传统道德的狭窄和战争的无人道性。
他们将他们反对的机构和组织称为“陈府”（the establishment）。
贬义嬉皮士后来也被贬义使用，来描写长发的、肮脏的吸毒者。
直到最近保守派人士依然使用嬉皮士一词作为对年轻的自由主义人士的侮辱。
影响当时的嬉皮士想要改变他们的内心（通过使用毒品、神秘的修养或两者的混合）和走出社会的主流。
远东的形而上学思想与宗教实践和原著部落的图腾信仰对嬉皮士影响很大。
这些影响在1970年代演化为神秘学中的新纪元运动。
来源hipster20世纪40年代和50年代美国的垮掉的一代称爵士乐音乐家为“hipster”和“beatnik”，同时这两个词也被用来称呼围绕着这些艺术家而出现波希米亚主义似的反文化。
嬉皮士60年代，从垮掉的一代中演化出嬉皮士，同时从布鲁斯音乐演化出摇滚乐。
在美国东海岸的格林威治村年轻的反文化者称他们自己为“hips”。
许多来自纽约市区的失望的年轻人聚集在那个村中，他们穿着他们最旧的衣服。
第一个用嬉皮士这个词来描写这些穿着旧衣的中产阶级子女的媒体是一个广播电台。
1965年9月6日旧金山的一家报纸使用首先使用了“嬉皮士”这个词来描写这些年轻的波西米亚主义者，但其它媒体在此后两年中几乎没有使用过这个词。
美国嬉皮士反主流文化运动的起源与影响
美国嬉皮士反主流文化运动的起源与影响
美国嬉皮士反主流文化运动起源于1960年代，主要反对当时的主流社会和文化。
嬉皮士运动强调反战、自由主义、爱与和平等思想，这些思想受到了当时各种社会运动和文化影响，例如震荡美国的民权运动、对反战和对政府负责任的声音、新左派运动以及东方思想的影响等等。
嬉皮士运动倡导爱与和平的方式让人们更具社会责任感，认为我们应该相互尊重、抗议社会不公，而不是追逐财富和物质生活。
不同的音乐、服装、风格和艺术遂诞生，其中包括现代艺术、摇滚音乐、民谣音乐等。
嬉皮士运动对美国的文化和政治生活产生了深远的影响。
嬉皮士的反战和自由主义思想促使政府更加注重公民权益和自由，也促使人们更加关注环境保护问题。
此外，该运动的独立性和多元性，对日后的个人主义、自由主义和多元文化主义运动产生了巨大的影响，直至现在还能看到。
总的来说，嬉皮士运动从全球的层面上改变了文化和政治观念，这还将长期存在并继续影响着未来的文化发展。
反主流文化的亚文化群——嬉皮士
作者： 温洋
出版物刊名： 美国研究
页码： 95-112页
主题词： 反主流文化;文化革命;新左派;政治革命;两条道路;嬉皮士;生活方式;价值准则;代名词;士文化
摘要： <正> “青年人造反”(Youth Rebellion)几乎成了60年代美国社会现象的代名词。
当进一步探讨年轻人的造反运动时,就会发现,他们大体上是沿着两条道路向一个方向发展的。
一条路上是“新左派”的政治革命,另一条路上是“嬉皮士”的文化革命。
美国《评论》(Commentary)杂志的编辑诺曼·波德霍雷茨(Norman Podhoretz)对60年代年轻人运动作了这样的分析:。
嬉皮士
2: Origins
• A July 1967 Time Magazine study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the Cynics also as early forms of hippie culture.
3. Ethos and Characteristics
• • • • • • 3.1 Art and fashion 3.2 Love and sex 3.3 Travel 3.4 Spirituality and religion 3.5 Politics 3.6 Drugs
3.1 Art and fashion
• Be Your Own Goddess art bus (1967 VW Kombi)
• Hippie homes, vehicles and other possessions were often decorated with psychedelic art. • 嬉皮房屋，车辆及其他财 产，往往与迷幻的艺术装 饰。
• The V sign (✌) is most commonly used to represent the letter "V" as in "victory". • It was adopted by the 1960s counterculture movement（反文 化运动） as a sign for peace. Hippie woman giving a peace sign, Los Angeles,1969
“嬉皮士”运动形成原因浅析
“嬉皮士”运动形成原因浅析作者：姜雅婷来源：《学校教育研究》2016年第08期“嬉皮”（hippie）一词原是老音乐家给予年轻一代音乐家的一个绰号，后特指1965—1966年美国民权运动中放荡不羁的革命分子和乌托邦生活方式的瘾君子。
他们中相当多是63级的大学生。
60年代中期，他们在旧金山的海特—埃斯伯里区建立了他们所谓的“政治组织”——海特—埃斯伯里独立领主者。
他们也由此得名hippies（嬉皮士）。
“嬉皮士”一词另一说法是美国“垮掉派”作家诺曼·梅勒在其小说《白色的黑人》中塑造了一个存在主义的二流英雄——“嬉皮斯特”，他“在反叛的自我意识的推动下，开始了通向未知天地的旅程”。
这个人物被宣扬为反抗资本主义压迫的典范，很快成为那些本就迷惘、困惑的青年们的偶像，这些“出身中产阶级家庭，受过良好教育，却要反叛他们出身的那个阶级的价值观念和生活方式”的年轻人便以“嬉皮士”自居了。
无疑“嬉皮士”运动其主体是青年，20世纪60 年代，有相当一部分美国年轻人以一种异于主流社会的独特的生活方式，来表达他们对现实社会的叛逆，对文化和生活的反叛。
他们感受并赞美贫穷，体验简单而随意的生活。
嬉皮士们试图摆脱美国社会既有的惯例和陈规，并逃离现实社会和现实文化，希望走向自由，走向理想。
他们从生活做起来反抗主流的、精英的社会，最终发展成为了反对传统价值观念和道德观念的“嬉皮士”运动。
我认为这一运动其存在兴起的原因主要有以下几个方面的原因。
首先，运动的兴起与美国社会的巨变有关。
长期的经济繁荣提高了整个社会的富裕程度，人们不再像从前一样努力也可以获得舒适的生活，消灭了人的积极性。
在“丰裕”的是社会内部同样充斥着阶级剥削，种族歧视和性别歧视。
民权运动﹑妇女解放运动﹑反战运动解放了思想，旧日的权威和传统观念地位大大动摇。
“嬉皮士”运动正是体现了反对美国社会追求物质至上主义，对物质财富不屑一顾，从而强调人的尊严，个性和自由的一种新的个人主义价值观。
美国嬉皮士反正统文化运动研究
反抗形式和历史意义进行广泛而深入地研究， 以揭示 出挑 战和颠覆 美国主流 文化基本价值观 的嬉皮 士反正统文 可
化 运 动 的本 质 。
［ 关键词］ 反正统文化； 嬉皮士 ； 思想渊源 ； 反抗形 式； 历史意义 ［ 基金项 目］ 山西省研究生教 育改革研 究课题（ 编号 ：０ ９０ ９ 。 ２０ ２４ ）
标 准 ， 国 中产 阶级 必 须 承 受 巨 大 的 心 理 压 力 。 与此 同 时 ， 些 老 年 人 、 白种 人 、 受 过 良 好 教 育 者 和 女 性 单 亲 家 庭 等 美 “ 一 非 未
被边缘化了的群体则成 了被 自动化技术淘 汰下 来的穷人（ｈ ｕｏ ａｏ ｏｒ ， ｔｅＡ ｔｍ ｔｎＰ ｏ） 构成 了“ ｉ 另一个 美国” ——一个贫 困 、 受歧视 的
方现代 工业 文明束 缚 ，性 欲本能” “ 的满足是最基本 的条件 。布 朗提 出 了“ 泛性 主义 ” “ 和 多形 式性 欲倒错 ” 把人 的下意识 冲 ， 动转 变为意识层 面的 自觉追求 ， “ 把 本我” 中的因素结 合到“自我 ” 并把这 个经过改 造的 “ 中， 自我 ” 称作酒神 狄俄尼索斯 （ ｉ Ｄｏ —
二 、 正统 文化运 动的社 会背 景 反
二十世纪六 十年代初 ， 约翰 ・ 肯尼迪 总统的新 边疆 （ｈ ｅ ｒｎｉ ） ｔ Ｎ ｗ Ｆｏｔ ｒ 政策 ， ｅ ｅ 尤其是 他那 句名言 “ ｓ ｏ ｗ ａ ｔ ｏ ｎ ｙ Ａ ｋｎｔ ｈ ｔｈ ｃｕ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｃｎｄ ｆｒ ｏ ， ｓ ｈｔ ｏ ａ ｏｏ ｔｅ ｏ ｎ ｙ ， ａ ｏ ｏ ｕ ａｋｗ ａ ｙｕｃｎｄ ｆ ｈ ｕ ｔ ” 和林登 ・ ｙ ｒ ｃ ｒ 约翰逊总统的“ 伟大社会 ” ｔｅ ｒａ Ｓｃ ｔ） （ Ｇ ｅｔ ｏｉ ｙ 计划等 自由主义思想 ｈ ｅ
On the Counterculture of Hippies Movement
嬉皮运动的反文化性摘要：二十世纪六十年代是一段不同寻常的历史时期。
当时的西方社会经历了翻天覆地的重大变革。
美国尤其如此，民权运动、新左派运动、反战运动、反文化运动以及性解放运动风起云涌，深刻地影响了美国的价值体系和道德观念。
反文化运动中的嬉皮运动错综复杂，极具反文化性。
本文共分三部分。
第一部分回顾嬉皮运动的发展过程。
第二部分概括嬉皮运动的反文化特质。
嬉皮士坚持与主流文化相悖的生活方式和价值观念。
第三部分阐明嬉皮运动的历史背景。
嬉皮士深受垮掉的一代、存在主义哲学以及弗洛伊德思想的影响。
关键词：嬉皮运动；反文化运动；垮掉的一代On the Counterculture of Hippies MovementAbstractThe 1960s was an extraordinary period in human history. The western world went through a lot of tremendous social revolutions during that period. That is especially true to the United States. There were Civil Rights Movement, New Left Movement, Anti-war Movement, Counterculture Movement, and Sexual Revolution, etc. All of these have deeply influenced the value system and moral norm of the United States. With the characteristic of counterculture, Hippies Movement is much complex and far-reaching one.This paper consists of three parts. The first part gives a brief review of Hippies Movement. The second part focuses on the characteristic of counterculture reflected in Hippies Movement. The life style of the hippies goes against that of the common people at that time. The third part analyzes the historical background of Hippies Movement. Generally Speaking, it has been influenced by Beat Generation, Existentialism, and Freudianism.Key words: Hippies Movement; counterculture; Beat GenerationAcknowledgementsMy deepest and heartfelt gratitude goes first and foremost to my supervisor, Ms. Zhao Rong, for her constant encouragement and useful suggestions. With her patient guidance and tolerance to my mistakes, the content of this thesis is greatly enriched and the thesis becomes much more significant. I am deeply grateful to her help in the completion of this thesis.Secondly, my cordial and sincere thanks go to all the teachers in the School of International relations. They have taught me all kinds of knowledge about English and international culture exchange that I am so interested in, which made me a more studious and intelligent person. I greatly admire their comprehensive knowledge and high quality of culture.Last but not least, I want to thank my classmates, who have given me so much help in study and in life. We have spent four years together, thank you for sharing my worries, happiness and giving me so much encouragement.Contents中文摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)Acknowledgements (iii)Introduction (1)I. A Brief Review of Hippies Mov ement (3)A. The Beginning of Hippies Movement (4)B. The Development of Hippies Movement (5)C. The End of Hippies Movement (5)II. The Countercultural Characteristic in Hippies Movement (8)A. The Definition of Counterculture (8)B. Basic Aspects of Counterculture (9)III. The Reasons Why the Hippies Movement is Countercultural (14)A. Beat Generation (14)B. Existentialism and Freudianism (16)Conclusion (18)Notes (19)Bibliography (21)On the Counterculture of Hippies MovementIntroductionThe 1960s saw a lot of great changes in the United States. These changes were of all the aspects of the country: society, politics, culture, etc. Civil Rights Movement, New Left Movement, Anti-war Movement, Counterculture Movement, Sexual Revolution and Hippies Movement all contributed a lot to the reform and development of the United States at that time.The Hippies movement began with the experimentation of psychoactive drugs by Ken Kesey, who wrote One Flew over the Cuckoos’ Nest in 1962. It then spread very fast all over the United States.1 In January 1967, the Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park in San Francisco popularized hippies culture, leading to the legendary Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast. Hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions, choose their own way, and find new meaning in life3. They held the norm of peace and love, dreaming a society without war and conflicts. They tried to achieve it by doing all kinds of things that were against the main stream culture, the government and the so-called virtue cherished and advocated by the whole society. Those included creating their own communities, living all together, taking drugs like the LSD, and listening to the psychedelic rock. The Beat Generation was like the model of the hippies in that they shared the same pursuit for freedom and love.4And Existentialism and Freudianism were the philosophical and psychological origins of the Hippies Movement. As one of the representatives of the counterculture movement, Hippies Movement has influenced so many generations of the American people, especially the young people.After the withdrawal of Hippies Movement from the stage of history, the1countercultural spirit and passion did not die. It continued to be acted upon by the young people. They didn’t stop the anti-Vietnam war movement for the sake of peace and fighting against the government. The influence of the Hippies movement is huge and deep.I. A Brief Review of Hippies MovementThe Summer of Love in 1967 has been recognized as the beginning of the Hippies Movement. It is a social phenomenon that occurred during summer of 1967, when as many as 100,000 people converged on the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood of San Francisco, creating a cultural and political rebellion.2Hippies also gathered in New York, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Seattle, Portland, Washington, D.C., Chicago, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, and across Europe. San Francisco was the center of the hippies’ revolution, a melting pot of music, psychoactive drugs, sexual freedom, creative expression, and politics. The Summer of Love became a defining moment of the 1960s, as the hippies counterculture movement came into public awareness. This unprecedented gathering of young people was often considered to have been a social experiment, because of the alternative lifestyles that became common, both during the summer itself and during subsequent years. These lifestyles included communal living, the free and communal sharing of resources, often among strangers and free love.On August 15th, 1969, a rock music festival was held in a farm which was in the north-west of New York. It lasted three days and became the most famous rock festival ever, that was the Woodstock Festival.3 Under the name of love and peace, the festival attracted lots of big rock stars to perform and as many as half a million hippies from all over the United States and even the Europe. This festival was regarded as the most important event of the Hippies Movement. It indicated that Hippies movement had developed to its climactic extent, however, at the same time, it also meant that the movement started the way of decay.The Altamont Speedway Free Festival held on Saturday, December 6, 1969, at the Altamont Speedway in northern California was expected to be “the other Woodstock Festival”, however, it turned to be a total failure due to the homicide and three accidental deaths: two caused by a hit-and-run car accident and one by drowning in an irrigation canal. That made the public quite disappointed to thehippies. Then the Kent State shootings, also known as the May 4 massacre or Kent-State massacre, occurring at Kent State University in the city of Kent, Ohio on Monday, May 4, 1970 made the situation to the worst, the shootings to the unarmed college students by the members of the Ohio National Guard made the young people themselves started to feel so unsure and fearful toward what they used to believe and stick to. Besides, the youngs were growing up. As they became more mature, they got bored and had less passion to the movement and wanted to get rid of it, thus, Hippies Movement came to its end in the middle 1970s.A. The Beginning of Hippies MovementThe anti-Vietnam War movement in the 1960s was almost the most powerful peace movement in the world history. The people who attended theanti-Vietnam War advocated peace and asked the US government to end the war. The oppositions called them hippies. Thus the early hippies had formed.The hippies were gathered more closely and felt more identified by the “bus trip” held by the Ken Kesey in 1964. Ken Kesey was an American author, best known for his novel One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest(1962) and as a counter-cultural figure who considered himself a link between the Beat Generation of the 1950s and the hippies of the 1960s. Also in 1964, he startedthe experimentation of psychoactive drugs, including all kinds of drugs and LSD, which became the favorite of the hippies later. In 1967, in the Haight-Ashbury Street in San Francisco, the hippies finally formed as a certain group. And the small and poor place became the holy place of the hippies since then.The Montreal Music Festival in 1967 was the prelude of the Summer of Love in the same year. It attracted so many famous rock singers and bands, like The Grateful Dead, Janis Joplin, Jimmy Hendrix and the folk singer Scott McKenzie.4 LSD was given to all the people on the scene. On the whole, it wasa quite successful music festival; the atmosphere was very harmonious and warm. The hippies felt more like a family and were more firm to their belief. And the Summer of Love later declared the beginning of the Hippies Movement.B. The Development of the Hippies MovementAfter the Summer of Love, in August the next year, lots of hippies in Chicago gathered at the International Amphitheatre and shouted: “We want real peace, not conflict!” That was the famous 1968 Chicago Democratic Assembly. The event was also one of the many protesting movements against the Vietnam War. The assembly became definitely violent because the government allowed the police to use force to deal with the demonstrators. The result of the assembly turned out to be very disappointing to the hippies. Their dream of solving the war issue by peaceful means was totally broken by the riots. And the force used by the army of the government to the demonstrators made the hippies completely lost the faith towards the government and wanted to stay away from its sphere of influence as far as possible.Following the assembly, during August 15th and 17th, the most far-reaching music festival in human history –the Woodstock Festival –was held in a farm which was in the north-west of New York and about ninety miles away from it. As mentioned before, the festival was a total success; people enjoyed themselves so much in the festival. They shared everything, including food, wine, drugs, tents and clothes. They walked around the farm, listened to the most exciting and beautiful music. They took drugs, had sex with anyone they wanted to. They just lied down anywhere they liked if they felt tired. It was a paradise to the hippies. They finally got all that they wanted during the three days: freedom, love, and peace. They couldn’t feel better, their dream came true, and they were more confident to their future and were more firm to pursue theirideal world. The Woodstock Festival was the best time of the Hippies Movement in the 1960s.C. The End of Hippies MovementOn December 9th, 1969, the rock band Rolling Stone held a free concert to memorize the success of their trip across the United States. It was in the Altamont Speedway in northern California. Due to poor plan and organization, there were so many problems in the festival: the stage was not high enough, it was too near to the audience that it was easy for them to rush onto the stage; besides, it was a mistake for the organizers to hire the Hells Angel to maintain the order of the concert. The Hells Angel was an organized crime syndicate under the name of a motorcycle club. The members carried out widespread violence, drug dealing, trafficking in stolen goods, and extortion. The hell angels tried to avoid the audience from going to the stage by violent means. Lots of people, even Martin Berlin, one of the members of the band Jefferson Airplane was hurt badly by the hell angels. The worst thing happened when the Rolling Stone appeared on the stage, singing a quite violent song Sympathy for the Devil. At that moment, an audience with a gun tried to step on the stage, the hell angels shot the man without hesitation, the man died immediately. Thus, the concert ended in a total mess. The concert was a heavy strike to the Hippies Movement, the public, even the hippies themselves started to doubt all the things they trusted and did.Things were not a little better but even worse the next year when the Kent State shootings happened in the Kent State University. The government force killed four students and wounded many others to stop the students’demonstration. The atrocity of the government raised the rage of all the Americans. The famous folk singer Neil Young wrote a song to express his anger and grief. He wrote in the lyric: “Tin soldiers and Nixon coming, we arefinally on our own, this summer I hear the drumming, four dead in Ohio”5. However, no matter how the artists tried to condemn the government, the event was a fatal attack to the students and the hippies. The killings of the four students by the government army scared the hippies. They were not as courageous and strong as before. They gave up what they pursued before gradually. What’s more, the 1970s was really a terrible time to the Americans. The collapse of the Breton Woods System meant the domination of the Unite States in the world economy had already gone. And that surely led to the economy crisis. The young people suddenly found that while they advocated and fought for freedom and democracy, the wealth of the country was in the hands of the ones who controlled the new technology. The change of the situation in the United States broke the dreams of the young hippies. As a result, the youngs began to go back to school to learn the technology they needed to make a living; they abandoned those dreams and the ideal world. With the appearance of the Yuppies in the stage of history, the hippies slowly withdrew from the stage.II. The Countercultural Characteristic in Hippies MovementIn order to figure out what the countercultural characteristic of the Hippies Movement was, we should firstly understand what counterculture is. There is no more than one definition and all of them are necessary to a complete comprehension of the counterculture.The hippies live in a totally different way from those of the common Americans. The clothes they wear have a strong feature of anti-fashion. Except for their dirty strange dressing, the hippies also like saying “dirty words” as a weapon to fight against the hypocrisy of the middle class. Hippies love music and rock music is the best means for them to express their desire for freedom and love. Hippies have formed their own unique culture during the 1960s. They are mainly made of the rich Caucasian men. They are tired of the easy life and the fake faces of people around them. They are so bored with the mainstream culture. On the other hand, there are also some hippies who are from the poor families in the United States, these people hate and envy the life of the middle class. In a word, despite from different classes, the hippies share the same hatred to the American society and culture. They don’t believe that politics has the power to change the world as the politicians has always advocated. Though they complain about so many things, they don’t want to try to change those things but leave them alone and go to countryside to find the real peace and quietness.A. The Definition of CountercultureThe term counterculture is applied by some social critics attempting to characterize the widespread rebellion of many western youths against the values and behaviors espoused by their parents.6 However, many young people adopt certain counterculture trappings, such as those involving music, fashion, slang, or recreational drugs, without necessarily abandoning their middle-class mores.Other social critics define the counterculture as a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day, the cultural equivalent of political opposition. It is a neologism attributed to Theodore Roszak.7 A countercultural movement expresses the ethos, aspirations, and dreams of a specific population during an era –a social manifestation of zeitgeist.Countercultural milieux in the 19th century Europe includes the traditions of Romanticism, Bohemianism and of the Dandy. Another movement existed in a more fragmentary form in the 1950s, both in Europe and the US, in the form of Beat generation, or Beatniks, followed in the 1960s by the hippies and anti-Vietnam War protesters. Among all these countercultural movements since 19th-century, the Hippies Movement was the latest as well as the most fat-reaching one. In the United States, the counterculture of the 1960s became identified with the rejection of conventional social norms of the 1950s. Counterculture youth reject the cultural standards of their parents, especially with respect to racial segregation and initial widespread support for the Vietnam War. Hippies become the largest countercultural group in the United States. The counterculture also has access to a media eager to present their concerns to a wider public. Demonstrations for social justice create far-reaching changes affecting many aspects of society.B. Basic Aspects of CountercultureThe Hippies Movement in the 1960s is all about the rejection of mainstream culture, which gets best embodied in the new genres of psychedelic rock music, pop-art and new explorations in spirituality. Musicians exemplifying this era include The Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, The Kinks, Jimi Hendrix, The Doors, Cream, Pink Floyd, The Rolling Stones, Led Zeppelin,The Beatles, Bob Dylan, Janis Joplin, The Velvet Underground, and Nico.Specifically, the countercultural feature of Hippies Movement reflects itself in three ways: the lifestyle, the mental world, and the culture of the hippies.The hippies’ clothes look ratty and dirty. The girls like the romantic gipsy clothes with colorful flowered design while the boys are more inclined to dress quite girly. Most of them wear long hair, lipstick and perfume. Jeans are their favorite, boys wear bell-bottomed pants and girls jean skirts which are judged by the rule “the shorter, the better”. The female hippies all have long hair and dirty look because they think it is a strike to the “hell America”. Moreover, they really love to say dirty words. The dirty words are regarded as opposition to traditional culture and the society. They advocate that money is absolutely useless. In some hippies’communities, they change staff with each other like the cave men. In order to prove that money is “shit” to the public, some hippies go to New York Stock Exchange to throw thousands of one-dollar bank notes from the floor into the hall. In the American society, work is put in a definitely important place. Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus is always the moral support to the American people, and Lincoln as well as Franklin is always the icon of Americans. On the contrary, the hippies ask for emancipation of one’s original impulse and feelings. They have thought that people should live in a casual way, not work and study all day. One of the typical examples is the square culture: hippies love to sit together in a square to sing and talk together. Square is such an open space, where people can release their passion and anger.The hippies are definitely not just a group of young people who know nothing but complaint, actually, they have their own unique mental world, which is in fact very pure and deep. They like all kind of arts: painting, novel, poem, music. Among them, music is like the air and sunshine to them and the rock music is the spiritual pillar to the hippies. Hippies choose Rock music as the best medium of the hippies to express themselves. Firstly, rock music is easyto understand and follow. It is about the emotion and feelings of the performers, not the music technology. So, it’s easy to make the audience to feel the same way. Secondly, rock music is relatively entertaining. It is not that serious as classical music. The performance of rock music is not just the show of the people on the stage, the audience can join in the music and have fun with the people around. The heavy beat and happy melody could make the audience cheer up so easily. Thirdly, rock music was very rebellious in nature, that’s the kind of feature which connects all the hippies. The hippies do all kinds of things that are rebellious to the society at that time. When it comes to music, rock music, which is so unusual and mutinous, is definitely the best choice for the hippies. As to the music itself, the sense of worth and political view, rock music try to tell other people that hippies are totally contradictory with those of the elder generation. They use it to break away from their control. Moreover, rock music contains some kind of strong motivation. The motivation makes people who enjoy the music want to move and to set themselves free. It comes from the special rhythm of rock music. It is the beat which is much faster than the normal beat of human beings’ heart that makes one extremely excited and cannot help jumping and shouting out their sorrow, annoyance and anger. The Beatles, Bob Dylan, the Rolling Stone, Sex Pistols, and the Door are some of the most popular rock stars and bands then. Their music touches the hearts of the hippies and gives them exactly what they want from music. Most of the lyrics of their songs describe big events in the United States and in the world in 1960s, through which people can clearly see the rockers’ thoughts and feelings towards those things. Just as the singer of the Beatles John Lennon’s God describes,God is a conceptBy which we measure our painI’ll say it againGod is a conceptBy which we measure our painI don’t believe black artI don’t believe Book-of-changeI don’t believe Bible.8This song denies the divinity of the god and doubts all the religious beliefs of human beings. It is strongly defying to the value system of the western world. Other songs like Bob Dylan’s Blowing in the Wind, Chuck Berry’s School Day and John Lennon’s Imagine are all the aspirations of hippies.The hippies’ culture is a meaningful part of the counterculture in 1960s’America. It surely shares some commonness with the other kinds of counterculture, like being rebellious, angry to the world, and so on. Yet it has its own unique characteristics which makes it a kind of special and far-reaching culture.The first specialty is that not like the other counterculture groups like the Black Panther party, which is somehow violent, the hippies are very friendly to others for they viewing peace and love as their spiritual instructions. They describe themselves as the embodiment of love, peace, flower and sunshine. That’s why the famous gathering in 1967 is called Summer Of Love.As to politics, the hippies hold the attitude of staying away. They think politics cannot help making the world better, on the contrary, its fakeness even makes the world uglier. Some people are the supporters of the Cynicism, which show distrust toward professed ethical and social values, especially when there are high expectations concerning society, institutions and authorities which are unfulfilled.9 Except the Cynicism, some hippies think that politics has nothing to do with the freedom of human beings, and political actions are not included in the Cultural Revolution.Besides, the United States is in quite disturbing situation in the 1960s. The Vietnam War and the economic crisis have completely broken the Americans’ fantasy to the old value, the government and the politics.10 They feelso distressed and tend to be influenced by the romanticism: if everyone gives a little love to the world, it would be much more beautiful and all the problems would be solved. So the hippies choose to make their dreams come true by some ideal means instead of the rational analysis and actions: to get away from the crowded and messy world where they feel no love and beauty. They go to live in the mountainous areas where there is no human being before, and they live in groups because Collectivism is another instruction of the hippies. Last but not the least, the hippies also believes in the Individualism, which is the opposite to the Collectivism that shows the ambivalence of the hippies.11 In their daily life, the hippies like to entertain themselves, they strongly disagree with old values which teach human beings to restrain their instinct and desires. They believe that freedom exists in one’s mind but not come from the ordered and structuring society.III. The Reasons Why the Hippies Movement is CounterculturalVarious Origins have nurtured the counterculture in the 1960s, including the postwar growth of the American middle class (whose “materialism”the counterculture disdained), wide availability of “the pill”for reliable contraception (thus reducing one risk of sexual experimentation), the increasing popularity of hallucinogenic drugs like LSD (which encourage introspection and alienation from “straight”culture), and the Vietnam War (which convinced many young people that America had lost its soul). The hippies inherit the countercultural spirit from their predecessor – the Beat Generation – which have deep influence on the life and spirit of the hippies. The hippies are also affected by philosophy and psychology, the Existentialism and the theory of Libido in Freudianism.Being an important part of the counterculture movement, the influence of the Hippies Movement is lasting and deep.A. Beat GenerationLyndon Baines Johnson, the 36th American President, makes his inaugural speech as saying “the nation is prosperous, great, and mighty, but we have no promise from god that our greatness will endure.”He warns the American people that they are living “in a world where changes and growth seem to tower beyond the control, and even the judgment of men.”12 Through his words we can see that though the country is in a total prosperity at that time, there still exists the sense of insecurity among the people.In the 1960s, the Americans feel lost and confused about all that have taken place, that’s especially obvious for the young people who are the most rebellious and sensitive people in the society. Besides, it’s quite hard for them to accept and adapt to the great contrast between the traditional culture and thenew social structure, which results in their depression. The Protestantism has lost its dominant position in the society. On the contrary, the sensualism starts to be worshiped by more and more people. Certainly the young people who in the society receive the new concepts and things fastest become the strongest supporters of the sensualism. So, it’s not surprising that it becomes the principle of the hippies. The progress of the social environment does not equal to pace of the economic development of the country the. The technology develops at an incredible speed, people’s life is getting better and easier with the growth of economy and technology. However, it also makes the Americans fear such a society that is almost controlled by the mechanisms. Thus the sense of counterculture comes into being.13On the other hand, with the fast development of economy, distance between the rich and the poor also becomes farther. The poverty drives the poor to get together fighting against the society. The college students are in deep sympathy with them and want to unite with them to change the unfair society.14 Moreover, the Vietnam War, which is the clear proof of the United States’invasion to other countries makes the youngs even more disappointed with the government.The Beat Generation in the late 1920s is the mental instruction and the support for the action of the hippies:The Beat Generation was one of the largest cultural movements ofthe twentieth century. What started off as a literary phenomenon soonprogressed to a life-changing attitude for thousands of people aroundthe world. It embraced originality and individuality in the way peoplethought and acted. The Beat Generation threw out the old rules ofliterature, music, sex and religion.15The Beat Generation is firstly some authors who write poems and novels when it appears in the stage of the American history. In 1956, Irwin Allen。
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• The movement came to an end in large part because of
– The end of the Vietnam war – Increased civil rights for black people – A worldwide prohibition of drug use in 1971
• The Hippy movement was largely a response to mainstream 1950s culture.
– Racial Segregation – The Vietnam war
1960s and 1970s – ‘Hippy movement ’
• The Hippy movement was largely a response to mainstream 1950s culture.
– Counter – counter means opposing. – So counter culture means something to do with an opposing culture.
• We look at the ‘Hippy’ movement in the 60s and 70s. • Actually, the romantic movement we have already looked at is an example of counterculture.
Hippies
• Comes from the word ‘Hip’ which meant cool. • Hippies had several defining features:
– Dressing very differently from most people at that time. – Emphasis on peace, love and sexual freedom. – Use of drugs, particularly cannabis, LSD and psychotropic mushrooms.
– Here we mean a very significant, visible event that is large and continues for a period of time.
• The term was first used in the news media during the 1960s and 1970s.
Introduction to Western Culture
Counterculture
• In this class we will look at this thing ‘counterculture’ and what it means. • Counterculture is an interesting part of Western Culture, and one you probably don’t know about. • Counterculture is made of two different words
Counterculture
• It is a sociological term. • Describes values and norms of a cultural group, that run counter to those of the mainstream. • It is the cultural equivalent of political opposition. • Counterculture of course exists all the time in many societies.
– Racial Segregation – Widespread support of the Vietnam war
• The Hippy movement involved many more things though.
– – – – Sexuality Women's rights Authority Consumerism and materialism
1960s and 1970s – ‘Hippy movement ’
• The Hippy movement was largely a response to mainstream 1950s culture.
– Racial Segregation
1960s and 1970s – ‘Hippy movement ’
Hippies
• Comes from the word ‘Hip’ which meant cool. • Hippies had several defining features
– Dressing very differently from most people at that time.
Hippies
• Comes from the word ‘Hip’ which meant cool. • Hippies had several defining features:
– Dressing very differently from most people at that time. – Emphasis on peace, love and sexual freedom. – Use of drugs, particularly cannabis, LSD and psychotropic mushrooms.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Hippies
• Comes from the word ‘Hip’ which meant cool. • Hippies had several defining features
– Dressing very differently from most people at that time. – Emphasis on peace, love and sexual freedom.
• It was an important movement that is still practiced today!
For the rest of todays class…
• The Hippie movement was very positive in some ways, but also led to some people who did not believe in the movement as much as they did the drugs. • We are going to watch some of the movie Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. • It tells the true story of two crazy hippies. One is a journalist, one is a lawyer. • It is very accurate in the way it depicts the effects of drug use.
– The romantic movement was a response to the industrial revolution – In the same way, these countercultural movements we will look at are all reactions to parts of society.