Generalized Surface Circulation：广义的表层环流
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19
Gulf Stream
Franklin’s map of Gulf Stream and ‘gyre’ in 1785
20
Pot. Temp.
Temperature and Salinity
Sections across the Gulf Stream
Salinity
21
Current Velocities in the Region of the Gulf Stream
7
Generalized Pattern of
Surface Winds
July Arrows indicate direction of Ekman Transport
January
8
Map of Sea Surface Height (ARGO floats)
(in dynamic cms relative to 1500 dbar)
Wind Stress Force
Current Direction (not a force)
Frictional Force
(always opposes direction of current)
Coriolis Force (always
perpendicular to the Current direction)
Gulf Stream Ring Movie
24
Temperature Anomalies of Gulf Stream Rings
25
Resulting Force
(the combination of the Coriolis Force and Frictional Force yields a Resulting force that is equal to and in opposite direction to the Wind Stress Force) 5
Sea surface height range is ~300cm or 3 m.
9
P=gρZ
Pressure
10
Horizontal Pressure Gradients
11
Geostrophic Force Balance
12
Geostrophic Current Flow around a dome of pressure
Ekman Spiral
6
Ekman Spiral Observations
(surface layer in the N. Atlantic)
Wind Direction
Measured Current Directions
and Velocities at 5, 10, 15 and
25 m depths
Wind
Coriolis
Drag
Walfred Ekman
Current direction is to the right of the wind in N. Hemisphere
4
Ekman’s Three Force Vector Balance (in the northern hemisphere)
13
Sea Surface Height Anomaly (dynamic centimeters)
(dynamic height is relative to 1000dbar)
(Arrows represent direction of geostrophic current flow) 14
What meridional trend in sea surface height would be
17
implied under baroclinic conditions?
Phosphate Distribution in Surface Ocean
18
Chlorophyll in the Surface Ocean
Generalized Surface Circulation
A A
1
Nansen’s Trip in the “frozen” Fram (1893-96)
2
Nansen’s Observations about Surface Currents
3
Ekman’s Force Balance
CFra Baidu bibliotekrrent
Barotropic and Baroclinic Conditions
Size of arrow indicates speed of current
15
Depth Profile of Typical Geostrophic Current Velocity
16
Cross Section of Density in Pacific Ocean
White= northward flow Blue = southward flow
22
Sea Surface Temperatures and Major Warm and Cool Currents
23
Gulf Stream Rings
picture of SST observed from satellites
Gulf Stream
Franklin’s map of Gulf Stream and ‘gyre’ in 1785
20
Pot. Temp.
Temperature and Salinity
Sections across the Gulf Stream
Salinity
21
Current Velocities in the Region of the Gulf Stream
7
Generalized Pattern of
Surface Winds
July Arrows indicate direction of Ekman Transport
January
8
Map of Sea Surface Height (ARGO floats)
(in dynamic cms relative to 1500 dbar)
Wind Stress Force
Current Direction (not a force)
Frictional Force
(always opposes direction of current)
Coriolis Force (always
perpendicular to the Current direction)
Gulf Stream Ring Movie
24
Temperature Anomalies of Gulf Stream Rings
25
Resulting Force
(the combination of the Coriolis Force and Frictional Force yields a Resulting force that is equal to and in opposite direction to the Wind Stress Force) 5
Sea surface height range is ~300cm or 3 m.
9
P=gρZ
Pressure
10
Horizontal Pressure Gradients
11
Geostrophic Force Balance
12
Geostrophic Current Flow around a dome of pressure
Ekman Spiral
6
Ekman Spiral Observations
(surface layer in the N. Atlantic)
Wind Direction
Measured Current Directions
and Velocities at 5, 10, 15 and
25 m depths
Wind
Coriolis
Drag
Walfred Ekman
Current direction is to the right of the wind in N. Hemisphere
4
Ekman’s Three Force Vector Balance (in the northern hemisphere)
13
Sea Surface Height Anomaly (dynamic centimeters)
(dynamic height is relative to 1000dbar)
(Arrows represent direction of geostrophic current flow) 14
What meridional trend in sea surface height would be
17
implied under baroclinic conditions?
Phosphate Distribution in Surface Ocean
18
Chlorophyll in the Surface Ocean
Generalized Surface Circulation
A A
1
Nansen’s Trip in the “frozen” Fram (1893-96)
2
Nansen’s Observations about Surface Currents
3
Ekman’s Force Balance
CFra Baidu bibliotekrrent
Barotropic and Baroclinic Conditions
Size of arrow indicates speed of current
15
Depth Profile of Typical Geostrophic Current Velocity
16
Cross Section of Density in Pacific Ocean
White= northward flow Blue = southward flow
22
Sea Surface Temperatures and Major Warm and Cool Currents
23
Gulf Stream Rings
picture of SST observed from satellites