词汇学

The features of native words
• • • • • • • All national character 全民性 Stability 稳定性 Productivity 多产性 Polysemy 多义性 Collocability 搭配能力强 Neutral in style Frequent in use
Borrowed words/ loan words / borrowings According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, loans words are classified into four classes. • Denizens 同化词 • Aliens 非同化词 • Translation-loans 译借词 • Semantic loans 语义借词
(2) All the words used in a particular historical periods. 一种语言的断代词汇。 (3) All the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an individual person. 某学科领域的词的总汇，某书的总词汇， 某 个 人 掌 握 的 词 汇 总 和 。
The End
Thank you!
1.5 Classification of words
• Criterion : by use frequency Basic word stock Non-basic vocabulary Criterion: by notion Content words Functional words Criterion : by origin Native words Borrowed words
•Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
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Noun; verb; adjective; adverb; numeral
Constitute the main body of the English vocabulary, numerous and the number is ever growing
• Functional words/Empty/form words/Grammatical words • Preposition; conjunction; auxiliary; article • Constitute a very small number of the vocabulary; stable • Functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.
• 翻译借词是利用英语中现有的语言材料 但模仿另一种语言的模式而构成的词。
• Semantic loans are words borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language. • 语义借词指受另一种语言中相关词语的 影响而借进新义的词。
Chapter I The basic concepts of words and vocabulary
Objectives:
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Introduce a definition of a word; Put forward the three main principles of lexical classification; Elaborate on the features of basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary. Definition of a word Definition of vocabulary Classification of words Basic word stock and non-basic vocabulary Content words and functional words Native words and borrowed words
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1. Basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary
基本词汇和非基本词汇
Basic word stock • 5 basic features of the basic word stock
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All national character 全民性 Stability 稳定性 Productivity 多产性 Polysemy 多义性 Collocability 搭配能力强
1.3 Sound and meaning
What’s the relationship between sound and meaning? • Arbitrary = ‘no logical relationship’ • Conventional 声音与意义没有内在的逻辑关系。他们之 间的联系是任意的，是约定俗成的。
Teaching focus:
1.1 What is a word? A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.
词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能， 能独立运用的最小的语言单位。
1.4 Sound and form
What causes the differences between sound and form? (1) The internal reason: more phonemes than letters in English 音位数多于字母数 (2) The pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling拼写的规范化 (3) Deliberate change of spelling by early scribes for easier recognition早期抄写人员认为的改动 (4) Borrowing of foreign words 大量外借词
Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language. 同化词指早期借入, 其拼写和读音完全符 合本族语词规范的借词。
Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. 非同化词指拼写和读音保持原样的借词。
3. Native words and borrowed words 本族语词和外来语词 • Native / Anglo-Saxon words are words of Anglo-Saxon origin. • Form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the English language.
• Translation loans are words and expressions formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.
1.2 What is vocabulary?
All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The term ‘vocabulary’ is used in different senses.
(1)The total number of the words in a language. 词是词和词语的总和。
• Conclusion: the written form of English is, therefore an imperfect representation of the spoken form. • In spite the differences, at least eighty percent of the English words fit consistent spelling pattern.
Non-basic vocabulary
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Terminology 专业术语 Jargon 行话 Slang 俚语 Argot 隐语（黑话）；暗语 Dialectal words 方言词 Archaisms 古语词 Neologisms 新词语
2. Content words and functional words 实义词和功能词 • Content words words/Notional words/Lexical
Assignment
Answer the following questions: 1. What is a word? 2. What are the characteristics of the basic word stock? 3. What is the fundamental difference between content and functional words?