韩礼德功能语法
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(一)主位与述位:主位结构指的是主位(theme)和述位(rheme)的结合体。最早提出主位和述位概念的是布拉格学派的马泰休斯。早在语篇语言学形成之前,马泰休斯在二十世纪30年代就功能角度研究信息在句子中的分布,用信息论的观点,修改了“主语”和“谓语”的提法,提出“主位”和“述位”。“主位”指的是已知事实或公认的事实,意为已知信息。句子的其余部分是“述位”,它包含了要传达给听话人的全部信息,意为新信息。主位的形式包括概念主位,语篇主位和交际主位。
(二)主位推进模式:捷克学者丹内什发展了布拉格学派的理论,从语篇的视角,研究连贯语篇中句子与句子之间其主位与述位的衔接、照应、过渡以及逻辑连贯的规律,提出了主位推进的概念。丹内什把对句子结构进行描写的方法用于语篇分析,并断定:主位因其较低的现象价值而成为语篇重要的构建手段,对于标示语篇的统一性起着至关重要的作用。主位在一个语篇内的顺序绝不是任意的,下文中出现的主位总是与上文中具有主位——述位结构的语言单位相关,因而表明,听者对语篇的内容有了进一步的了解。一个篇章真的正主位结构是指主位的衔接和连接,它们的相互关系和领属层次,以及跟段落、整个语篇和情景的关系。1
韩礼德提出,主位是“the starting point for the message”(Halliday, 2000: 38),即信息的起始点;功能语法学者Thompson(2000 :119)也作出明确的定义,认为小句的第一个语法成分是主位(Theme),其余是述位(Rheme)。我们用符号表示则是T表示主位,R表示述位,T1, R1分别表示第一句的主位和述位。为了更好的了解主位与述位,以及主位推进模式在文章中的作用,我们来看接下来的这个例子。He asked for music. He dictated his will. He wrote a long letter in Latin. He bade goodbye to his brother.”很明显,主位都是“he”。因此,可以认为“T1=T2=T3=T4”,也可以表示为“T2 =T1,T3=T1,T4=T1”。然后,我们再看看下面这个例句。“England is a country; France is a country; Norway is another country; Turkey is another country; Egypt, Italy, Poland are other countries.”中的规律。我们不难发现“country”是每一句的述位,其关系是“R1=R2=R3=R4=R5”,即“R2=R1,R3=R1,R4=R1,R5=R1”。
以下是英语中的几种推进模式:
1.主位简单线性推进模式。这种模式的特点是前一句的述位或述位的一部分成为后一句的主位。其表达式为:
T1 →R1
↓
T2 (= R1) →R2
...
Tn (Rn - 1) = Rn
例如:
I hate to soun d preachy (T1), but if you come down with a computer virus, it’s probably your own fault (R1). Dodging most of these electronic infections (T2) isn’t very hard (R2)[9]
2.主位同一推进模式。这一模式的特点是语篇中只有一个共同的主位,而每句的述位各不相同。其表达式为:
T1 →R1
T2 (= T1) →R2
…
Tn (= Tn - 1) →Rn
例如:
First, they (viruses) (T1) conceal themselves in legitimate files or programs (R1); second, they (T2) replicate like bacteria to spread from machine to machine (R2); third, they (T3) do
things to your computer that make you want to tear your hair out (R2).
3.述位同一推进模式。这一模式的特点是主位不同,述位相同。其表达式为:
T1 →R1
T2 →R2 (= R1)
...
Tn →Rn (= R1)
例如:
Use (T1) good virus-checking software (R1). Outfits like Network Associates-McAfee and Symantec (T2) sell strong virus medicine, keeping their cures up-to-date by posting revisions at their Web sites-which you should check often (R2).Further,there (T3) are more than a dozen public domain virus checkers that you can download for free (R3).
4.交叉推进模式。这一模式的特点是前一句的主位是后一句的述位。其表达式为:
T1 →R1
T2 →R2 (= T1)
...
Tn →Rn (= Tn - 1)
例如:
The most practical home scanners (T1) used to be hand-held devices that the users could slowly track across the desired image, strip by strip (R1). Now, however, there (T2) is a wide range of both flat-bed and sheet-fed scanners available between $ 500 and $ 1200 (R2).
5.分裂述位推进模式。这一模式的特点是后面各句的主位由第一句的述位派生而来。其表达式为:
T1 →R1 ( = R’1 + R”1)
↓↓
T2 →R2 T3 →R3
例如:
NASA (T1) says its new exploration program has three major areas of investigation (R1).One (T2) is searching for evidence of past life on Mars (R2);another (T3) is understanding Martian weather in an effort to learn more about the past and future climate of the earth(R3);and the third (T4) is understanding the minerals and other resources that could support future exploration of Mars by people (R4).