大学英语写作课件4 Composing essays

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实用英语写作第五章教案 Composing Essays

1.Planning a CompositionA. When a topic is assigned, the student should first try to think of as manyrelevant facts as he can and write down them on a piece of paper.B.At the same time, he should try to find a proper thesis or theme. Thethesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea. It is the conclusion that should be drawn from the facts to be presented in the composition.C.After that, he should look at the list of facts again, eliminate thoseunnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.2.Types of OutlinesAn outline subdivides the controlling idea or thesis of the essay into smaller parts, which are then developed into separate paragraphs. Roman and Arabic numerals and letters of the alphabet are generally used to number and order ideas. There are two commonly used types of outline: the topic outline and the sentence outline.A.Topic OutlineAll entries in a topic outline consist of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents, that is, gerund phrases or infinitive phrases. A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives an instant overview of the entire paper.B.Sentence OutlineThe entries in a sentence outline are complete sentences. A sentenceoutline provides a more detailed plan of the paper.3.Writing the First DraftIt is necessary to write a first draft, in which there should be enough space between lines for future corrections and improvements. While writing the draft, the writer need not be afraid of the departing form theout line at one place or another. But he had better stop to revise his outline or work out a new one if he finds his original outline entirely impracticable.4.Revising the First DraftIf possible, a student should write the first draft one to two days before the time when he has to hand in the composition to the teacher. He will then have enough time for revising the draft, and be able to examine it more objectively.While revising a composition, the student should keep in mind that revision does not mean a simple correction of mistake in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics.5.Making the Final CopyThe very last step in writing a composition, a step that should never be forgotten, is to check the final copy. In doing so the writer is likely to find that he has made careless mistakes in grammar and spelling, and he may also want to change a word here and there.II Organization1.Some PrinciplesA.Like a paragraph, a composition must have unity. A speaker may beallowed to digress from his main subject for a little while, but a writer is not given such freedom.B. A composition consists of several paragraphs, each of which has onecentral thought. They must be arranged in some kind of order, so that one paragraph leads naturally to another to form an organic whole.C.Proportion is as important to an essay as it is to a painting. Main facts orideas deserve full treatment; minor ones should be given less space. The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. To give this part about seven-or eight-tenths of the total space will be just right. The beginning and the end, though important, have to be short.2.The BeginningA.The beginning rouses the reader’s interest in and secures his attention tothe subject matter of the essay or provides necessary background information.B.The middle gives a clear and logical presentation of the facts and ideasthe writer intends to put forth.C.The end winds up the essay often with an emphatic and forcefulstatement to influence the reader’s final impression of the essay and shows the implication or consequences of the argument.Concluding paragraphs should be short, forceful, substantial, and thought-provoking, made up mainly of restatements or summaries of the points that have been discussed. No new ideas should be introduced in a concluding paragraph.Sometimes it is good to link the concluding paragraph to the introductory. If. For instance, a question is raised in the introductoryparagraph, an answer should be given in the concluding paragraph.III Types of Writing1.DescriptionA description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or theimpressions of one’s senses—sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones.A. Description of a personWhile describing a person, the writer should try to reveal the person’s character, thoughts, and feelings, which may be shown in what theperson does and says, or in how he behaves to others. And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people.B. Description of a placePlaces may be described for their own sake, as in essays on visits to famous scenic places, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. As in describinga person, in describing a place one should mainly write about the thingsthat make it different from other places.C. Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. It is also necessary to tell how it is used if it is useful, and what part it plays in a person’s life if it is in some way related to him. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object, probably its most important characteristic.D. Description of a sceneA scene usually consists of three basic factors: the setting, the people,and the actions. It is also possible to describe the scene of some natural phenomenon.The writer should try to create a dominant impression when describing a scene. Before he begins to write, he must make up his mind as to what effect he wants the description to achieve. This will help him to decide which details to delete and which to include.2.NarrationTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In itsbroadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary,biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.Narration often goes hand in hand with description. When planning anarrative, the writer should consider these five aspects: context, selectionof details, organization, point of view, and purpose.3.ExpositionExposition means expounding or explaining. Exposition mainly dealswith processes and relationships. We are writing a descriptive essaywhen we describe the appearance of an object; but we are writing an expository essay when we explain how it is made, how it is used, and how it may change. Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast, and analysis of their causes and effects or definition.The most important quality of exposition is clarity. To achieve this the writer should:A.Limit his subject or the scope of discussion, or it is impossible to explainmany things clearly in a short essay:B.Prepare enough material to help his explanation; the ordinary reader oftenfinds abstract discussions hard to follow if they are not illustrated by concrete examples;C.Present his facts and views in proper order.D.Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoidornamental as well as ambiguous expressions.4.ArgumentationThe purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes know something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it. Argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.If you wish to write a good argumentative essay, you should do your best to meet the following requirements:A.A debatable pointB.Sufficient evidenceC.Good logicD.Clear logicE.Good use of the other three types of writingF.An honest and friendly attitude。

大学英语四级应用文写作(共57张PPT)

Beijing►City University
（发信人）
Aniston: Li Ming
(女白士通作称，者不分的年龄意) 图，着一点与英美人的习惯大相径庭。在书信写
考生应注意作节约时用词，，做英到简美洁明人了。一般在问候之后直接说明意图，如：等，直截
有我时想也询在问收有了信关人即当姓将名在，之贵前校一冠举以行目尊的称国了，际如会然：议的。消息试。想，若在求职信中滔滔不绝，直到最后
► An Announcement for a Voluntary Program
► (2006年6月17日)
► A Campaign Speech (2005年1月) ► A Brief Introduction to a Tourist Attraction
► (2004年6月)
► 仔细研读以上真题，我们不难发现，四级作文越来越突出“实用”两个字。像书信、演讲稿等实际生活中运用得到的文体，在1996-2006年的四级考试中共出现了七次，而且集中出现在近几年。文章所涉及的内容也多种多样，大部分都与日常生活比较贴近。
►
► 书信的种类可能千变万化，如建议信、抱怨信、申请信（包括求职信）、邀请信、感谢信、道歉信、海报等，再加上口头应用文，如演讲稿、通知等，使得考生在备考时常理不清头绪。然而万变不离其宗，只要掌握了英文书信的基本格式，再参照写作模板，就能写出一篇合格的应用文。
►
► 一、书信的格式 ► 二、in Reply to a Friend (2003年12月)
► A Letter to the University President About the Canteen Service on Campus (2002年1月)

英语写作基础教程(1)

第二章用词 (Using Proper Words)
第三章造句
(Making Correct and Effective Sentences)
第四章
段落 (Developing Paragraphs)
第六章完整的作文 (Composing Essays)
第七章应用文(Writing for Practical Purposes)
Chapter one
Manuscript Form and Punctuation 1. why is it important to write in correct
manuscript? 2. What are the rules for titles?
Focus 1 Manuscript Form (P1)
学习方法例举
根据自己的情况，选择不同的学习方式：方式一：如果你能够写出语法基本正确的句子和
段落，那么，你就可以直接开始学习第六章（完整的作文）或第七章（应用文写作）。将前面四章的学习内容作为自学内容，如：标点符号的运用、信件的格式等；
方式二：如果还没有自信能写出语法基本正确的句子和段落的同学，可以从第一章开始逐章学习。基础学习准备好后，对教学重点的内容也就容易把握了。
教学重点
1. 第六章“短文的写作” (Composing Essays) 2. 第七章“应用文的写作” (Writing for Practical Purposes)
巴基斯坦驻华大使鸿德致辞
非常感谢院长先生。谢谢您做介绍时的友好言辞。今天我们很高兴来到这里。我夫人与我为有这次机会再次来到贵校访问感到荣幸。感谢贵校对我们的欢迎，特别感谢鸿德学院的热情接待，我们为此感到不胜荣幸，谢谢你们，我们此行带来了大使馆统和巴基斯坦人民的良好祝愿。

英语四级作文写作技巧PPT课件

◆ 14%……切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。(注: 白卷, 作文与题目毫不相关, 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想,则给0 分。)
3
三. 写作步骤
◆ 1、审题(确定体裁或写作类型:议论文？应用文？说明
文？描述文？; 确定主题句（论点）
◆ 2、草拟提纲(围绕提示句,扩展Байду номын сангаас示句所提供的信息) ◆ 3、正文写作 ◆ 4、检查修改(时态：时态一致; 主谓关系—单复数; 人
side of the latter view. 4. After a thorough consideration, for my part, I am in
favor of the latter view that… 5. If asked to make a decision, I would prefer… 6. Taking into consideration both sides of the issue, I tend
2
二. 大学英语四级作文评分标准
◆ 2%……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。
◆ 5%……基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。
◆ 8%……基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。
◆ 11%……切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。
6. With the development of the society, the controversial issue of … is often brought into public focus. People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue. 随着社会的发展，______这个极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。

4大学英语论文写作四PPT课件

Some want to buy new houses.
Others would like to have their private cars.
I choose to travel.
ThTehseisis stsattaetmemenetnt
Foreign travel helps me to learn about cultures of different nations and make friends all over the world.
n 2. A paragraph
constructed following the
straightforward-line thought
pattern
n A. writing purpose: to express an idea
n
-- to tell sth./ idea
n
-- to make it clear
n
-- conclude to
emphasize the topic
n C. A three-set/ part/ element construction
n
-- the topic sentence
n
-- supporting
sentences
n
-- ( the concluding
sentence)
Lecture Four
Drafting the Essay
How to Construct an Essay
I. The basic structure of a paragraph
II. The basic structure of an essay

《英语专四写作》ppt课件

23
专四一模 3月22日下星期二晚上6点专四二模 4月9日上午9点半
二模作为基英、写作和听力的期中考试成绩带好鞋套学生座位看教室门口张贴表
24
CCTV Spring Festival Gala like or dislike cancel or reserve How to improve?
式正确，语言得体。考试时间为10分钟。
2
作文评分标准
满分15，分项可以打0.5分。
1. 思想与表达 2. 语言运用能力 3. 写作规范
3
1. 思想与表达（Ideas and Arguments）：
满分为7分，其中1-2分较差，3分一般，4-5分良好，6-7分优秀。
思想内容：（idea & content）
满分6分，其中1-2分为较差，3分一般，4-5分良好，6分为优秀。准确性(correctness)
语法正确句子结构正确固定搭配正确用词准确丰富性(richness) 词汇丰富句子形式多样得体性(appropriateness) 语气恰当语言地道流利度(fluency) 完成规定词数 (超出200过多扣1分。完成规定内容，字数少于170
18
这是一篇自由发挥阐述的命题式作文，不限定论点。要求作者就泛读发表自己的看法。作者可以根据给定的话题，提出论点，然后再展开论述。
范文从自己作为一个英语专业学生的角度，提出泛读对我们很重要，它能给我们带来一些好处。
文章提出了四点支持观点的理由，即小分论点。首先，提出泛读可以帮助我们获取知识，作者用例证进行解释；其次，提高阅读能力；第三，泛读可以扩大词汇量；最后，泛读可以帮助我们开阔视野。
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5种题型及模式框架

英语4级写作(3)PPT教学课件

2020/12/11
9
开头：
There is no doubt that…has brought society both advantages and disadvantages/merits and drawbacks
• With the rapid development of … is /are playing an increasingly important part in …today. Obviously, it has both advantages and disadvantages/positive effects and negative effects.
2020/12/11
8
• As far as I’m concerned, the benefits of ___________(主题) greatly outweigh its drawbacks. We should
make better use of ____________(主题) and bypass its negative effects.
2020/12/11
10
• Just as everything has two sides, _____ is of no exception. In its development, _____ has brought both advantages and disadvantages.
• ______ plays such an important part in so many people’s lives that it is essential for us to try to decide whether it is a blessing or a curse. Admittedly, ____ has both advantages and disadvantages.

Chapter 6 Composing Essaysppt课件

There are a number of possible ways to begin a paper, and for different types of writing, some approaches are often better than others.
.
1) relevant background material 2) the time and place of the event to be described 3) a quotation 4) a question 5) a statement 6) figures of statistics 7) a definition
Failure to follow the instructions may result in a
loss of marks.
.
My View on Man-Made Beauty
The traditional Chinese saying “Clothes make a
person” reflects the importance of “appearance”. Nowadays, such a belief has its new content. Many people, especially young girls or ladies, are not content with getting more beautiful by clothes. They turn to a more challenging practice of physiological reform to make them man-made beauties. I don’t think this practice should be advocated.

英语四级写作PPT讲解

2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。
那么“刚刚毕业的大学生”怎么写？英语里面好像找不到一个表示“刚刚毕业的”形容词放在大学生前面，所以就要用定语从句，写成 college students who have just graduated，如果 graduated不会写，先写成left；然后怎么写“高薪的”，英语里面也没有这样一个形容词放在 jobs的前面，所以用定语从句，写成 to find jobs which can give them a lot of money. 这样这个句子将写成： It is impossible for college students who have
第四句话也可以和前两句连在一起，这次不采用主从复合句，而采用并列句，因为意思发生转折，故用but连接，而impossible太绝对了，改为hardly possible，于是成为： They all want to find jobs， which they hope can offer them handsome s alaries，but this is hardly possible.
just graduated to find jobs which can give them a
lot of money.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
实际上，刚刚毕业的大学生可以写成：newlygraduated students, 而高薪的工作可以写成 well-paying jobs, 将这两个短语放进去，成为： It is impossible for newlygraduated students to find well-paying jobs，与上面的定语从句相比会获得更高的分数。

四级写作技巧综合版ppt课件

• 近年真题回顾 2011.6 Online Shopping (adv & disadv, sug) 2010.12 How Should Parents Help Children to Be
Independent? (phe, parents should…) 2010.6 Due Attention Should Be Given to Spelling (reason
attention/posed among public attention. 6. In recent years, many cities/ nations/people have been faced /troubled with the serious
problem of…. 7. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are
– 论说文（34考）：提纲作文（31考）、图表作文（3考）
论说文---提纲作文
• 一．对立观点型论说文结构模式（1995.1,1998.6, 2000.6,2006.12）
(99-6)Reading Selectively Or Extensively?
1) 有人认为读书要有选择
2) 有人认为应当博览群书
• 三. 说明利弊型论说文结构模式（1995.6,2008.6,2011.6)
(11-6)Online Shopping
1) 现在网购成为一种时尚
2) 网购有很多好处，但也有不少问题
3) 我的建议
• 四. 阐述主题型论说文的结构模式（09.12）
(06-6) Students Selecting Their Lecturers

英语四级写作及一般写作技巧ppt课件

❖ 第二段：主题句（There are four ways to keep fit.）从几方面说明： First, we should have our breakfast in the morning. Second, we should have a nap at noon. Third, sports exercises are necessary in the afternoon. And fourth, we could have a pleasant feeling in the evening by listening to music....
；.
6
例如上面题目的第一段的写作思路是：做合格大学生，会怎么样（这是从正面论述）；不能做到合格大学生，会怎么样（从反面论述）；所以我们要做合格的大学生（结论）。第二段为说明文：它的写作特点是从几方面或几条来说明一个问题，就跟某一机器的说明书一样通过1、2、3说明它的用途。就以上面的作文而言，我们从三个方面（德智体）来说明做合格大学生的必备条件。第三段为描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。
；.
11
拿上例Good Health来说 ❖ 第一段主题句（It is very important to have good health.) ❖ 正面（With good health, we can...） ❖ 反面 (Without good health, we can do nothing. We can't do...)
；.
7
2、主题句
❖ 通过审题，我们知道了写作的思路。下边我们就谈怎么样写。第一步就是要写主题句。主题句是确保不跑题的前提，只有不跑题才有可能得及格分。写主题句最

英语四级写作PPT讲解

Body
02
Provide detailed information and examples to support
your main idea or argument.
Conclusion
03
Wrap up your paragraph with a clear conclusion that
summarizes your maபைடு நூலகம்n points.
Explaining a concept, idea, or process in a clear and organized way, often with examples and explanations.
02
Writing skills
Question review skills
Understand the question
Subject-verb agreement
The subject and verb must agree in number. For example, "The cat is sitting on the mat" (not "are").
Verb tense
The verb tense must be appropriate for the context. For example, "I walked to the store yesterday" (not "will walk").
Common question types
Composition writing
Summary writing
Writing a complete composition on a given topic, usually with a specific structure and format.

大学英语写作课件4-Composing--essays

Rules for Writing Outlines
• Avoid single subdivisions;
• Avoid mixing sentences & phrases in an outline;
• Make sure subheads of the same rank (e.g.: A, B & C) are of equal importance, are related to the headings I, II & III, and are arranged in logical order;
God helps those who help themselves.
Constant dropping of water wears away a stone.
用格言，谚语或习语总结全文，既言简意赅，又有更强说服力．
数据统计法常用表达式
From/According to the recent survey /study/statistint / scientists /experts, it can be predicted / learned / seen /estimated that …
➢(定义引导)Patriotism [‘peɪtri:ə.tɪzəm] means the love of one’s country. A person’s motherland is a place where he is born and bred, a place where his ancestors lived from generation to generation. (主题)Naturally one should develop a strong patriotism and show deep love for his people, tradition and every piece of land.

大学英语写作 4Common Errors in Composing Setences

e.g: * I called the balloon. It being the day before our wedding anniversary. I knew my wife would be surprised to receive the heart-shaped balloon. Revised: I called the balloon. It was the day before our wedding anniversary. I knew my wife would be surprised to receive the heart-shaped balloon.
Revised: I will wait to hear from you.
College English Dep.,YCU Li Ganggang
Dependent-word Fragments (从属词不完整句)
Exercises: * My father, a sales man, was on the road all week. We had a great time playing football in the house. Until he came home for the weekend. * After I got to class. I realized my report was still on the kitchen table. I had been working there the night before.
Revised: I won't leave the house until I hear from you. Rich finally picked up the socks that he had thrown on

大学英语四级考试写作技巧课件

• Prepare for the College English Test Band 4: The course is designed to prepare students for the writing section of the College English Test Band 4 (CET4), ensuring that they understand the test format and requirements and can apply their writing skills effectively in the exam
4. Comparison and contrast
Comparing and contrasting two or more things or ideas
5. Cause and effect
Exploring the reasons behind an event or phenomenon and its sequences
Paragraph coherence
01
Techniques for achieving paragraph coherence
02
1. Use transitional words and phrases to connect ideas within the paragraph
03
2. Repeat key words or phrases to emphasize important ideas
03
2. Description: Giving a detailed account of a person, place, or thing
Paragraph unfolding techniques

英语四级作文及写作模板PPT公开课获奖课件百校联赛一等奖课件

14分：切题，体现思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性很好，基本无语言错误。
11分：切题，体现思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性很好，但有少许语言错误。
8分：切题，体现思想比较清楚，文字上连贯性，但语言错误较多，其中有少许严重错误。
5分：基本切题，体现思想不够清楚，文字连贯性差，有较严重语言错误。
2分：条理不清，思想紊乱，远支离破碎或大部分句子都有错误，且多位严重错误。
4) There are may reasons explaining the
harms of PC games. 5)The main
reason is that laying PC games is an
enormous waste of time and we will
have little time for our study.
共五个等级。在相应旳等级中可视情况加减1分。
4
论说文写作
论说文是四级作文旳要点命题类型。他是之解释、议论、说理旳文章，经过利用概念、判断、推理等抽象旳逻辑形式来论证和阐明事物旳道理。
论说文旳构造基本安排：第一段：阐明现状，第二段：列举原因第三段：归纳结论，提出提议，即“提出文
体—分析文体——处理问题
3、文字通顺，连贯性很好考察学生对过渡句和连接词或短语旳掌握和利用，要求文章旳句子内部与句子之间通顺连贯，不突兀。
4、基本无语言错误考察学生旳语言基本、段落扩展、布局谋篇旳综合语言体现能
力。功，涉及语法与拼写两部分。这就要求考生不但要掌握一定旳词汇量和语法知识，还要具有很好旳遣词造句。
3
四级作文评分原则和原则
1) 名校校园正成为旅游热点 2) 校园是否应对有课开放，人们看法不同； 3) 我以为

实用大学英语综合教程(高级版)课件 Part 4 Unit 4

Keeping a diary in English is one of the effective ways to improve our English writing ability. Compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time. It can help us cultivate the habit of thinking in English. If we persist in this practice, gradually we’ll learn how to express ourselves in English.
心和内容展开，不能偏离，也不能任意增减。在扩展段落时，要合理运用提纲中的每一条关键信息对主题句进行解释和说明。要仔细审读提纲的提示信息，确定支持句和结尾句，合理有序地展开段落。
如在“Global Shortage of Fresh Water”中，提纲设定了三段。根据提示，第一段可以从降雨丰富、河水和井水等水资源充足方面对主题句进行解释。第二段的提纲中列出了水资源短缺的三大原因，主要有人口增加、工业用水增加、水资源被污染等，可以通过对这三种原因的介绍来扩展段落。第三段是文章的重点，要求阐述如何解决淡水紧缺的问题。在写作时，切忌只简单地写出 We should take measures to solve the problem这样空洞的、表态性的句子，而是要提出具体的解决方法，这样才能使文章显得充实，有说服力。我们可以根据第三段的主题句对段落进行如下扩展：
Outline: (1) Advantages of electronic dictionaries (2) Disadvantages of electronic dictionaries (3) My opinion