高考阅读理解解题技巧精讲精析

高考英语阅读理解解题技巧
一、阅读理解的答题步骤及注意事项
1、先看问题，再读文章
带着问题阅读短文，确定主攻方向，特别要注意首尾段和首尾句
2、细读全文，认真推敲
细心阅读与问题有关的词汇、句子或段落，要特别留心一些关键信息词
3、复读全文，验证答案
在选出全部答案后，应将答案带入问题中重读全文
二、能力·思维·方法
1、主旨大意题：
这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea)，选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。

记叙文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。

一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。

当然更重要的是从全文去把握.
常见问题形式有：
(1)The subject/topic of the article is ……
(2)Which of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(3)What does the passage/author mainly discuss?
(4)What’s the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?
(5)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
主旨大意题应注意的问题：
1）开门见山, 提出主题, 随之用细节来解释, 支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想. 最常见的演绎法写作方式.
Today the problem of environment has become more and more serious. The world population is rising, so quickly that the world has become too crowded. We are using up our natural resources too quickly and at the same time we are polluting our environment with dangerous chemicals. If we continue to do this, human life on earth will not survive.
2）首尾呼应.为突出主题, 作者先提出主题, 结尾时再次点出主题, 这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见. 但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复, 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味.
(首段）Shu Pulong has helped at least 1000 people bitten by snakes, “It was seeing people with snakes bites that led me to the career.” she said…
（尾段）“The sad story touched me so much that I decided to devote myself to helping people bitten by snakes. ”Shu said.
3）先表述细节,后归纳要点, 印象, 结论建议或结果, 以概括主题. 这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式
【注意】分清细节和结论
4）无主题句.即主题句隐含在全文中, 没有明确的主题句. 必须根据文篇中所提供的事
实细节，进行全面考虑，综合分析，然后找出共同的东西，归纳成一般概念。

必须注意的是，既不能以偏概全，也不能在概括时过于宽泛，要恰如其分.
【例题】
Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage?＿＿＿＿
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer.
B. Bingham is a diligent student.
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education.
2、事实细节题：
主要考查学生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。

新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考具体细节。

常见问题形式有
（1）三正一误(三项正确，只有一项不符合原文内容)或三误一正：
Which of the following is true/false except…? Which of the following is mentioned except…?
（2）定义（3）年代与数字（4）比较（5）原因和结果
细节理解应注意的问题：
1）对应性正确答案应与文中的细节一一对应
2）准确性此类题更多地倾向于将题目中的信息与原文有关细节信息进行语义上的转换，在转换过程中，做题时易犯的错误是未注意到转换的准确性，常常将细节信息中的范围、程度、语义色彩等改变，从而导致错误。

3）区分性：有时命题人会故意利用一些貌合神离的手段，比如给出与原文中一模一样的字眼来迷惑考生，让考生不加思索地选定答案，而实际上选项中的字眼与文中的相同字眼压根就不是对应同一事情.
【例题1】Laupepa expressed dissatisfaction with the United States for refusing to sign the Kyoto Protocol, an international agreement calling for industrialized nations to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions（导致温室效应的气体排放）,which are a main cause of global warming . “By refusing to sign the agreement, the US has effectively taken away the freedom of future generations of Tuvaluans to live there,” Laupepa told the BBC.
56．Laupepa was not satisfied with the United States because it did not .
A．agree to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions B．sign an agreement with Tuvalu
C．allow Tuvaluans to move to the US D．believe the problems facing Tuvalu were real
3、推理判断题：
要求考生在理解原文直接陈述观点的基础上领悟作者的言外之意，进行符合逻辑的推理，得出符合作者意愿的结论。

即要求考生根据文章提供的线索和事实进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到过的事实或某事发生的可能性，将间接论据连贯起来，得出一个合理（指准确地
从原文中推理，而不是读者主观认为的合理）的结论。

常见问题形式有(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that …
(2)The passage suggests/implies that …
(3)The author may probably agree with/support…
(4)By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means…
(5)The author seems to be in favor of/be against…
(6)The author’s purpose of writing this passage is …
推理判断题规律方法
推断就是从已知的事件中推测未知事件（指文章或作者没有直接说明但暗示出来或根据作者提供的信息可能引出的必然结论），所以这类题目找不到直接答案，只可以找出供推论的依据。

【小技巧】不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择要有同义词解释的选项。

1)不选事实细节选项2)不选非事实选项3)选概括性/哲理性的选项
【例题1】Britain almost more than any other country in the world must seriously face the problem of building upwards, that is to say, of accommodating a considerable proportion of its population in high blocks of flats. It is said that the Englishman objects to this type of existence, but if the case is such, he does in fact differ from the inhabitants of most countries of the world today.
We can infer from the passage that _______.
A.English people, like most people in other countries, dislike living in flats.
B. People in most countries of the world today are not opposed to living in flats
C. People in Britain are forced to move into high blocks of flats
D. Modern flats still fail to provide the necessary facilities for living.
【例题2】When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,“Are you single?"
“Why, yes." I answered, smiling at her happily.
“So is my mother." she said, “Would you like to meet her?"
1. The writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought___________.
A.she was young
B.it a pleasure to make friends with her
C. she was beautiful
D. it strange for her to fall in love with him
2. The waitress said hello to the writer every day because___________.
A.she lived near his house
B.he often went to visit her mother
C. she wanted to be friendly with him
D. she loved him very much
4、猜测词义题：
常见问题形式有
(1)The word “…” in Line … means/can be best replaced by…
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase “…” suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase “…” is/refers to …
(4)The word “…” is closest in meaning to…
猜测词义题规律方法
在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。

此外，我们也可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义，或通过上下文猜测，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否读的通。

【例题1】If you are a recent social graduate who has had to listen about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech “Information Age” demands people who are flexible and who have good communication skills.
Q: By saying that “You may have had the last laugh,” the author means that you may have ____.
A. shared the jokes with computer majors
B. earned as much as computer majors
C. found jobs more easily than computer majors.
D. stopped joking about computer majors
【例题2】As the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planet's nurseries. An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean. Salt water from the ocean and fresh water from the river mix together in an estuary. This mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled with life of all kinds --- a zone between the land and the sea. Estuaries are the homes of thousands of animals and plants. Many cities and towns are built near estuaries, and a lot of fish is caught in estuaries.
Q: What does “unique” mean in the passage? A. perfect B. strange C. clean D. special 【例题3】The Chinese people’s love affair with jade(翡翠) is a long and unbroken one. For five thousand years, Chinese have enjoyed wearing, collecting and appreciating jade. And Chinese craftsmen(工匠) have created a great number and variety of fine works in jade. Starting from Tuesday, an exhibition entitled “ Romance with Jade” opens at Beijing’s Palace Museum, also known as the Forbidden City. And for many of the valuable stones, it’s a genuine homecoming.
If these pieces of jade had feeling, they’d probably be sighing over the unusual cycle of life. After several hundred years of changing hands, including being shipped overseas, the art works have finally come home. For many of the pieces, their return is especially meaningful, since the Forbidden City was wher e they were originally housed. And this wouldn’t have been possible without the efforts of one man.
68. By saying “it’s a genuine homecoming”, the writer means that the valuable stones have come to the place ________.
A. where they were “born”
B. where they’re loved best
C. where they were originally kept
D. where they’ll be kept properly
69. Some pieces of jade are said to have had an “unusual cycle of life” because they have ____.
A. survived many different dynasties
B. witnessed(见证) lifestyles of various people
C. been marked with signs of damage
D. traveled here and there from hand to hand
5、理解作者的观点和态度题：
既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。

理解作者的观点和态度题主要形式:
(1)The writer’s purpose in writing this story is …
(2)The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that …
理解作者的观点和态度题规律方法：
正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时语气或他对所论述的对象的态度。

——假如你是作者，你为什么要写本文？
【小技巧】辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。

表示贬义：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.
表示褒义: positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring…
表示中立: indifferent, impassive, uninterested, ambivalent, neutral, apathetic, humor, disinterested, disinterest.
三、文章的基本结构
1、理解文章基本结构
（1）说明文的基本结构：Descriptive writing
Definition Description Example
Comparison Conclusion (Introduction) (Explanation) Classification
（2）议论文的基本结构(Argumentation)
Topic Arguments facts
example conclusion (Opinion) (Supporting sentences) theory
（3）记叙文的基本结构：（Narrative writings)
Story presentation Time clues Ending
(account) Inverted time clues (surprising/ humorous way
（4）夹叙夹议文的基本结构：
opinion
story presentation conclusion advice
significance
2、对文章基本结构理解的考查方式
（1）问结构
1）How is the text organized?（07浙江52题）
A. Topic—Argument—Explanation
B. Opinion—Discussion—Description
C. Main idea—comparison—supporting examples
D. Introduction—supporting examples--conclusion
2) The writer uses the example of “ocelots”/“the 2000 Sydney Olympic” to show that...
3)The first paragraph is used as…/to…
4)The first paragraph mentioned Peter Jennings’ death in order to-
（2）指代
1)The word “everything” in paragraph 2 means____
2)What does the underlined word in paragraph 4 refer to?
（3）文章出处题
1)The passage is most likely to be taken from___
The passage is most likely a part of____
3)The passage is most likely to be taken from the article entitled_____
4)What may be talked about before the first paragraph? /after the last paragraph?
5)The paragraph following the passage will probably discuss____
1. 以brea k为中心的词组break away from 脱离，逃离break down 破坏，粉碎；瓦解；出故障，抛锚break in 闯进，打断；使顺服break into 闯入；强行进入；突然开始break out 爆发，发生；准备使用；起锚break the law 违反法律break the record 破记录break one’s promise 失言break up 开垦，破碎；解散，分开，分解
2. 以catch为中心的词组be caught doing 被发现做某事be caught in the rain 淋雨catch a bus/train 赶汽车/火车catch a cold 伤风，感冒catch one’s word 听懂某人的话catch sight of 发现，瞥见catch up with 赶上，追及，追上
3. 以come为中心的词组come across 偶尔发现，想起；越过；偿付come along 一道来，陪伴；进步，进展；出现come at 达到，求得，得到；扑向，袭击come back 回来；恢复，复原come down 倒下；降落；跌落；病倒come from 来自，起源于，从~~产生，生于come in 进来，进入；流行起来；获名次come into being 发生，产生，出现，形成come into power 开始执政，当权，当选come into use 开始使用，获得应用come on 上演；开始；赶快；发展；登台；（问题）被提出come to know 开始了解到come out 出来，传出；出版；结果是；褪色；（秘密）泄露come to 苏醒，复原；共计；达到；归结
于come to an end 终止，结束come true 实现，成为现实；证实come up 走近；上楼；长出，发芽
4. 以do为中心的词组be done in 精疲力竭be done with 完全结束do a good deed 做一件好事do away with 去掉，废除；弄死；浪费do good to (=do sb. good) 有益于do harm to (=do sb. good) 有害于do its work 有效，有作用do much 极有用
do wrong to 做错do one’s best 尽某人最大努力do one’s homework 做作业
do one’s utmost 尽力而为do proud 足以使~~骄傲do sb. justice 公平对待某人do some cleaning (V+ing,etc.) 搞卫生do sb. a favor 帮助某人
do well in 学得不错，干得漂亮do with 和~~相处，忍受，处理do without 不需要，不用do wonders 创造奇迹have much to do with 和~~很有关系have nothing to do with 与~~无关have something to do with 和~~有关in doing so=in so doing 这时，在这种情况下That will do. 行了；够了
5. 以get为中心的词组get about 徘徊，走动，旅行；流传get above oneself 自视高傲get accustomed to 习惯于，对~~习以为常get across 度过，通过，横过；说服，使理解get ahead of 胜过，超过get along 前进，进步；同意；离去
get along with 与~~相处get at 发现，了解；掌握；攻击have got to do 不得不，必须get away 离开，逃脱get back 取回，回来；报复get behind 落后；识破get down 咽下；写下；使沮丧，使抑郁get down to 认真对待，静下心来get familiar with 熟悉get hold of 获得，取得get home 到家get in 进入，陷入；牵涉get off 送走；脱下（衣服）；下车；动身get on 上车；穿上；进步，使前进；成功；相处get upon with 进步；在~~方面获得成功get one’s hand in 熟悉；习惯get out of 由~~出来，从~~得出；避免；退休get over 越过；恢复，痊愈；克服；完成get ready for 为~~作准备get rid of 除去，去掉；免除，摆脱get through 到达，完成，通过；及格get together 积聚，积累；商谈，取得一致意见get up 起床，起立；研究，钻研；致力于；安排，组织get used to 习惯于6. 以give为中心的词组be given to 沉溺于，癖好give about 分配；传播give and take 相互迁就give away 赠送；牺牲；泄露；颁发give back 归还give cause 给予~~的理由give ear to 侧耳倾听give forth 发出，放出；发表give in 屈服，让步，投降give in to 同意，接受；向~~让步give off 发出（烟，气味）give oneself out to be/as 自称为give oneself up to 专心于；向~~自首give out 分发，公布give place to 让位于，被~~所替代give rise to 引起，导致；使~~发生give sb. to understand 通知某人give up 放
弃；停止give way to 让步，退却；屈服于
7. 以look为中心的词组look about 四下环顾；查看look after 照顾，看管look around 东张西望look at 注视，着眼于look back 回顾look for 寻找；期待，期望look down on 俯视；轻视look forward to 盼望，期待look into 窥视；调查；浏览look like 看起来象look on 旁观；面向look out 向外看；注意；当心，堤防look over 从上面看过去；检查look through 透过~~看去；看穿；浏览look up to 仰望，尊敬
8. 以make为中心的词组be made from 由~~原料制成be made of 由~~材料制成be made up of 由~~组成make a fool of 愚弄，欺骗make a mistake 弄错make a point of doing 强调；认为~~重要；决心，坚持make advantages/use of 使用，利用make after 追求，追赶make believe 假装make certain 确信，把~~弄清楚make contact with 接通，与~~接触，与~~联系make for 去向，向~~前进；有利于make friends with 和~~交友make into 把~~制成，使~~转变为make much of 重视；理解；赏识make one’s mind on sth. 决定某事make one’s own 当作自己的看待make oneself at home 随便，别拘束make out 填写；开支票；理解；辨认make the best of 尽量利用；极为重视make up 弥补，修理；赔偿，补偿；起草；编造；化装make up to 接近，巴结；向~~求爱make way for 为~~让路，让路于on the make 急求成功；增加
9. 以put为中心的词组put aside 把~~放在一边；搁置；排除put away 把~~放好，把~~收拾；储藏；吃喝，吃掉put back 把~~放回原处；驳回put down 放下；镇压；制止；记下；削减；降落put forward 提出；拨快；建议，推荐；提倡，倡议put ~~ into 把~~放入；插入；翻译成put off 推迟，延期；消除；推脱，推辞put on 上演；穿上，带上put up with 忍受，容忍put one’s heart into 全神贯注，专心致志put up 举起，挂起；提名，推荐；陈列
10. 以take为中心的词组be taken aback 吃惊take a seat 就坐take a shower 淋浴，洗澡take aim 瞄准，设立目标take away 拿走，减去；夺去take ~~ by surprise 出奇制胜take one’s place 就坐，入坐take care of 当心，注意；照顾；提防；谨慎；处理，对付；负责take office 就职，上任take ~~ for 把~当作take off 脱去，除去；离开；起飞；模仿；起程；致死；复制，作副本；减弱take one’s temperature 量体温take part in 参与，参加take it easy 别着急，慢慢来take place = happen 发生，举行take the place of 代替take pride in 以~~为荣，对~~骄傲take sb. by the arm 拉某人的胳膊
11. 以turn为中心的词组
give a new turn to 对~~予以新的看法in one’s turn 轮到某人做某事out of turn 不按次序的，不合适宜的take one’s turn to do 轮到做turn a blind eye to 对~~视而不见turn against 背叛，采取敌对态度turn back 折回，往回走turn down 折叠，翻下，驳回，拒绝考虑turn into 走进；变成，变为turn to ~~for help 求助于turn off 关上（自来水，电器开关）；解雇，辞退；避开（问题）；制造；生产turn on 打开（自来水，电器开关）；反对；依靠，依赖，取决于turn one’s attention to 把注意力转向turn out 培养；证明是；制成；实际情况是turn out to be 原来是，证明是，结果是turn over a new leaf 翻开新的一页，重新开始，改过自新turn (a)round 旋转，转过身来；改变意见；采取新政策turn to 变成；着手于turn upside down 颠倒过来，翻过来；使陷入混乱。