chapter8(第一讲)
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计算机组成与结构体系英文课件：Chapter 8 – The Memory System - 1
Big-endian Assignment In this assignment, the lower byte addresses are used for the more significant bytes (the leftmost bytes) of the word. Example: Big-endian assignment for 32-bit word-length byte-addressable memory.
Big-endian assignment
Little-endian assignment
The Memory System Overview (8)
Memory Locations and Addresses (ctd.)
Little-endian Assignment (ctd.)
Note: In both cases, byte addresses 0, 4, 8, …, are taken as the addresses of successive words in the memory and are the addresses used when specifying memory operations for words.
Internal Memory (Primary Storage)
Internal to the system, directly accessible by the processor.
Example: Main Memory, Cache, Processor Registers
External Memory (Secondary Storage)
External to the system, accessible by the processor via an I/O module.
Big-endian assignment
Little-endian assignment
The Memory System Overview (8)
Memory Locations and Addresses (ctd.)
Little-endian Assignment (ctd.)
Note: In both cases, byte addresses 0, 4, 8, …, are taken as the addresses of successive words in the memory and are the addresses used when specifying memory operations for words.
Internal Memory (Primary Storage)
Internal to the system, directly accessible by the processor.
Example: Main Memory, Cache, Processor Registers
External Memory (Secondary Storage)
External to the system, accessible by the processor via an I/O module.
Chapter 8Inspection and Claims《外贸英语》PPT课件
（2）The inspection will be done by the agreed inspection authority before the goods are placed on the vessel at the port of the shipment and the final quality or weight of the goods delivered shall be subject to the Quality and Weight Certificate.
8.2 Claims 8.2.1 Breach of the contract and remedies
Breach by the seller Breach by the buyer
01
02
Buyer's remedies
03
04
Seller's remedies
8.2 Claims 8.2.2 The buyer's claim
account of losses resulting from his or their neglect.In import and
export business，disputes between the buyer and the seller may
arise although the two parties perform the contract very carefully.
For instance，a seller may breach a contract by failing to make an
agreed delivery，delivering goods that do not conform to the
8.2 Claims 8.2.1 Breach of the contract and remedies
Breach by the seller Breach by the buyer
01
02
Buyer's remedies
03
04
Seller's remedies
8.2 Claims 8.2.2 The buyer's claim
account of losses resulting from his or their neglect.In import and
export business，disputes between the buyer and the seller may
arise although the two parties perform the contract very carefully.
For instance，a seller may breach a contract by failing to make an
agreed delivery，delivering goods that do not conform to the
Chapter 8 电子传递和氧化磷酸化
磷酸二羟丙酮
NAD+
甘油-3-磷酸
磷酸二羟丙酮 线 粒 体 膜 间 隙
甘油-3-磷酸
FADH2
FAD
NADHFMN CoQ b c1 c aa3 O2
线粒体基质 NADH通过穿梭系统带一对电子进入线粒体，只产生2分子ATP。
（二）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统
在哺乳动物的心脏和肝脏等组织中，存在着活 跃的苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统。这一穿梭系统涉及 胞液和基质中的苹果酸脱氢酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶， 以及线粒体内膜中的载体。转运步骤如下： 1）NADH进入内膜 ①在苹果酸脱氢酶的催化下，胞液NADH将草酰乙 酸还原为苹果酸。 ②苹果酸经二羧酸转位酶进入线粒体基质。 ③在基质中，线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶催化苹果酸重 新氧化为草酰乙酸，使线粒体内的NAD＋还原为NADH ，经呼吸链氧化。
膜间隙：含许多可溶性酶、底 物及辅助因子。 基质：含三羧酸循环酶系、线 粒体基因 表达酶系等以及线粒 体 DNA, RNA，核糖体。
细胞质中脱氢、产 生CO2
细胞膜 产H2O、 产能
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
原核生物细胞
1. 呼吸链的概念 生物氧化体系中的传递体所组成 的电子传递体系称为呼吸链，或叫电 子传递链。
2. 呼吸链的组成——电子传递体
2、氧化磷酸化抑制剂 如寡霉素等直接抑制ATP的合成。ATP的合成受到 抑制后，质子浓度梯度得不到释放，电子传递过 程在难以泵出质子时也会慢慢停止。
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
质子浓 度梯度 抗霉素 A 氰化物 一氧化碳
鱼藤酮 寡霉素 2,4－二硝基苯酚 （解偶联剂） 安密妥
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
电子经由不同的呼吸链产生的P/O比值
膜间空隙
NAD+
甘油-3-磷酸
磷酸二羟丙酮 线 粒 体 膜 间 隙
甘油-3-磷酸
FADH2
FAD
NADHFMN CoQ b c1 c aa3 O2
线粒体基质 NADH通过穿梭系统带一对电子进入线粒体，只产生2分子ATP。
（二）苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统
在哺乳动物的心脏和肝脏等组织中，存在着活 跃的苹果酸-天冬氨酸穿梭系统。这一穿梭系统涉及 胞液和基质中的苹果酸脱氢酶和天冬氨酸转氨酶， 以及线粒体内膜中的载体。转运步骤如下： 1）NADH进入内膜 ①在苹果酸脱氢酶的催化下，胞液NADH将草酰乙 酸还原为苹果酸。 ②苹果酸经二羧酸转位酶进入线粒体基质。 ③在基质中，线粒体苹果酸脱氢酶催化苹果酸重 新氧化为草酰乙酸，使线粒体内的NAD＋还原为NADH ，经呼吸链氧化。
膜间隙：含许多可溶性酶、底 物及辅助因子。 基质：含三羧酸循环酶系、线 粒体基因 表达酶系等以及线粒 体 DNA, RNA，核糖体。
细胞质中脱氢、产 生CO2
细胞膜 产H2O、 产能
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
原核生物细胞
1. 呼吸链的概念 生物氧化体系中的传递体所组成 的电子传递体系称为呼吸链，或叫电 子传递链。
2. 呼吸链的组成——电子传递体
2、氧化磷酸化抑制剂 如寡霉素等直接抑制ATP的合成。ATP的合成受到 抑制后，质子浓度梯度得不到释放，电子传递过 程在难以泵出质子时也会慢慢停止。
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
质子浓 度梯度 抗霉素 A 氰化物 一氧化碳
鱼藤酮 寡霉素 2,4－二硝基苯酚 （解偶联剂） 安密妥
氧化磷酸化的抑制和解偶联
电子经由不同的呼吸链产生的P/O比值
膜间空隙
Chapter 8 Language and Society
Innatist, represented by Chomsky,claims that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking.
Chapter 8 Language and Society
1. How is language related to society? [1] Language is used to establish and maintain social
relationships. Such as “Good morning!”, “Hi!”, “How’s your family?”, “Nice day today, isn’t it?” [2] the kind of language speakers chooses to use is in part determined by their social background. [3] the structure of lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society.
On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality. On the other, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.
Chapter 8 Language and Society
1. How is language related to society? [1] Language is used to establish and maintain social
relationships. Such as “Good morning!”, “Hi!”, “How’s your family?”, “Nice day today, isn’t it?” [2] the kind of language speakers chooses to use is in part determined by their social background. [3] the structure of lexicon, reflects both the physical and the social environments of a society.
On the one hand, language as an integral part of human being, permeates his thinking and way of viewing the world, language both expresses and embodies cultural reality. On the other, language, as a product of culture, helps perpetuate the culture, and the changes in language uses reflect the cultural changes in return.
Chapter 8 Pragmatics 语用学 语言学教程 胡壮麟.ppt
(b) In a language class where a student made a mistake, for he intended to say “tidy”.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
(c) The room was wanted for a meeting.
பைடு நூலகம்
(2) I can’t work under untidy circumstances.
are acts.
8.1.1 Performatives and constatives Austin (How to Do Things with Words,
1962) Consider these sentences: a) I name this ship Elizabeth. b) I bequeath my watch to my brother. c) I now pronounce you man and wife. d) I bet you sixpence it will rain
A. (i) There must be a relevant conventional procedure, and
(ii) the relevant participants and circumstances must be appropriate.
B. The procedure must be executed (i) correctly and (ii) completely.
Possible contexts:
(a) A request to someone to tidy up the circumstances.
(b) It was an excuse for not wanting to do something there.
Chapter 8.ppt
Brand equity Building strong brands
Brand name selection Brand sponsorship Manufacturer’s brand Private brand Licensing Co-branding Brand development
Industrial products
Materials
products Shopping products Specialty products Unsought products
and parts Capital items Supplies and services
Group Assignment (Presentation 2)
制作一份品牌定位策划书； 设计某一品牌的名称和标志（品牌标识）； 对某一产品进行包装设计； 为某一品牌设计新产品组合策略，实现品牌 延伸。
Describe the core, actual, and augmented levels of laptop.
Is Microsoft’s Windows XP professional operating software a product or a service? Describe the core, actual, and augmented levels of this software offering?
Organizations, Persons, Places, and Ideas
Product and Service Decisions
Individual product decisions Product line decisions Product mix decisions
英语词汇学课件chapter-8-Meaning-and-Context
1) a sheet of paper (thin flat sheets of substance for writing, printing, decorating walls, etc.)
2) a white paper (government document)
3) a term paper (essay written at the end of the term)
(1) The fish is ready to eat. (2) I like Mary better than Jean.
8.2.2 Indication of Referents
English has a large number of deictic(指示的) words such as now/then, here/there, I/you, this/that, which are often used to refer directly to the personal, temporal or locational characteristics of the situation. Without clear context, the reference can be very confusing, e.g. now.
4) today’s paper (newspaper)
5) examination paper (a set of questions used as an examination)
2) Grammatical Context
In some cases, the meanings of a polysemant may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. This is what we call grammatical context. Let us consider the verb become for example.
Chapter 8 ecosystem 生态系统
1. Definition of System
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Any organized assembly of resources and procedures united and regulated by interaction or interdependence to accomplish a set of specific functions. Basic properties:
3. Components of ecosystem
Climatic factors (illumination, temperature, humid, wind, et al)
Inorganic matter
Inorganic components
Organic matter
Ecosystem
heat
complex organic compounds
heterotrophs
simple inorganic compounds
(this may include several steps, with several different types of organisms)
Heterotrophs
Importance of Researches on Ecosystem
Propellent(推进) of ecology research; Most important and most vigorous research field in ecology: IBP（国际生物学计划）、MAB（人 与生物圈计划）; Seeking for the mechanisms of continuance, stability, and harmony of natural ecosystem is the key to support sustainable development; All the efforts to change nature are conducted in ecosystem.
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Introduction
After making shipment, the seller should promptly advise the buyer of its effectuation, no matter whether the transaction is concluded on FOB, CFR or CIF basis. For FOB and CFR transactions, the buyer will have to effect insurance on the shipment upon receipt of shipping advice from the seller. It has been a customary practice that in the case of FOB transactions, the seller, before shipping, should ask the buyer to name the vessel on which the goods are to be shipped unless otherwise specified in the contract or L/C.
Introduction
Letters regarding shipment are usually written for the following purposes: to urge an early shipment; to amend shipping terms; to give shipping advice; to dispatch shipping documents and so on. Taking advantage of the occasion to advise the buyer of the shipment, the seller may also review the course of the transaction and express the desire for further development of business.
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
We are informed by the local shipping company that S.S "Peace" is due to sail from your port for our port on or about the l0 September and we have booked shipping space on it. Please get the goods ready in time and have them shipped per that steamer.
The attached list are particulars of packing and shipping marks, which must be strictly observed.
We are looking forward to receiving your shipping advice soon.
Specimen Letter 2 Shipping Advice
Dear Sirs, Re: Shipping advice for S/C No. 0215 We are pleased to inform you that according to your
instruction we have loaded the 20, 000 pcs. Nursing Bottle under the S/C No. 0215 on board，the s. s. "Peace" which is due to sail from Shanghai for your port tomorrow.
Therefore, in negotiating the clause dealing with the transportation of goods in a sales contract, the elements of time, types of shipping service, freight, etc. should be under careful consideration.
The original documents have already been handed to our bankers, Bank of China, Shanghai, who will soon forward them to you.
Lesson 22 Shipping Inபைடு நூலகம்truction and Advice
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
Yours faithfully, (signature)
Carlson & Maxwell
Encl. packing and shipping marks
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
We are glad to have executed your order as contracted, and hope the goods will arrive to you in perfect condition.
We look forward to future order from you.
Lesson 22 Shipping Instruction and Advice
Specimen Letter 1 Shipping Instruction Dear Sirs,
Re: Your S/C No. 0215 Covering 20, 000 pcs. Nursing Bottle
We have received your email of 9 August in connection with the subject goods.
Introduction
With the expansion of international trade, the container service has become popular. The use of containers provides a highly efficient form of transport by road, rail and air though its fullest benefits are felt in shipping, where costs may be reduced by as much as one half. Containers are constructed of metal and are of standard lengths ranging from ten to forty feet.
Introduction
In international trade, it is generally accepted that the contract is broken if the exporter does not dispatch the goods in accordance with the time and mode of delivery as agreed upon between the importer and the exporter.
Module Four Execution of Contract
Chapter 8 Shipment
Introduction
Shipments refer to the carriage of the goods from the sellers to the buyers, and it is related to transport services. Of the various means of transportation available, ocean freight is by far the most important one. In most movements of goods, usually three parties are involved: The consignor, the consignee and the carrier.
Yours truly, (signature) China National Imp. & Exp. Corp. Encl. photocopies of the shipping documents as mentioned above
Words & Expression
1.shipping instruction 装运指示 2.in connection with 与…有关；与…相连 3.shipped per steamer 由船舶运送 4.shipping advice 装船通知 5.load on board 装上船 6.sail from 由…启航 7.sail for 船驶向… 8.non-negotiable B/L 不可转让提单 9.Certificate of Origin 原产地证 10.in perfect condition 完好无损；情况完好
Introduction
The ocean bill of lading is an essential document in making a shipment. It presents three aspects. First, it is a receipt of the goods. Second, it is a contract for the performance of certain services upon certain conditions. Third, it serves also as an evidence of ownership of the goods described, and when made out "to order", it becomes in practice a negotiable instrument, used as security for loans and other purposes. When drawn in this way, it is known as an order bill of lading. The straight bill of lading, on the other hand, is made out to a specific consignee. Such a document is not negotiable.