African-American History美国黑人历史美国黑人运动(英语)

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美国黑人历史英文

In 1926, Woodson changed the name to Negro History Week. He selected the month of February for the celebration as a way to honor of the birth of two men whose actions drastically altered the future of black Americans. Abraham Lincoln, the U.S. President who issued the Emancipation Proclamation was born on February 12th and Frederick Douglass, one of the nation’s leading abolitionists was born on February 14th. Dr. Carter G. Woodson died in 1950, but his legacy continued on as the celebration of Negro History Week was adopted by cities and organizations across the country. This observance proved especially important during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s, a time when the inhumane and unequal treatment of black people in America was being challenged and overturned. The Black Power Movement of the 1970s emphasized racial pride and the significance of collective cultural values. This prompted the ASNLH, now called the Association for the Study of African American Life and History, to change Negro History Week to Black History Week. In 1976, they extended the week to a month-long observance. Black History Month is now recognized and widely celebrated by the entire nation on both a scholarly and commercial level. The Association for the Study of African American Life and History continues to promote, preserve and research black history and culture year-round.

美国黑人歧视运动的历史与现状

美国黑人歧视运动的历史与现状自从400多年前欧洲殖民者开始从非洲大陆带回大量奴隶到美洲大陆以来，美国黑人就一直面临着种族歧视和压迫。

虽然，在美国的历史上，黑人有过一些重要的进步，如1865年奴隶制度的废除、1964年民权法案的颁布等等，但这些进展只是黑人争取平等权利和地位长期斗争的一个起点，而不是一个终点。

直到今天，美国黑人仍然受到了各种形式的歧视和攻击，不平等对待的问题仍然存在于各个方面，包括教育、就业、法律、医疗等等领域。

历史上黑人运动的起点黑人的平权运动解放运动，开始于1896年，当时美国最高法院通过“弗格森（Ferguson）诉皮阿特斯（Plessy）案”裁决，认为由于美国黑人种族和白人种族天生不同，因此两种人必须分开，要求黑人使用自己的餐厅、厕所、公共场地等设施。

这个裁决被称为“隔离但平等”的原则。

以民权领袖马丁路德金为代表的平等权利运动，试图打破这种隔离的原则，赢得黑人在美国社会中的平等权利，最终引领了美国从20世纪50年代始，一场广阔而深刻的黑人权利运动，成为了美国历史上最有影响力的争取权利和平等的运动之一。

民权领袖马丁路德金和统一非洲国家组织（NAACP）等社会团体，采用了种种手段，为黑人平等权利争取了很大的进展。

包括：在学校和大学中，黑人有权接受良好的教育；在住房市场，黑人可以和白人一样选择住房；在就业市场，黑人可以获得公正待遇。

这些进展证明了在平等权利方面，美国社会的进展和改变是真实而有意义的。

然而，直到今天，仍然有大量的黑人生活在恶劣的环境中，在低收入、高失业、低受教育程度、健康差等方面面临着很大的不公平待遇。

例如，在美国有10%的黑人年均工资低于1500美元，而白人这个数字是3%。

美国黑人贫困率是美国人口中最高的群体之一，比例高达25%以上。

由于贫困的原因和其他因素，权利的平等还没有在美国的实际生活中得到实现。

居住分化的问题在整个平权运动过程中，造成黑人贫困的原因之一是住房隔离。

美国黑人民权运动的历史及其成就

美国黑人民权运动的历史及其成就美国历史上的黑人民权运动是一场旷世大戏，它不仅改变了美国社会结构，也深刻地影响着全球的社会进程。

它的历史可以追溯到18世纪后期，但直到20世纪60年代，通过一系列著名的事件和行动，终于促成了激进的、具有广泛社会影响力的改革和民主化进程。

1. 种族隔离的产生美国黑人民权运动的起源可以追溯到数百年前，当时欧洲的殖民者带着大量的黑奴来到新大陆。

这些黑人从非洲被运到美洲，被当作仆人和奴隶，被迫进行苦力劳动。

在扩张性的国家发展中，黑人一直是被忽视的阶层，他们没有与白人一样的权利和机会。

随后，从奴隶制度逐渐演变为种族隔离政策，黑人被剥夺了投票权、平等教育、自由选择住所和工作等基本权利。

2. 黑人民权运动起步20世纪初，黑人社区开始积极地反抗种族隔离政策，从而启动了美国黑人民权运动。

其中最著名的一件事是蒙哥马利公共汽车事件。

1955年12月1日，一位叫罗莎·帕克斯的黑人女性，拒绝让位给一位白人乘客，导致了她被捕。

这个事件触发了著名的蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动，黑人社区联合抵制公共汽车，不再购买该公司的车票。

终于在13个月后，情况迫使公共汽车公司取消了种族隔离的政策。

3. 黑人民权领袖早期的黑人民权运动领袖大多数是运动员，例如杰西·欧文斯和约翰·卡洛斯。

但更重要的是，马丁·路德·金、马尔科姆·X和夏普顿·珀斯等被称为“三巨头”的领袖成为了黑人民权的标志性人物。

马丁·路德·金通过代表黑人社会，呼吁平等权利和机会。

马尔科姆·X则主张更激进的手段，通过“科技革命”手段建立黑人民族国家。

夏普顿·珀斯则调动了全民的抗议运动，声称需要通过造成经济困境，来迫使政府推进平权和公民权利。

4. 黑人民权运动的成就美国黑人民权运动的诸多成就堪称卓越。

它通过一系列的非暴力行动，打破了种族隔离的壁垒，实现了被剥夺的民权、选举权、教育权和住所选择权。

美国黑人文化历史ppt课件

They'd the lowest salary, insurance and other many unfair treatments.
5
Cause of the movement
On December 1,1955,in Montgomery,Rosa Parks refused to obey bus driver's order that she gave up her seat in the colored section to a white passenger after the white section was filled.
12
literature 19th century: Harriet Beecher Stowe (Uncle Tom's Cabin)
20th century: Toni Morrison (Song of Solomon)
13
Politics
Barack Obama
◎Was elected the 44th President in 2008 ◎Won Nobel Peace Prize in 2009
Group 6
African-American
1
Contents
Brief introduce about the African-American African-American Civil Rights Movement
Causes of the movement The key event of the movement Results and influence of the movement
It changes America from a country which was against the Black into a community which admits every citizen has equal rights.

美国黑人民权运动

美国黑人民权运动（African-American Civil Rights Movement，又译为“非裔美国人民权运动”），美国民权运动的一部分，于1950年代兴起，直至1970年代，乃是经由非暴力的抗议行动，争取非裔美国人民权的群众斗争。

20世纪50年代中期至60年代中期美国黑人反对种族歧视和种族压迫，争取政治经济和社会平等权利，1954年美国联邦最高法院判定教育委员会种族隔离的学校违法，1955年阿拉巴马州蒙哥马利市，黑人公民以全面罢乘来反对公车上的黑白隔离措施，1963年华盛顿的林肯纪念馆广场聚集二十五万名群众反种族隔离，美国民权运动领袖马丁·路德·金博士发表著名的演说《我有一个梦》为民权运动的高峰，其他参与的著名人物还有麦尔坎·X （Malcolm X）等人。

百年前林肯虽解放了黑奴，但黑人平等的公民权在南方却从未获落实，直到金博士领导民权运动才获得成功，1960年代美国民权运动兴起，对其社会及留学生有很大影响，当时对少数民族及妇女的权力均受到重视，开拓了新的视野，金博士也因此获颁1964年诺贝尔和平奖。

战后头10年，美国黑人争取平等自由的运动只限于由美国全国有色人种协进会在法院进行的斗争。

1954 年5月17日，美国最高法院为改变美国在国际上的形象，就布朗控诉托布卡教育委员会一案作出判决：公立学校所实行的种族隔离教育是不平等的，违反《美利坚合众国宪法第14条修正案》。

1955 年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人罗莎·帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给白人，被捕入狱。

因为她的被捕还引发了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动（MontgomeryBus Boycott )。

在黑人牧师马丁·路德·金的领导下，全城5万黑人团结一致，罢乘公共汽车达一年之久，终于迫使汽车公司取消种族隔离制。

1957年，金牧师及其支持者组成南方基督教领袖会议，将运动深入到南部生活的各个领域。

美国黑人进程(英文版)

Separ ate drinking fountains for whites and blacks. "Colored balconies" in movie theater s. Seats in the back of the bus. Soldiers called out to protect little c hildr en who were trying to go to school.It may be diffic ult to believe these wer e examples of conditions in Americ a less than 40 years ago. The struggle to c hange these c onditions, and to win equal pr otection under the law for citizens of all r ac es, for med the bac kdr op of Martin Luther King's short life.1954 Brown vs. Board of E ducation: U.S. Supr eme Court bans segregation in public schools.1955 Bus boyc ott launched in Montgomery, Ala., after an Afric an-Americ an woman, Rosa Par ks, is arrested Dec ember 1 for r efusing to give up her seat to a white per son .1956 Dec ember 21. After mor e than a year of boyc otting the buses and a legal fight, the Montgomery buses desegr egate.1957 Garfield High Sc hool becomes fir st Seattle high sc hool with mor e than 50 perc ent nonwhite student body. At pr eviously all-white Central High in Little Roc k, Ar k., 1,000 par a trooper s ar e c alled by Pr esident Eisenhower to r estor e or der and escort nine blac k students.1960 The sit-in protest movement begins in February at a Woolworth's lunc h c ounter in Gr eensboro, N.C. and spreads acr oss the nation.1961 Freedom rides begin from Washington, D.C: Gr oups of blac k and white people ride buses through the South to c hallenge segr egation. King makes his only visit to Seattle. He visits numer ous places, including two mor ning assemblies at Garfield High School.1962 Blac ks bec ome the maj ority at Garfield High, 51 perc ent of the student population - a first for Seattle. The school district aver age is 5.3 percent. Two killed, many inj ured in riots as James Mer edith is enrolled as the fir st blac k at the University of Mississippi.1963 Polic e arrest King and other m inister s demonstr ating in Bir m ingham, Ala., then tur n fire hoses and polic e dogs on the marc hers.Medgar Ever s, NAACP leader, is murder ed June 12 as he enter s his home in Jac kson, Miss. About 1,300 people march fr om the Centr al Ar ea to downtown Seattle, demanding gr eater j ob opportunities for blac ks in department stores.The Bon Marc he pr om ises 30 new jobs for blac ks.About 400 people rally at Seattle City Hall to protest delays in passing an open-housing law. In r esponse, the city for m s a 12-member Human Rights Commission but only two blac ks ar e included, pr ompting a sit-in at City Hall and Seattle's first civil-rights arr ests. 250,000 people attend the March on Washington, D.C. urging support for pending civil-rights legislation. The event was highlighted by King's "I have a dr eam" speec h.The Seattle Sc hool District implements a voluntary r acial tr ansfer progr am, mainly aimed at busing black students to mostly white schools.Four girls killed Sept. 15 in bombing of the Sixteenth Str eet Baptist Church in Bir m ingham, Ala.1964 Seattle City Council agr ees to put together an open-housing or dinanc e but insists on putting it on the ballot. Voter s defeat it by a 2-to-1 r atio. It will be four mor e year s before an open-housing ordinanc e bec omes law.Three civil-rights worker s ar e mur der ed in Mississippi.July 2 - Pr esident Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.Out of 955 people employed by the Seattle Fire Department, just two were Afric an Amer ican, and only one was Asian --- 0.2 and 0.1 percent of the forc e, r espectively. By the end of 1993, the department was 12.2 percent African Americ an and 5.6 percent Asian1965 Malc olm X is murder ed Feb. 21, 1965. Thr ee men ar e c onvicted of his mur der.August 6. President Johnson signs the Vo ting Rights Act of 1965. The act, which King sought, authorized feder al examiner s to r egister qualified voters and suspended devices suc h as liter acy tests that aimed to prevent African Americ ans fr om voting.August 11-16: Watts riots leave 34 dead in Los Angeles.1967 Sam Smith elected Seattle's fir st blac k city c ouncilman.1968 Aar on Dixon bec omes first leader of Blac k Panther Party br anch in Seattle.The Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tenn., unleashing violence in mor e than 100 cities.In r esponse to King's death, Seattle r esidents hurled firebombs, br oke windows, and pelted motorists with roc ks. Ten thousand people also marched to Seattle Center for a r ally in his memory.Rally at Garfield High in support of Dixon, Larry Gossett, and Carl Miller, sentenc ed to six months in the King County Jail for unlawful assembly in an earlier demonstr ation. Befor e the speakers were finished, fir ebombs and roc ks were flying toward car s c oming down 23rd Avenue. Spor adic riots in Seattle's Ce ntr al Ar ea during the summer.1969 Edwin Pratt, exec utive dir ector of the Seattle Urban League and a moder ate and r espected Afric an Americ an leader, is shot to death while standing in the doorway of his home. The m ur der has never been solved.1977 Seattle Sc hool Boar d adopts a plan designed to eliminate r acial imblanc e in sc hools by fall 1979.1978 Seattle bec omes the largest city in the United States to desegr egate its schools without a c ourt order; nearly one-quarter of the school district's students a r e bused as part of the "Seattle Plan." Two months later, voter s pass an anti-busing initiative. It is later ruled unc onstitutionalIn a blow to efforts to diversify univer sity enr ollment, the U.S. Supr eme Court outlaws racial quotas in a suit brought by Allan Bakke, a white man who had been turned down by the medic al school at Univer sity of Califor nia, Davis.1989 Douglas Wilder of Vir ginia bec omes the nation's first Afric an Amer ican to be elected state governor.1992 The fir st r acially based riots in years erupt in Los Angeles and other cities after a j ury ac quits L.A. polic e offic ers in the videotaped beating of Rodney King, an Afric an Americ an.。

美国黑人民权运动的历史演变

美国黑人民权运动的历史演变美国黑人民权运动是美国历史上一段深刻而重要的历史时期。

这场运动涵盖了从19世纪末到20世纪末的五十年，涉及了平等权利、特权、经济契约和选举等问题。

这场运动的标志性事件，如布朗诉托皮卡案、蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动和1963年8月的华盛顿纪念集会，不仅改变了美国的面貌，而且极大地促进了社会进步和平等。

历史背景美国黑人民权运动起源于19世纪末，當時美國南方的黑人仍然沉淪於嚴重的政治、經濟、社會和種族歧視之中。

从奴隶自由行动到重建时期，从维护土地权益到1880年代和1890年代合法化了种族隔离政策，黑人争取平等的残酷道路充满了曲折和挑战。

1909年，在弗吉尼亚州的一处神学院，诞生了黑人民权组织——全国有色人种协进会(NAACP)。

直到布朗诉托皮卡这个重要的里程碑事件在1954年宣告多个州的种族隔离制度违反宪法，黑人民权的行动才真正开始获得力量和政治权力。

蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动1955年，蒙哥马利市桑迪斯·霍华德酒店的工作人员拒绝一名黑人妇女罢工。

这个事件促成了年轻的牧师马丁·路德·金恩在维护美国黑人人权的事务中崛起。

马丁·路德·金恩利用口才和领导力，组织了蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动。

主张在公共汽车上失去坐位的黑人，发誓要坚持蒙哥马利美国黑人民权抵制运动，直到他们获得平等，这个行动持续了382天。

运动的成功给NAACP(全国彩色人类进步协会)和其他运动组织带来了信心，同时也展示了传统这个周期性的运动策略，如抵制行动的效力。

上诉到最高法院1960年代早期，美国黑人民权运动已经发展成为一个强大的力量，涵盖了广泛的领域。

学生非暴力协调委员会(SNCC)、自由民权联盟(CORE)和广泛的教会、组织和工作人员已经推动了所谓的“进步”力量的发展。

在这个时期，美国最高法院97年前制定的“肯塔基州法律有败坏感”为基础，决定了1968年10月15日早晨，搭便车的黑人，不需要在宾夕法尼亚州和其他46个州里面受到宾夕法尼亚州恶性歧视法的限制，立即去寻找自己想要去的地方。

美国黑人民权运动的历史背景及其影响

美国黑人民权运动的历史背景及其影响美国黑人民权运动是美国历史上最重要的社会运动之一，影响深远，它产生于20世纪50年代，至今仍在继续着。

这场运动的发起是黑人民众对于种族歧视和不平等待遇的反抗，它让美国政府和全国人民认识到了美国人权和平等的重要性，促进了黑人民族身份和平等权益的认可和保护。

一、黑人民权运动的起源20世纪50年代，美国黑人民族的权益受到了系统性的压制，面临着诸如种族隔离政策、失业、低收入、严格的选举制度等各种不公正待遇，而这所有的不公正待遇都是建立在种族鄙视和民族歧视的基础上的。

这导致了黑人民族权益的争取和维护成为了刻不容缓的问题。

1955年，在美国南部的蒙哥马利地区，公共汽车公司规定黑人必须在公交车上的座位上让给白人，并且只能坐在公共汽车的后部，这引发了一个名叫罗莎·帕克斯的黑人妇女的反抗。

她坚持不肯让座位给白人，被捕受审后，引发了一系列反抗行动。

这次事件成为美国黑人民权运动的发起，各个地方的黑人民众也开始在各自的场合发起和加入抗议行动，不断推动着这场运动的发展和壮大。

二、马丁·路德·金及其弟子们马丁·路德·金是美国黑人民权运动的重要代表人物之一，他对于美国平权法案的制定及通过发挥了重要作用。

在1955年公共汽车事件之后，金牧师成为了一位非常活跃的公众人物，他的抗议活动也不断加强。

他创立的南方基督教领袖大会，更是吸引了无数黑人及白人的加入，在运动中起到重要的指引和鼓舞作用。

1963年，金牧师领导了华盛顿特区著名的“大游行”，在统计数字低调的情况下，参加游行的人数达到二十万之多，成为美国历史上规模最大、权利要求最为鲜明的抗议行动。

在游行的终点，金牧师发表了著名的演讲——《我有一个梦想》。

该演讲站在了美国宪法和二十世纪民族歧视的伦理沟壑之间，它用强有力的语言和威仪表达了对真正平等的祈求。

九十天后，约翰·肯尼迪总统在美国国会发表演说，宣布美国将拥有一项新的历史遗产，即立法废止种族隔离的政策。

黑人在美国的历史

随着人类文明的发展，追求平等的思想开始出现，先进的白人开始认识到祖先贩卖黑人当奴隶的罪恶。

他们开始反省，认为同为上帝的子民，黑人不应该永远是奴隶，他们应该享有与白人一样的尊严。

由此拉开了解放黑人运动的序幕。

这其中最有影响的就是美国了。

美国黑人走上了历史舞台黑人在奴隶血泪史中，更多的是体现在美国。

美国黑人是在违反其自身意志的情况下被强行带到美国的唯一种族，1863年“解放黑人奴隶宣言”之前，已经有50万“自由黑人”生活在美国北方。

生活在美国的黑人大体上可分为三类，获得自由的时间是他们之间的关键差别。

一是最早被掳掠至西半球的非洲黑人，他们有很多是契约奴，或者黑白混血儿，后来成为自由黑人。

二是17世纪中期到18世纪中期大量贩卖而来的黑人奴隶。

三是来自西印度群岛的黑人。

北非阿拉伯人是第一批奴役非洲黑人的人，奴隶制千百年来一直存在于非洲和欧洲。

把黑人当作商品，是8世纪阿拉伯人征服北非后开始的。

他们和当地部落合作，抓获或者购进奴隶，将其带出撒哈拉沙漠。

阿拉伯人是最残忍的奴隶主，撒哈拉沙漠上白骨累累。

直到20世纪中期后，阿拉伯世界才彻底消除了奴隶制。

阿拉伯奴隶贩子将非洲人带到西班牙时，欧洲奴隶制已经消亡。

西班牙人在西半球开辟殖民地，从撒哈拉以南非洲运送奴隶到了西半球。

几个世纪一来，共有1000万非洲奴隶被运送到西半球，其中1720-1820年占一半以上。

死在海上的比例达9-16%。

1000万奴隶中，40万被运送到了今美国境内的各个殖民地。

到1825年，美国拥有的奴隶居西半球之首，占1/3左右。

但巴西买入的奴隶是美国的6倍。

原因在于美国是奴隶能够繁衍后代并按照自然规律保持人口增长的唯一国家。

西半球的其他地方，奴隶生存状况恶劣，死亡率高，出生率低，以至于要不断买入来替代。

在美国的黑奴生活状况尚可，他们虽吃低质量的食品但温饱无忧；住房与欧洲农民和工人相当，甚至更好；平均寿命36岁，相当于荷兰和法国，高于意大利和奥地利，更高于爱尔兰农民（19岁）。

African-American Literature

美国黑人文学
第 16-18 周：六、七十年代以来的美国黑人文化（重建身份和重建历史的努力），阅读莫里森的代表作 (Toni Morrison(1931-): The Bluest Eye, 1970; Song of Solomon, 1977; Beloved, 1987)
美国黑人文学
第 7-9 周：吟游文学（黑人与白人的文化互动过程中的模仿、戏仿、曲仿），阅读第一部反映黑人生活的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe) 第 10-12 周：社会动荡与文化耻辱（芝加哥爵士乐的兴起、流行和影响），阅读休斯和赖特的代表作 (Langston Hughes: Dreams; Richard Right: Native Son) 第 13-15 周：口头文学传统与争取教育权利的斗争（从惠特利到埃里森的黑人作家危机）阅读拉尔夫·埃里森的代表作 (Ralph Waldo Ellison: Invisible Man, 1952; Phillis Wheatley(1753-1784) : the first American black poet; James Baldwin(1924-1987): Go Tell It on the Mountain, 1953) （《向苍天呼吁》）
美国黑人文学
具体安排第1周：介绍课程性质、内容，了解学生相关文学背景，简要概括黑人文学历史第2-3周：再现黑人文化（黑人文化长期被掩盖的事实和原因，重新被发现的原因和过程）
美国黑人文学
第4-6周：双重意识（语言、吟唱文学、民俗民谣、宗教的边缘化），阅读黑人种族意识三代伟大启蒙家道格拉斯、华盛顿、杜波伊斯的代表作 (Frederick Douglass,1817-1895: 他的三部自传是美国黑人文学的开山之作， 1840 年的《弗雷德里克·道格拉斯：一个美国奴隶的叙述》(Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass) ； 1855 年的《我的奴隶生涯和我的自由》 (My Bondage and My Freedom) ；以及1881年的《弗雷德里克·道格拉斯的生平和时代》(Life and Time of Frederick Douglass). Booker Washington, 1856-1915) : 自传《超越奴役》（ Up From Slavery）(1901); Du Bois,1868-1963: The Souls of the Black Folk)

美国黑人文化历史PPT课件

In 1964 L.B. President Johnson has signed "Civil rights Law".
5
Your Subtitle Goes Here
Finally,They Won!!!
6
Result
● It changed the life of the African Americans. ● It also have a profound impact on Americans' life and
Artists
Sports Man
PPreressiiddeenntt
8
Musicians of The Black
------Something about hip-hop
9
Music--------Hip-hop
First，Jazz Then,Blues Last,Rap---Hip-Hop---Hippie culture
In March, 1963,Birmingham, the request to cancel the entire city isolation system.
On August 28, 1963 250,000 people (1/4 for Caucasian) tomarch to Washington, the request "was freeimmediately".
Height: 184cm
Hometown: Mount Vernon, New York
Date of birth: December 28, 1954
Occupation: Actor, Director

美国黑人民权运动

黑人一般从事笨重和最受轻视的职业平均工资是白人的 1/3 或 1/2 ，失业率高。大多数的白人拥有自己的住房，而大多数黑人都是寄人篱下，租房居住，且在租房过程中也会因肤色被房东刁难。
多地禁止和限制黑人教育，在美国南部的一些州甚至出台法律要求黑人奴隶不得受教育，尽管黑人中的自由人可以接受教育，由于种族隔离政策，他们与白人分开学习，受教育机会也是有限的，教育质量普遍低下，仅传授一些基本的生活技能。
● 在富兰克林·罗斯福任总统期内，
联邦政府任命了一大批黑人进入联邦各部门。 ● 黑人第一次被罗斯福称为“我们的黑人公民”。
附加条款
祖父条款 ● 吉姆·克劳法
●
种族隔离的法律因为剥夺了黑人学童的入学权利而违宪
终止了美国社会中存在已久白人和黑人必须分别就读不同公立学校的种族隔离现象。
中文名称：美国黑人民权运动外文名称：African-American Civil Rights Movement 运动时间：1955年-1968年运动地点：美国代表人物：马丁· 路德· 金、罗莎· 帕克斯
16-19世纪 ● 欧洲殖民者从非洲劫运大批黑人奴隶到美洲
● 黑奴被运入今美国境内，主要在南部诸州的棉花、甘蔗种植场和矿山当苦工
1861年-1910年：为争取平等普选权而斗争
● 林肯在 1863 年 1 月 1 日发表《解放黑人奴隶宣言》，黑人在法律上成为自由人。 ● 美国国会先后在 1865 年、 1868 年和 1870 年通过宪法第 13 、 14 和 15 条修正案，将自由权、公民权和选举权赋予黑人。
1911年-1950年：黑人的参政力量不断上升
在美国内战后种族隔离依然盛行的美国南方，法律明确规定黑人与白人在公车、餐馆等公共场所内需分隔，且黑人必须给白人让座。

美国黑人文化历史 [自动保存的]

美国一直标榜“一切人生而平等”，却只字不提黑人奴隶问题，黑人不完全是人，仅是“五分之三” 非公民，因此黑人问题并没有改善，从而开始了长期残酷艰辛的斗争。
Contents
African-American Civil Rights Movement Causes of The Civil Rights Movement Contents of The Civil Rights Movement Results of The Movement And its Inflution
In 1964 L.B. President Johnson has signed "Civil rights Law".
The leader of the movement of civil right
Martin Luther King , Jr. _320x240_2.00M_h.264.flv
The Atlantic slave trade
African-American's Success
History of The Black
当黑人来到北美“新大陆”，他们并没有获得新的生命和自由。残酷的剥削和压迫一直笼罩着他们，肤色歧视如影随形，即使是到了自诩为“人权卫士”的美利坚合众国。
------Something about hip-hop
Music--------Hip-hop
First，Jazz Then,Blues Last,Rap---Hip-Hop---Hippie culture It contains: 1,Rap 2,Breakdancing 3,Graffiti art(涂鸦艺术)
the Black into a community which admit every citizen has equal rights.

美国黑人民权运动

1957年，金牧师及其支持者组成南方基督教领袖会议，将运动深入到南部生活的各个领域。
1958年南方21个主要城市组织集会，发动黑人争取公民权利。
1960年2月1日，北卡罗来纳州格林斯伯勒城4个黑人大学生进入一餐馆，白人服务员命令他们走开，他们静坐不动。这一英勇行为立刻得到南部广大黑人学生响应，发展为大规模静坐运动，迫使近200个城市的餐馆取消隔离制。
影响：
它不仅改变了美国黑人的命运，赋予了他们很大程度上的平等、自由和尊严，也深刻影响了所有美国人的生活与观念。具体来说，民权运动推动联邦政府实行铲除种族隔离制的改革，最终消灭了公开的白人至上主义，为黑人赢得民权。它把美国从一个容忍种族主义、歧视黑人的社会转变为一个不管肤色与种族，承认每一个公民的平等权利的社会，从而深深改变了民众的思想。不仅如此，民权运动也激发了新时期美国社会的民主和自由斗争。现代妇女运动、反战运动、新左派运动和其他族裔争取权利的斗争等都受到民权运动的推动和影响。
1954年5月17日，美国最高法院为改变美国在国际上的形象，就布朗控诉托布卡教育委员会一案作出判决：公立学校所实行的种族隔离教育是不平等的，违反《宪法第14条修正案》。
1955年12月1日，亚拉巴马州蒙哥马利城黑人R.帕克斯夫人在公共汽车上拒绝让座给白人，被捕入狱。在青年黑人牧师M.L.金的领导下，全城5万黑人团结一致，罢乘公共汽车达一年之久，终于迫使汽车公司取消种族隔离制。
1896年美国联邦最高法院作出“普莱西诉弗格森案”（Plessy v. Ferguson）判决，确立对黑人采行“隔离但平等”措施的合法性时，无异对南方黑人人权造成严重的打击，最高法院判决中有关“隔离”的部份被执行得十分彻底，但有关“平等”的部份则不然，导致南方出现更多种族隔离制度法令，甚至连在工厂、医院及军队都采取种族隔离制度。

美国黑人民权运动的历史事件时间轴

美国黑人民权运动的历史事件时间轴(注意：本文所陈述的历史事件是根据实际发生顺序排列，并非按照时间轴的形式呈现。

)美国黑人民权运动是二十世纪美国历史上一场具有重要意义的社会运动，旨在争取黑人平等权益、消除种族隔离以及废除种族歧视。

以下是一份关于美国黑人民权运动历史事件的时间轴：美国黑人解放宣言（1863年）：美国总统林肯签署了黑人解放宣言，宣布在南北战争中解放所有被奴役的黑人。

美国宪法第十三修正案（1865年）：该修正案宣布废除奴隶制度，为黑人争取了基本的自由权利。

重建时期（1865-1877年）：重建时期是南北战争结束后的一个时期，该时期内通过了一系列的法律，试图为黑人提供公民权利和政治平等。

五十年代布朗诉托皮卡教育案（1954年）：美国最高法院裁定种族隔离教育制度违宪，为黑人争取到了平等的教育权益。

1955年蒙哥马利公交车抵制运动：著名黑人民权活动家罗莎·帕克斯拒绝在公交车上让座给白人，引发了全国性的抵制运动。

1963年华盛顿大游行：亨利·路易斯带领二十多万人参加这次历史性的抗议活动，演讲家马丁·路德·金发表了他的著名演讲《我有一个梦想》。

1964年民权法案通过：该法案禁止在公共场所进行种族隔离，提供了对黑人的平等保护，同时也为民权运动提供了重要法律支持。

萨利·海蒂·贝尔格案（1965年）：这起案件为黑人争取到了选举权，通过颁布禁止对黑人进行选民登记的歧视性法律来确保黑人能够参与选举。

1968年马丁·路德·金遇刺：在田纳西州孟菲斯市，马丁·路德·金被刺身亡，引发了全国范围的哀悼和愤怒，进一步推动了民权运动。

美国第二次重建时期（1969-1974年）：这个时期见证了进一步的民权法案通过，为黑人争取了更多的权益和机会。

奥巴马当选总统（2008年）：巴拉克·奥巴马成为美国历史上第一位黑人总统，被普遍视为黑人民权运动取得的重要成果。

美国黑人民权运动的历史进程

美国黑人民权运动的历史进程在美国历史上，黑人民权运动被认为是一项极具意义的社会活动，影响了整个美国社会的演变。

这一运动始于20世纪初，经历了数十年的波折，到20世纪60年代末才逐渐实现了一些基本的权利，成果良多。

本文将以时间轴的方式，简单概述美国黑人民权运动的历史进程。

1920年代-1950年代在1920年代，极端种族主义者恶意煽动，防范迫害黑人的宿愿再次凸显。

随着经济危机和大规模失业问题的出现，白人们开始向黑人施行暴力，使得社会关系愈加紧张，白人为了稳固自己的特权地位，不惜使用各种手段，包括了威胁、恐吓、暴力甚至食品荒和病毒爆发等霸权行为。

可是一直到1950年代，这种种族歧视和不公不但未有根除之势，反而日益严重。

20世纪50年代初，美国最高法院决定废除“种族隔离合法原则”，这是黑人民权运动的一件至关重要的事件，为黑人争取平等权利打下了基础。

但时至20世纪50年代末，黑人的绝大多数还是没有实现平等权利。

1960年代20世纪60年代是美国黑人民权运动的高潮时期。

此时，美国许多州以歧视为根本原则，劳动、教育和住宅资源均被严格的种族隔离所统制。

在这个环境下，美国的黑人社区决定联合起来，走上街头进行那些著名的和平游行和静坐示威活动，使用公平、和平而强大的力量，避免了暴力及其他极端事件，为黑人争取权利事业迈了大步。

比如，1961年，美国黑人民权运动的参与者开始到南方进行静坐示威活动，以表达对歧视现象的不满和要求获得平等权利的渴望。

这些和平示威和抗议活动发生的地点包括了贝尔韦德锡莱玛大桥、亚特兰大街、班克斯区的林肯医院等著名地点。

42名参与者在这段旅程期间被捕，被认为是抵抗种族歧视的先驱者。

1963年8月28日，美国历史上有名气的华盛顿自由行动“I Have a Dream”就是在这一天进行的。

当天，来自全国各地的20万人聚集在华盛顿特区，其中包括了众多白人支持者，联合举办了这一集会。

克林顿·伍德，是美国著名民权领袖之一，他以正在进行的自由行动来表达对美国黑人在政治、社会和文化等领域的现阶段困境彻底改革化的愿景，鼓舞了参加者的斗志。

美国黑人在美国历史上的发展历程

Racial segregation. By law, public facilities and government services such as education were divided into separate "white" and "colored" domains. Disenfranchisement. （剥夺公民选举权）Black voters were forced off the voting rolls, and elections were made more complicated. Exploitation. Increased economic oppression of blacks, Latinos, and Asians, denial of economic opportunities, and widespread employment discrimination. Violence. Individual, police, organizational, and mass racial violence against blacks.
Montgomery Bus Boycott 蒙哥马利巴士抵制运动
• Under the system of segregation used on Montgomery buses, white people who boarded the bus took seats in the front rows, filling the bus toward the back. Black people who boarded the bus took seats in the back rows, filling the bus toward the front. • Eventually, the two sections would meet, and the bus would be full. If other black people boarded the bus, they were required to stand. • If another white person boarded the bus, then everyone in the black row nearest the front had to get up and stand, so that a new row for white people could be created.

美国黑人史（AfricanAmericanhistory）

美国黑人史（African American history）The history of migration and development of African AmericansContent abstract:Black for us, that is, an ordinary and extraordinary noun, black on the world stage figure can be seen everywhere, music, film, literature, sports... They... In different places, blooming out of their unique charm on different jobs. However, looking back at the history of blacks, that a long, bitter and bloody "century", really, a "cannot bear to think of the past century".When it comes to the history of black people, we have to mention two aspects: migration and development. The migration of black people is not only a change in space, but also reflects the level of knowledge, ideology, and the development of the whole nation. Similarly, the development of black people can not do without migration. It can be said that migration and development are the two main themes of the history of black people. They are always interwoven in the course of history, running through every corner.Key word：Black people, liberty, civil rights, triangle trade, declaration of emancipation, civil rights movement, Martin Ruud KimText:Modern society is a melting pot, a cultural cluster, ethnicintertwined. Black for us, that is, an ordinary and extraordinary noun, black on the world stage figure can be seen everywhere, music, film, literature, sports... They... In different places, blooming out of their unique charm on different jobs. However, looking back at the history of blacks, that a long, bitter and bloody "century", really, a "cannot bear to think of the past century".When it comes to the history of black people, we have to mention two aspects: migration and development. The migration of black people is not only a change in space, but also reflects the level of knowledge, ideology, and the development of the whole nation. Similarly, the development of black people can not do without migration. It can be said that migration and development are the two main themes of the history of black people. They are always interwoven in the course of history, running through every corner.One, the Negro in the triangle tradeThis history can be traced back to the end of fifteenth Century began with Columbo discovered America, has opened up a new route between Europe and america. At that time, in the development of commercial trade, in the expansion, from the view of the world, the two continents of Europe and Asia trade developed in Western Europe, the Nordic countries, Asia is thousands of miles away, and the Americas, Africa is much closer, it is the "black triangle trade" to provide favorable factors. So Portugal, Spain, Britain, France and so on began to colonize. In America they created plantations, the development of gold and silver, because it needs plenty of cheap labor, driven byprofit, the colonists so greedy eyes on uncivilized Africa started evil slave trade. According to historical records, John of England in 1562 - Sir Hawkins from Sierra Leone in exchange for the shipment of slaves, skins and sugar in Haiti, became the richest man in Portsmouth in return after. Because of the staggering profits, the queen Elizabeth and the Privy Council also invested in his second voyage. He followed the previous steps, loaded with a boat of silver, and became the richest man in britain. It was the acquiescence of the government in slave trade that made the slave trade more rampant. European colonial countries are all involved. Some Europeans were looking for profits, and they joined the ranks. So, after 400 years, the triangle trade started. Simple black on the distant unknown territory, such as the opening of Paduola box, began their tragic fate.Large scale black triangle trade in sixteenth Century". European slave traders began to load salt, cloth, rum and so on from their own country, and changed their slaves in Africa into the Atlantic along the so-called central route, replacing sugar, tobacco and rice in the americas. In the west of Europe, the Gulf of Guinea in Africa, and the West Indies in the Americas, the route roughly forms a triangular shape, which is also called black triangle trade because of the black people being trafficked". At first, the slave traders looted the blacks by plundering,Later, they changed their ways, using the so-called trade way. The slavers to Africa, and the commodity value is very low and the black tribes of the unitary long black young and strong exchange. Is still in the state of barbarism black tribes andtribal leader in the slaver of mischief, small disputes, black like general merchandise by slave traders purchase.Then, with the black slave ship sailing across the central route across the Atlantic, the ships carrying African blacks to the Americas tend to be overloaded with four or five hundred ships, nearly thousands of people. The black man entered the ship and entered the living coffin. The air in the cabin is dirty and the food is very bad, so it is easy to make people suffer from various diseases. The black people who have died or have been infected with various diseases are thrown into the sea and suffered quite miserable. After arriving in America, blacks were sold again, sent to plantations, and became slaves. The slaves in colonial oppression under the hard work, the rapid development of the plantation, planting garden main get a lot of sugar, tobacco, tea and other raw materials, earn great wealth.Two. Blacks after the founding of the United StatesWith the signing of the Paris peace treaty of 1783, the United States emerged as an independent nation on the world stage. After the founding of the United States of America, the federal constitution was drawn up. But the constitution preserves slavery and preserves the slave trade. By 1860, black slaves in the United States had reached 4 million. Freedom and rights are the foundation of the United States and the core of the American faith. But in the realm of freedom and rights, the non free group - Blacks - suffered slavery and discrimination in the early days of the republic. So the call for freedom and rights sweeping the people, the impact of history. The vigorouscivil rights movement began.Initially, the writers for the sword to come out many pens, cautionary works. In 1852, by the Lincoln as "launched a war of the little woman and a famous American writer Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote" Uncle Tom's cabin "is one of them. Uncle Tom's cabin, translated into "black slaves call heaven records", is a realistic novel. The book revolves around the story of an experienced black slave uncle Tom, and describes his experience of being slaves and slave owners per capita. This sentimental novel profoundly depicts the cruel nature of slavery, and believes that the love of Christians can overcome all kinds of injuries caused by the enslavement of human compatriots. The novel is the best selling novel in the nineteenth Century (and the second best seller, second only to the best selling book, the Bible) and is considered to be one of the major reasons for the rise of slavery in the 1850s. Stowe because of concern about the fate of slaves and become the most prominent abolitionist writers in support of A. At the same time. Wordsworth and Henry. Longfellow, a realistic poet wrote lots of poems, such as "slave dream" the little boy lying on the uncut finished rice estimate, still holding a scythe, his bare chested, disheveled hair, has been buried in sediment. In the dream suddenly floating mist and shadow, he once again see the homeland. In the dream the vast picture, the majesty of the Niger river flows; walking from the plains of the palm tree, his ears like kings, with vigorous strides, flowing with the camels ringing down the mountain buzz. Once again he saw his black queen, she stands in the middle of the children; they put her arms around his neck, they kiss his cheek. They held his hand tightly! The tears gushed from his sleeping eyes, until into the sand. Immediately, he rode on ahorse and rode along the banks of the Niger river. The stiff rope is in the hands of shining gold, the sonorous tinkling, he can feel every time jump, bronze scabbard in steed body repeatedly hit. Like a bloody Jing Yang Kei scoop on the front, it is bright in the Flamingo fly, from morning to night, he followed them with a long trip, Mercedes Benz in the acid bean tree on the plain.Until his eyes emerge kaffir cottage roof, and forever churning the vast ocean. The night, his ears around the lion's roar, and the mole dog screams, and the call of hippo. As he stepped on the reeds and walked along the dark river, the steps of the hippo were like the drumbeat of loud drums, and echoed through his brilliant dreams. The woods, launched thousands of voice calls for free, the wind blew from the desert, that sounds so wild, so relaxed, he suddenly woke up from sleep, began to smile toward the tempest of joy smile. He no longer felt the slave whips, no longer feel the scorching sun, because death has been lit place, the lost body lying down, locked old shackles, and that soul has been crushed, and thrown from the flesh!After the first shot in the American literary world, politicians actively passed on legal and other ways to give blacks freedom and civil rights. Whether white, black or yellow, brown people of Martin Ruud Kim will not be unfamiliar, although he died when he was only 38 years old, but in the short 16 years of his career to the left of the wealth of the mind is immortal. People can't forget the exciting speech before Lincoln Memorial in August 28, 1963, "I have a dream". Forget his contribution to the struggle for black rights and freedoms. "When this happens, when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring fromevery village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual: Free at last free at last!""Mention" January 1, 1863 "Declaration of the liberation of black slaves, where the local people are still within any state against the United States, or designated part of a state that is held as slaves of the people should be at that time and forever free......". The "United States of America constitution" the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) stipulated that "at any place within the United States by the United States jurisdiction, slavery and forced labour may exist, but as for legally convicted people crime punishment except". There are "civil rights law allows the prosecution of the United States in 1964 all public facilities and school segregation of the federal judiciary, and the continuing racial discrimination public plans to stop federal funding...... 1965 vote aimed at the complete elimination of the southern states of black voters set various discriminatory voting restrictions... 1968... Congress passed the civil rights movement at the end of an important civil rights act, prohibiting acts of racial discrimination in the rental and sale of housing area. "Obviously, after 100 years of struggle black finally ushered in their own light, as Martin Ruud Kim's dream was" one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal"Three, today's black peopleToday's world is a big stage of strong competition, black, white, yellow people in different areas to show their style. Although some people in the invisible corner there still exists some discrimination, but equality and freedom has been integrated into the world, culture, history, has become a necessary part of today's society, become an indispensable part of people's value orientation. Have to say, the black is a dazzling pearl, as if disgraceful to release the incomparable charm. Whitney Houston, Willl Smith, DorotheaHite, Obama and so on. These are known to every family. There are 500 of the wealth of American Express black president Chernot, Merrill Lynch black president O'neal...... now we can loudly say: Blacks have been getting rid of the history of humiliation, stand up.Reference：Emancipation Proclamation of black slavesThe constitution of the United States of AmericaI have a dreamHenry Wordsworth Longfellow Poetry AnthologyE20914056 Tang Ruiwen09 software engineering of School of computer science and technology。

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