第四次翻译文稿
fourth 翻译
fourth 翻译"Fourth"是一个数词，表示在一系列中的第四个。
下面是一些关于"fourth"的例句和用法：1. "This is the fourth time I've been to Paris."（这是我第四次来巴黎。
）2. "The fourth day of the week is Thursday."（星期四是一周中的第四天。
）3. "She finished in fourth place in the race."（她在比赛中获得第四名。
）4. "The fourth floor of the building is where the offices are located."（大楼的第四层是办公室所在的地方。
）5. "They celebrated their fourth wedding anniversary last week."（他们上周庆祝了他们的第四个结婚纪念日。
）6. "There are four seasons in a year, and autumn is the fourth one."（一年有四个季节，秋天是第四个季节。
）7. "The fourth chapter of the book discusses the impact of technology on society."（这本书的第四章讨论了技术对社会的影响。
）8. "He is the fourth generation to run the family business."（他是家族企业的第四代传人。
）9. "The fourth question on the exam was quite challenging."（考试的第四个问题相当具有挑战性。
西方第四次翻译高潮
西方第四次翻译高潮
3 ）风格是翻译的重要组成部分。以朴素语言译朴素语言，以高雅风格 译高雅风格。 4 ）风格的性质还取决于读者的要求。他在《新约》的译序中，写过一 段常为人们引用的名言：“但愿每一个妇女都能读到圣保罗的福音和使 徒行传，但愿能把它们译成所有的语言，不仅为苏格兰人和爱尔兰人懂 得，而且也为土耳其人和阿拉伯人懂得。但愿农夫能在梨边吟诵《圣 经》，织工能在织布机边用《圣经》驱散心头的烦闷，旅行者能用《圣 经》消遣以解除旅途的疲劳。”
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
和发展起了不可估量的作用。
• 路德的《圣经》德译本是西方翻译史上对民族语言的发展造成了巨大而直接影响的第 一部翻译作品。与古希腊的《七十子希腊文本》、古罗马第一位翻译家安德罗尼柯的 《奥德赛》、哲罗姆的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》齐名，在西方翻译史上占有极其重要的 一席。
西方第四次翻译高潮
• 他的翻译观点可归纳如下：
西方第四次翻译高潮
马丁· 路德（Martin Luther 1483~1546）
• 德国宗教改革运动的领袖和翻译家。他先从希腊语译出《新约》，于1522年出版，后 从希伯来语译出《旧约》，于1534年出版。在翻译中，路德遵循通俗、明了、能为大 众接受的原则， 译文被誉为“第一部民众的《圣经》”。它不仅对德国人的生活和宗 教发生了深远的影响，而且创造了为民众所接受的文学语言形式，对德国语言的统一
他从新教徒立场出发，从希腊语翻译《新约》。1525年刊行，后反复修订，多次出版。
1）翻译可与信仰无关。译者的力量在于他是否有坚实的语言能力，而不在他是否信奉上
帝。 2）《圣经》翻译必须尊重语言习惯。
西方第四次翻译高潮
• 西方翻译在文艺复兴时期的最大特点：
西欧各民族语的翻译得到了平行的，独立的发展。拉丁语的使用
西方翻译简史(中文)
在法国，文学家阿米欧(Jacqucs Amyot)先后用了十七年（1542-1559 年）时间，译出了普鲁塔克的《希腊罗马名人比较列传》（简称《名人 传》）。查普曼（Georga Chapman）1598至1616年译的《伊利亚特》和 《奥德赛》，弗罗里欧(John Florio)1603年所译蒙田的《散文集》，乃是英 语文学译著中一群灿烂的明星。而1611年《钦定圣经译本》的翻译出版则标 志着英国翻译史上又一次大发展。它以其英语风格的地道、通俗和优美赢得 了“英语中最伟大的译著”的盛誉，在长时期里成为英国唯一家喻户晓、人 手一册的经典作品，对现代英语的发展产生了深远的影响。
（三） 文艺复兴时期的西方翻译
四、第四次翻译高潮——十四至十六世纪
十四至十六世纪欧洲发生的文艺复兴运动，是一场思想和文学 的革新运动，也是西方翻译史上的一次大发展。特别是文艺复兴在西 欧各国普遍展开的十六世纪及尔后一个时期，翻译活动达到了前所未 见的高峰。翻译活动深入到思想、政治、哲学、文学、宗教等各个领 域，涉及到古代和当代的主要作品，产生了一大批杰出的翻译家和一 系列优秀的翻译作品。在德国，宗教改革家路德(Martin Luther)顺从 民众的意愿，采用民众的语言，于1522至1534年翻译刊行第一部 “民众的圣经”，开创了现代德语发展的新纪元。
西方翻译简史
西方翻译史于公元前三世纪揭开它的第一页。从广义上 说，西方最早的译作是公元前三至二世纪之间，七十二名犹 太学者在埃及亚历山大城翻译的《圣经·旧约》，即《七十子
希腊文本》(Septuagint)；从严格意义上说，西方的第一部译
作是在约公元前三世纪中叶安德罗尼柯(Livius Andronicus)在 罗马用拉丁语翻前三世纪问世，因此可以说西方的翻 译活动自古至今已有两千多年的历史了。
西方翻译史
西方翻译简史一、西方翻译简史1第一次翻译活动高潮（公元前3世纪）罗马文学三大鼻祖之一的安德罗尼柯于公元前3世纪翻译的拉丁文版《奥德赛》被视为西方翻译史上最早的译作。
其后的一些大文学家们也都开始尝试用拉丁语翻译或改写希腊戏剧作品，从而掀起了西方历史上第一次翻译高潮。
这一阶段的翻译活动将古希腊文学介绍到罗马，促进了罗马文学的诞生和发展。
2第二次高潮（罗马帝国后期）圣·哲罗姆翻译的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》成为定本，标志着《圣经》翻译取得了与世俗文学翻译同样重要的地位。
3第三次高潮（11－12世纪）出现了大规模的翻译活动：西方翻译家把大批阿拉伯语作品译成拉丁语，在翻译史上留下了重要的一页。
4第四次翻译活动高潮（文艺复兴时代晚期）翻译活动已经深入到思想、政治、文化等各个方面，同时也涌现出一批优秀的翻译家和译作。
英王詹姆士一世1611年命人翻译的英文钦定本《圣经》则标志着英国翻译的一次飞跃。
这部译着至今仍被奉为英语语言的经典之作，对英语语言和英国文学的发展产生了巨大的影响。
5第五次次高潮（17－20世纪）这一时期的翻译比文艺复兴时期稍为逊色，但仍有大批西方文学名著被翻译出来，此时东方的一些优秀文学作品也开始被译成各国文字。
6第六次高潮（二战时期，一直延续至今）。
二战以来，世界经济获得了巨大的发展，科技领域也取得了前所未有的成果，翻译的范围随之大大扩展，科技和商业翻译日趋成熟。
各种国内、国际翻译协会和团体的组建，为集中翻译力量多出翻译精品打下坚实的基础。
更重要的是，随着计算机的出现，人们对机器翻译的研究也已正式提上议事日程。
虽然目前计算机翻译的质量远远不如人工翻译，但其速度却是人类无法比拟的，这无疑对人工翻译提出了严峻的挑战。
在未来的世纪里计算机到底能不能代替人脑还是个谜。
二、西方翻译理论和翻译活动、翻译名家1最早的翻译家罗马帝国时期的西塞罗1）翻译的定义（解释家和演说家---直译与意译）2）意义（开创翻译的先河）昆体良的“与原作竞争”和哲罗姆的“文学用意译，《圣经》用直译”之说；奥古斯丁的《圣经》翻译凭“上帝的感召”和他的有关语言符号理论。
关于外事翻译的特点
关于外事翻译的特点论文关键词:外事翻译政治敏感性纪律性外交文书论文摘要:中国历史上第四次翻译高潮随着中国国际地位的日益提高而在神州大地蓬勃推进，外事翻译作为冉冉升起的一颗新星越来越受人瞩目，外事翻译的政治敏感性、时事性、纪律性使它有别于其它翻译。
翻译作为一种社会文化活动，深受社会文化发展变化的影响。
随着中国国际地位的不断提升，外事翻译的工作量也不断增多。
外事翻译已成为一个具有独特专业性的翻译领域。
本文试图从理论和实践相结合的角度，对外事翻译的特点做一探讨。
一、坚定的政治立场外事翻译不同于其它翻译，有其特定的要求。
周恩来总理曾经说过，“外交人员是不穿军装的解放军”。
外事翻译工作者作为外交人员，工作在国际斗争的最前线，只有对祖国忠诚、政治立场坚定的人才能够经受住考验。
政治觉悟是区分外事翻译和其他类型翻译的最重要的特点。
外交部翻译室前主任曾讲过这样一个例子，她在英国做论文期间，曾到英国国家外交部调研进入该部需要经过哪些考试，结果科目繁多，包括心理测试、调查备选人员的家庭、在英国居留时间、家庭的政治倾向、犯罪记录、生活方式等。
她曾向英国外交部政策规划部部长问过这样一个问题:“作为外交人员的标准是什么?”部长回答说:“为政府鞠躬尽瘁，死而后已。
”这也许是对外交人员，包括外事翻译标准的最好诠释。
二、把握国家政策国家元首之间的官方会谈、国际谈判、会议都不免涉及到国际国内事务，及时掌握本国政府的立场和观点，翻译才可以做到准确到位。
例如，2000年外交部新成立一个办公室“外交部处理日本遗弃在华化学武器问题办公室”。
那么如何翻译“日本遗弃在华化学武器”呢?日方的翻译是“abandoned chemicalweapons of Japan”和“Japanese abandoned chemicalweapons”。
从这两种翻译中可以看出日方希望强调“日本化学武器”而不强调是谁遗弃的。
很明显，日本人希望弱化事件的性质。
中国翻译史的四次高潮与社会文化
中 国 翻 译 史 的 四 次 高 潮 与 社 会 文 化
罗飞
（ 安 外 国语 大 学 ， 西 西 安 ７０ ６ ） 西 陕 １０ １
摘 要 ： 译 作 为 一 种 社 会 现 象 ，它 的 出现 和 发展 与 特 定 的 社 翻 会 文化 息 息 相 关 。 本 文在 总 结 几 次翻 译 高潮 的基 础 上 ， 述 了翻 论
的。
这样 的划分 有利 于分析 翻译与社 会文 化之 间的相互 作用 。
四次翻译 高潮 使得 翻译不再 是“ 辫” “ 婆” 摆脱 了翻译 只 小 或 媒 ， 是一种交流工具 的浅显认识 。接下来 ， 重分析这一次次的高潮 着 对于社会 文化 的发展与变迁有着怎样 的影 响， 以及 每一 次翻译 高
需要 条件 ， 展 需 要 社会 土 壤 ； 过 来 ， 发 反 翻译 事 业 的发 展 也 滋 养 了
翻译 作 为 人 类 的 一 种 交 流 活 动 有 着 悠 久 的 历 史 。纵 观 中 国
几 千年 的翻译史 ， 人们 的认 知水平 、 社会 文化发展 状况 以及 其他 种种 因素的发展变化 ， 不 同程度 上推 动着 翻译 这项 活动 的发 在
后 日益 形 成 鲜 明的 对 比 ， 是 科 技 翻 译 出现 的 历 史 要 求 。 这
经过 了上千 年 ， 人们 对翻译有 了正确 的认识 ， 那么在不 断修
正 对 翻 译 的认 识 当 中 ， 译 作 为 一 项 跨 文 化 活 动 又 经 历 了哪 些 起 翻 伏 ？以 及 这些 起 伏 又是 如何 产 生 以及 对 当 时 的 社 会 又 有 怎 样 的 影响？
潮 又 对某 个 特 定 时 期 的社 会 文 化 发 挥 着 怎 样 的作 用 。
2019年第四次工业革命外文文献翻译
2019年第四次⼯业⾰命外⽂⽂献翻译第四次⼯业⾰命中英⽂2019英⽂The Fourth Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on Occupational Health and Safety, Worker's Compensation and Labor ConditionsJeehee Min，Yangwoo KimAbstractThe “fourth industrial revolution” (FIR) is an age of advanced technology based on information and communication. FIR has a more powerful impact on the economy than in the past. However, the prospects for the labor environment are uncertain. The purpose of this study is to anticipate and prepare for occupational health and safety (OHS) issues.In FIR, nonstandard employment will be common. As a result, it is difficult to receive OHS services and compensation. Excessive trust in new technologies can lead to large-scale or new forms of accidents. Global business networks will cause destruction of workers' biorhythms, some cancers, overwork, and task complexity. The social disconnection because of an independent work will be a risk for worker's mental health. The union bonds will weaken, and it will be difficult to apply standardized OHS regulations to multinational enterprises.To cope with the new OHS issues, we need to establish new concepts of "decent work” and standardize regulations, which apply to enterprises in each country, develop public health as an OHS service, monitor emerging OHS events and networks among independent workers, and nurture experts who are responsible for new OHS issues.Keywords：Fourth industrial revolution，Occupational health and safety，Workers' compensation，Workers' health1. IntroductionKlaus Schwab predicted a new industrial revolution to begin in the near future in the World economy forum Global Challenge Insight Report (The Future of Jobs-Employment, Skills and Workforce Strategy for the Fourth Industrial Revolution[FIR] in 2016). Experts say that the FIR needs to be prepared because it will change the way people work, how they consume, and even how they think.The industrial revolution led to changes in the labor market with machines replacing human labor. The first industrial revolution replaced manual work with the invention of a steam engine and the second industrial revolution enabled mass production using electric energy. The tertiary industrial revolution started the automation era with informatization based on computers and the Internet. In the future, the super intelligence revolution based on the Internet of things, cyber-physical system, and artificial intelligence (AI) will greatly change human intellectual labor.The technologies that will lead the FIR are diverse. Artificial intelligence based on high-speed networks and interfaces would change the production process, and business models based on big data will be popular. The speed actory in Germany, which produces Adidas-personalized sneakers, is a typical example of the innovation of the production process.The world has overcome differences of time and space by the development of information and communication technology, which has developed into a single economic system. The social network system has already changed the way people communicate. In the future, operational technology or cyber-physical system devices will monitor, coordinate, and integrate information in real time. Operational technology will lead to a hyper-connectivity society, with human--machine, machine--machine, and human--human connections.If human labor is replaced by machines, the labor market will be greatly affected. As technology develops, labor productivity increases, and new jobs are created. According to the US Department of Labor, American's factory workers declined by two-thirds from 1960 to 2014, but productivity has increased dramatically. In addition, the average hourly wage from 1973 to 2014 increased by 85%, and new jobs were created in new industries. During the third industrial revolution, manpower shifted from the manufacturing sector to the service sector. The FIR is likely to change what kind of work needs to be performed, not just the number of jobs. For example, the role of product marketers is changing because of the emergence of big data, which is a core technology in the FIR. Instead of market research using current surveys, the use of big data is increasing. Therefore, it is necessary to hire professional staff to collect, store, analyze, and distribute big data. Specifically, spending on the big data in information technology market worldwide has doubled from $27 billion in 2011 to $54 billion in 2016.Thanks to globalization, accelerated by the FIR, multinational corporations could easily exploit the workforce and theenvironment of developing countries. Over the course of history, multinational corporations have established manufacturing factories in developing countries because of low incomes and lenient environmental regulations. As a result, the employment rate of the manufacturing sector in developed countries declined by 19% for 37 years. However, plants result in socioeconomic problems in many developing countries because they are based on loose labor regulations and low wages. In the era of the FIR, manufacturing will be developed in small quantity production systems of various kinds. Factories in developing countries are no longer attractive because low-wage workers can be replaced by automated robots. Rather, it is advantageous to place the production plant near the main market to quickly produce and distribute products. This is called “re-shoring”. In an Adidas Speed factory equipped with this system, AI-based robots perform most of the shoe manufacturing work. Some accessories were made with 3D printers, which reduced employment from 600 people to 10 people. If the re-shoring phenomenon continues, the power of economic development in developing countries will be lost and developing countries will endure a poor and risky working environment to secure price competitiveness.The development of technology is a double-edged sword. You need to be prepared not only for the bright future that technology will bring, but also for the problems that will arise. The purpose of this study is to anticipate and prepare for OHS problems for workers in the era of the FIR.2. Changes in OHS expected in the FIR2.1. Positive aspects in the workplaceNew technologies can be used to create a safe working environment byexcluding humans from harmful workplaces. For example, by applying a deep-learning algorithm to detect human behavior patterns by security cameras, it is possible to monitor for chemical leaks or worker accidents in real time. If a dangerous situation is recognized, the relevant system can alert the operator, safety officer, or responsible department immediately to prevent the accident in advance. In fact, in the New Boliden mine in Sweden, robots can be used for safe work. The use of virtual reality technology and smart glass in safety education can enhance the effectiveness of education. It is also possible to prevent musculoskeletal disorders by wearing a wearable robot that supports human strength.2.2. Negative aspects in the workplace: globalizationGlobalization is a pre-existing concept, which existed before the debate of the fourth industrial evolution. As a result, it is a precondition of the FIR with the development of information and communication technology and AI technology. Friedman states that “the world is flat,” in which the social and cultural standards of individual countries are unified into global standards through the proliferation of financial capitalism as well as the development of transportation and communication. Globalization would be accelerated by the FIR and eventually, it would affect working conditions.Because multinational corporations take advantage of loosening labor regulations in developing countries to increase productivity, workers in developing countries work in hazardous workplaces without proper welfare. Child labor and forced labor, which are prohibited in most developed countries, occur in developing countries. There are often no provisions for minimum wages and maximum working hours. As a result, the ILO proposed the “Rule of the Game” as a global standard in 2014, but it was not enforced and could not be introduced into industrial sites in many countries.Globalization affects working time, where shifts or night shifts increase. Birth describes time--space compression as a change in the concept of time due to globalization. Human time is divided into the local time, an individual's biological time, and social time, which constitutes labor conditions. Because of globalization and the development of information and communication, time--space compression adaptsto the time of work, not the biological time of the person. At this time, the biological cycles for a location on the globe and the time of his work are desynchronized, which causes many problems.2.3. Negative aspect in the workplace: automationWhen automation or robots replace simple and repetitive tasks, workers feel uneasy about employment and their livelihood. Work insecurity refers to “fear of unemployment and difficulty of re-employment”. The ILO has extended work insecurity beyond the level of employment and wages to a comprehensive concept. In addition, it is difficult to maintain an individual work--life balance without negotiating working conditions such as working hours, wages, paid time off, and improving the workplace with an employer. ILO redefines job insecurity. In addition, when social safety nets such as public pension payments, sick leave, annual leave, and maternity leave are not guaranteed, when there is no opportunity for job turnover or promotions, or when basic human rights such as discrimination or joining unions willfully are ignored, employment instability is affected.Increased employment instability can increase mental illness. 2012 and 2014 automation workers in high-risk occupations complained of anxiety and poor health. In particular, workers feel insecure about their jobs if they feel that their jobs are asubstitute for robots and experience worsening poverty and health as wages decrease and welfare benefits of employers decrease.Also, automation introduced to increase productivity and quality of life would paradoxically result in increased human labor time. For example, if an autonomous vehicle is introduced, it would be possible to enjoy leisure activities instead of driving during travel. However, humans could be forced to do more work to improve productivity. In this case, driving stress may be replaced by work-related stress.Human beings could be in charge of tasks with poor working conditions. For example, if an automation machine malfunctions, the worker should repair the machine manually. Most industrial accidents occur during this time such that it is demanded that all machinery should be shut off and worker's security should be guaranteed. However, in many cases, safety checks are carried out without stoppingthe machine for upkeep. Recently, there was a death in Republic of Korea, where a worker who was directly checking the conveyor belt in a thermal power plant was killed by the belt.2.4. Negative aspect in the workplace: on-demand economyIn the on-demand economy, workers are independent contractors and it is difficult to earn a certain income because “demand” changes every day (sometimes every hour). In the on-demand economy, workers need to find work day-by-day or even every hour as independent contractors. Therefore, they endure the risk of fluctuating revenue, which was a primary role of corporations. In this situation, workers cannot avoid stress and instability. Like most people with temporary jobs, on-demand economy workers rather than by choice, often choose on-demand jobs because they do not have a fixed job. Because they are treated as private businesses, legal protection as a worker is difficult. Currently, independent workers are not part of the “worker” class defined by labor laws and on-demand employers are not obliged to provide welfare including pensions, insurance, paid time off, maternity leave, and sick leave. This is because, through the platform, the consumer and supplier of labor interact and provide labor outside the supervision and direction of the employer. This type of economy has the advantage of creating new employment opportunities and enabling flexible work, but it is hard to distinguish between individual operators and workers. Therefore, it is hard to provide legal protection for OHS. In the case of employment relations, platform companies must provide various pensions, insurance, and leave based on labor laws, but in the platform business, employers are not obliged to provide welfare. Therefore, they are not subject to restrictions regarding wages and working hours guaranteed by various labor laws in the employment relationship. As a result, it is difficult to receive social insurance benefits. In the United States, there was a lawsuit in which Uber drivers argued that they should be treated as Uber employees and they demanded payment of the cost of doing business on the premise of an employment relationship. In the United Kingdom, there was a lawsuit raised by Uber drivers claiming the right to a minimum wage and vacation. Also, in Republic of Korea, there was a lawsuitcase that injured delivery man who are enrolled in delivery agency received compensation. And Republic of Korea Worker's Compensation & Welfare Service collects compensations from the delivery agency, but agency filed a lawsuit for cancellation of the taxation. They declared that worker was not their employees, and the delivery agency do not have any responsibility for the delivery man. As such an example, it is hard to adapt traditional concept for employment to new employment. To respond to new employment relations, the Korean government has recently extended the concept of “workers” in the Industrial Safety and Health Law as “those who provide work for wages to businesses or workplaces of any kind”.2.5. Who should be responsible for providing OHS to on-demand business?The Korean Occupational Safety and Health Act imposes OHS obligations on the government, employers, and workers. The government has the responsibility for disaster prevention of workplaces such as establishing and enforcing OHS policies, research and development of technology for safety and health, and the installation and operation of facilities. The employer is obliged to comply with the Industrial Safety and Health Act, the standards for the prevention of industrial accidents, and to provide a comfortable work environment and working conditions. Workers are obliged to observe the precautions necessary to prevent industrial accidents and to observe measures to prevent industrial accidents.At present, the social security system for some special independent workers as worker is the only worker's compensation insurance in Republic of Korea. However, if a worker works for several companies, he/she can only partake in a voluntary subscription scheme where he/she pays a 100% premium. Under current law, it is impossible for an employer to pay workers compensation insurance for platform workers. In addition, because the employee is not a worker (a worker under the Labor Standards Act) for a single employer, the employer's liability and obligation regarding OHS services is not imposed. Therefore, it is difficult for platform workers to manage chronic diseases, work-related diseases, and occupational diseases due to difficulties in health examination and health care.3. Missions of OHS to prepare for the FIR3.1. Re-definition of decent workLabor is indispensable. Even if a machine replaces labor, human labor is indispensable. Labor is also necessary for the development of human beings, both culturally and psychologically. Labor is also needed to contribute to society and to protect the dignity and value of individuals. In a world where jobs are scarce, employment opportunities must be fair. In other words, it is necessary to discuss who is going to perform decent work and bad work. It is also necessary to renew the definition of working hours in the situation where fragmented labor is universalized and globalization causes social time constraints to gradually disappear.To date, ideal jobs have been thought of as stable jobs where workers receive fixed salaries. However, as nonstandard employment becomes popular, it is necessary to re-establish the concept of stable jobs and good jobs. In the “Declaration of Social Justice for a Fair Globalization” adopted in 2008, the ILO “convinced that in a world of growing interdependence and complexity and the internationalization of production: the fundamental values of freedom, human dignity, social justice, security and nondiscrimination are essential for sustainable economic and social development and efficiency”. Decent work should in volve many dimensions. It means not only productivity, fair income, and workplace safety, but also guarantee of social security for the family, individual self-development and social integration, freedom of individual expression, and participation of union labor in the workplace. In other words, the concept of decent work is a set of values that go beyond fixed, high wages, stable working hours, and stable employment conditions.3.2. Paradigm shift of OHSAn occupational disease is a disease caused by the working environment or conditions for the purpose of livelihood. Occupational diseases are not limited to specific organs, so treatment is difficult. Therefore, OHS emphasizes prevention and reward rather than focusing on treatment or rehabilitation. Occupational medicine originated from industrial medicine centering on occupational diseases in manufacturing and it was extended to occupational medicine, which encompasses the entire occupation.Currently, most of the OHS services are in business units. However, as the employment relations change with the FIR, the units and responsibilities for managing workers exposed to harmful factors become unclear. Currently, OHS services in asbestos business units cannot take care of independent workers employed on a project-by-project basis. In other words, OHS services should be changed from an employer-centric to a public health approach, as set out in the WHO's Health and Safety Convention.The same is true of industrial accidents. In case of working as a project unit, it is difficult to apply the present system that estimates and compensates based on exposure to harmful factors. In other words, in the age of the FIR, labor is not continuous or constant. In such a working environment, there is a lack of grounds for judging whether an individual's illness is caused by a certain occupation. Even if there are many problems in the current industrial accident compensation systems, in the current systems, there are the consensus that specific jobs must have specific risk factors in common. So, it was possible to assess job hazard analysis by job groups. However, when constant and continuous jobs are scarce, and people have more than one job by their needs, it was hard to assess risk of jobs. Furthermore, in this situation, current industrial accident compensation system cannot protect independent workers. Therefore, this should also be changed from an employer-centered approach to a public-health approach.Each country has to make institutional arrangements and broad legislative measures to ensure that the ILO's international labor standards apply equally to its own regulations and policies. International labor standards cover basic agreements. The Equal Remuneration Convention seeks to ensure that a worker who provides equal value is not discriminated on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, political opinion, socioeconomic status, social origin, or age. Particularly, the freedom of association, the right to collective bargaining, OHS, and the protection of employment and discrimination are necessary. Wages of temporary workers should not be lower than those of other workers who do the same or similar things. In addition, temporary workers should be provided with maternity protection, paid leave, paid holidays, andsick leave.Each country should also prepare for the labor market, which has no national boundaries because of the development of the FIR technology. International standard rules are required for working conditions. A labor market in developing countries should no longer be viewed in terms of being regulation-free. In 2019, the ILO describes labor standards in international markets under the title “Rules of the game”. It must be ensured that labor does not interfere with personal freedom and safety, and does not undermine its dignity. In other words, labor standards of international markets are being proposed so that the aim of human labor is to improve the life of humanity as a whole, not for economic development itself.3.3. Need for a network replacing the traditional labor union to claim the new rights of independent workersWith the FIR, traditional unions have difficulty negotiating with their employers. The labor union participation rate in developed countries is decreasing compared with the 1970s. As various work relationships such as suppliers,subcontractors, non-governmental organizations, and other labor relations are applied, and the characteristics of workers such as women, youth, and immigrants are diversified, labor organization innovation is needed.As technology is developed, globalization promotes the decentralization of production. Multinational corporations now design and produce new products and manage production lines for workers in their home countries. This is a system which constructs and produces factories in middle-income or developing countries which are also consumer markets. At this time, workers in their home countries can demand a safe working environment by organizing labor unions based on relatively strong labor laws and social safety networks in developed countries. Workers in developing countries are likely to have little bargaining power in their relationship with employers because they cannot organize trade unions in their own countries, where social and legal infrastructures are lacking.Thus, in the era of the FIR, where the on-demand business will become the dominant employment relationship, a new type of union is needed to represent theinterests of independent workers. Unions based on a single workplace should also learn about the employment relationship between on-demand and platform businesses. The new union should go beyond the workplace to be a union of industrial units or a community-based union.The new union should first demand the right of the independent worker and understand that industrial accidents caused by new technologies are unpredictable. In particular, the employer must disclose to workers all the health hazards that may arise in the event of a new chemical or physical process used at the manufacturing stage in a transparent manner. The nature of the employment relationship of the platform business is likely to be attributed to the individual independent worker. In addition to efforts to clarify responsibility, it is necessary to disclose information on harmful substances and harmful environments including trade secrets.3.4. Government policyBecause of the effects of the FIR, a large number of jobs will be replaced by machines and new jobs will be created. There is a concern of mass unemployment in the transitional period of technological change. Capital income is overwhelmingly higher than labor income and mass unemployment is likely to make a society unstable. In addition, when nonstandard employment becomes mainstream, there is a concern that the number of workers who cannot be protected by the current labor law is likely to increase. Furthermore, there is a need for social security for those without capital. The gap between the rich and the poor is an element of social unrest. Therefore, redistribution of the profits of capital by means of a robot tax or basic income system is being considered.It is necessary to reform the system to protect workers' health rights. With the expansion of platform business, on-demand business may make the business owner unclear and the entity that is responsible for providing the OHS service may disappear. Therefore, to broaden the scope of OHS service and compensation, it is necessary to revise the definition of ‘full property’ or ‘worker character.”We must establish a system to monitor the emergence of new forms of OHS issues, nurture experts to be responsible for changing OHS issues, and enact newlabor laws and social insurance systems according to changes of the labor environment.4. ConclusionsTo cope with the emerging OHS issues in the fourth industrial revolution era, we need to establish new concepts of ‘decent work’,” and standardized regulations which apply to enterprises in each country, to develop public health as an OHS service, surveil emerging OHS events and networks among independent workers, and nurture experts to be responsible for new OHS issues.中⽂第四次⼯业⾰命及其对职业健康与安全、⼯⼈薪酬和劳动条件的影响摘要“第四次⼯业⾰命”是基于信息和通信的先进技术时代。
西方第四次翻译高潮分析
西方第四次翻译高潮
翻译原则： Dolet （1540）set out five principles in order of importance as follows（Munday, 2001): 1. The translator must perfectly understand the sense and material of the original author, although he should feel free to clarify obscurities. 译者必须透彻理解原文的意义和内容， 灵活澄清模棱两可之处。 2. The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL, so as not to lessen the majesty of the language. 译者必须精通原语和译语，不破坏语言的美。 3. The translator should avoid word-for-word renderings. 译者必须避免逐词对译。 4. The translator should avoid Latinate and unusual forms. 译者应避免使用拉丁语和不寻 常的语言形式。（即强调使用民族语言和习惯用法的重要性）。 5. The translator should assemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness. 译者 必娴熟搭配运用词语，使译文不致笨拙晦涩。
和发展起了不可估量的作用。
• 路德的《圣经》德译本是西方翻译史上对民族语言的发展造成了巨大而直接影响的第 一部翻译作品。与古希腊的《七十子希腊文本》、古罗马第一位翻译家安德罗尼柯的 《奥德赛》、哲罗姆的《通俗拉丁文本圣经》齐名，在西方翻译史上占有极其重要的 一席。
第四次翻译
CHAPTER SIXPOLICY PORMULATION"All great truth begin as blasphemies."George B.ShawIn this chapter, we examine how policies are formulated. By the term policy formulation, we mean the stage of the policy process where pertinent and acceptable courses of action for dealing with some particular public problem are identified and enacted into law. Each of stages in the policymaking process is theoretically distinct, but they nevertheless merge in practice. For example, the nature of the problem affects whether or not it gets onto the agenda, as well as whether or not a course of action is finally enacted into law. Let us examine the policy formulation stage in a bit more depth.第六章政策形成“所有伟大的真理都起源于对神明的亵渎。
”——萧伯纳（George B.Shaw）在这一章中，我们会研究政策是如何形成的。
政策形成这个词的意思就是说，我们将那些和解决特定的公共问题相关的和可接受的行动方案确定下来将其制定进法律的阶段。
高中历史史学动态 哈佛所见《四世同堂》译稿以及《饥荒》的回译素材
哈佛所见《四世同堂》译稿以及《饥荒》的回译目前所见《饥荒》文稿，系译者自存的英文打印本，但毕竟不是经过编辑的定稿，未免存在舛误，遗漏，和前后矛盾之处。
也就是说，就未刊稿从事回译，要比通常的文学翻译，还要多出一个前期准备，即以文稿释读为基础的文本鉴别和厘定。
唯有对英译稿进行考证、研究和完善，才有可能使随后的翻译和修正，不会因为误入歧途，留下或多或少的缺憾。
【释读】原稿辗转保存，历经六十余载，依然大体完好，只有不多几处，微见瑕疵。
原因主要有二：一是打印墨色不匀，再加岁月磨蚀，致使部分文字漫漶；二是未经编校，文稿有讹误，亦可见缺漏。
因此，动手翻译之前，要进行释读和校勘，即参照一九四六年版《惶惑》和《偷生》，一九五〇年《小说》月刊连载的《饥荒》章节，以及一九五一年版哈考特版本，判别原译稿和原著的差异，同时辨认模糊字词，标记拼写异常与错误，以及语句缺失。
《饥荒》未曾全文发表，全面校勘译稿，自然无从谈起。
但故事的连续性、人物的发展和情景的呼应，加上哈考特版对原著的后半部，尚有难得的保留，又能使译稿得到部分校勘，从而确定译文中明显的专有名词变化。
此外，在错译鉴定和语句补阙方面，类似"理校"式的"对勘"之法，也能收到一定之效。
比如，在第二十五章，宪兵来巡查防空准备，责打李四爷失职，遭到反抗后兽性发作，"四双后跟带着钉子的靴子，像四辆坦克车似的，一齐向老人的两条腿踢过来"（Four pairs of boots like four tanks with nails on the heels kicked together at the old man's legs）。
单就句子本身而言，看不出什么毛病。
但就上下文看，即会想到两个宪兵，不可能有"四双"靴子。
因而，可以断定第一个"four"，乃"two"之误，正确的句子当是"两双后跟带着钉子的靴子，像四辆坦克车似的，一齐向老人的两条腿踢过来"。
第四次翻译
7. This cutting-edge semi-conductor will be widely used in such devices as next-generation digital appliances and home-use consoles. 这种先进的半导体将被广泛的应用与下一代数字电器和家用控制 器。 8. Abolishing the housing loan tax break would reduce the number of housing starts by 100,000, which translates into an economic loss of 600 million dollars. 废除住房贷款税额将减少住房开工户数10万户，折算成经济损失 就是6亿美元。 9. Preferential tax treatment that the U.S. Government extends to corporations runs counter to a WTO agreement that bans exports subsidies. 美国政府给予公司的税收优惠政策违反了WTO禁止出口补贴的协 议。
Hale Waihona Puke
4. In economic field, large companies are feeling the impacts of both constantly technological progress and of the newest production methods. 在经济领域，大公司正感受到技术进步和最新生产方法的双重影 响。 5. Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their tactics in coping with the constantly changing international political climate. 在应对多变的国际政治环境方面，大国和小国都有自己的策略。 6. Additional money easing was intended to prevent the injection of public funds into HSBC Holdings PLC from causing uncertainties over the financial system before it was late. 附加的货币宽松政策旨在防止公共资金注入汇丰控股有限公司， 以免造成金融体系的混乱。
从中国历史上四次翻译高潮谈翻译理
从中国历史上四次翻译高潮谈翻译理论的发展张景丰(载《语言与翻译》杂志，2002年第三期)摘要：通过对中国翻译史的回顾,尤其是对中国历史上的四次翻译高潮的回顾，研究翻译理论的发展,促进翻译水平的提高。
[作者简介］张景丰(1958-),女，汉族,河南机电高等专科学校讲师。
关键词：翻译高潮；翻译理论；发展中图分类号：H059文献标识码：A 文章编号：1001-0823(2002)03-0048-04翻译是不同民族进行交流的重要媒体之一。
在中国历史上，周朝已开始设译官，此后出现过多次翻译高潮，每次高潮都涌现出许多优秀的翻译理论家，经百家争鸣，翻译理论不断发展、进步、趋于完善。
因此要了解翻译理论的发展，须了解翻译的历史，总结经验。
下面仅从中国历史上出现的四次翻译高潮对翻译理论的发展予以探讨。
第一次翻译高潮：东汉至唐宋时期在三国时期，支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨，不加文饰”的译经原则。
有人认为，支谦此序“可以算是最初的直译说了”（罗根泽语）。
晋、前秦时道安继而在《革卑婆沙序》中提出了比支谦更为明确的主张，即“案本而传，不令有损言游字；时改倒句，余尽实录。
”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多，最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。
其意思是，翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目，有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的，因此必须慎之又慎。
北朝末年及隋初，彦琮著《辨证论》，它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论，他主张译经“宁贵朴而近理，不用巧而背源”。
可见他也是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。
以上三家的论点颇为近似，他们的原则可以概括为“重质朴，轻文采”。
唐代僧人玄奘，其真本领在于翻译佛经，是中国佛经翻译史上集大成并后来居上的翻译家，他不仅译出了七十五部佛经，而且还把老子的部分著作译成梵文，成了第一个向国外介绍汉语著作的中国人。
他的指导原则就是：“既须求真，又须喻俗”。
“求真”即追求准确，要力求“忠实原作”，这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。
四次翻译高潮
从中国四次翻译高峰期看翻译理论的发展葛薇（空军工程大学理学院，陕西西安710051）On The Development of Translation Theories from the Perspective of FourTranslation ClimaxesGe Wei(Air Force University of Engineering, College of Science,Xi’an, Shaanxi 710051)摘要：我国翻译发展史上曾出现过四次翻译高潮，与之伴生的是翻译理论的同步发展。
我国翻译理论发展的大致轨迹是由“质”而“信”再到“化”，也就是说，从单纯模仿原文句法的直译到允许句法自由的意译再到饱含创造神韵、根据实际需要而进行的多种翻译手法相结合。
我国的翻译理论是在不断深化中加快发展，在传统理论基础上不断更新与提高。
关键词：翻译高潮翻译理论翻译史Abstract: There are four translation climaxes in Chinese history, which are accompanied by the development of translation theory. Chinese translation theories developed from word-to-word translation to free translation, and then to creative translation by which the translator would combine with a variety of translation methods according to actual needs. Chinese translation theories have been developing and improving on the basis of traditional translation theories.Keywords: translation climax, translation theory, translation history收稿日期：2012-03-10作者简介：葛薇（1982-），女，陕西户县人，英语语言文学教研室，助教，硕士，从事翻译理论与实践研究。
英语翻译第四次作业
为防止此类损坏，应保护混凝土至少7天不失水，在更敏感的工作中，最多14天不失水。当使用高早期强度水泥时，养护期可以缩短一半。固化可以通过喷洒、积水、覆盖塑料膜或使用密封化合物（如果使用得当，这些化合物会形成防蒸发膜）来保持外露表面持续湿润。除了提高强度外，适当的湿固化提供更好的收缩控制。为保护混凝土在寒冷天气中不受低温影响，搅拌用水和偶尔加热骨料，在可能的情况下使用保温材料，并使用特殊外加剂，特别是氯化钙。当空气温度很低时，除了绝缘外，还必须提供外部热量。
To prevent such damage, concrete should be protectedfrom loss of moisture for at least 7 days and, in more sensitive work, up to 14 days. When high early strength cements are used, curing periods can be cut in half. Curing can be achieved by keeping exposed surfaces continually wet through sprinkling, ponding, covering with plastic film, or by the use of sealing compounds, which, when properly used, form evaporation retarding membranes. In addition to improved strength, proper moist-curing provides better shrinkage control. To protect the concrete against low temperatures during cold weather, the mixing water and, occasionally, the aggregates are heated, temperature insulation is used where possible, and special admixtures, particularly calcium chloride, are employed. When air temperatures are very low, external heat may have to be supplied in addition to insulation.
第四次翻译文本及参考译文
America is a place where personal responsibility is valued and expected. Though responsibility requires sacrifice, it brings a deeper fulfillment. We find the fullness of life not only in options, but also in commitments.美国是一个尊重并期盼个人责任心的国家。
尽管承担责任需要付出代价，但能带来更大的成就感。
生活的充实不仅在于做出选择，而且还在于承担义务。
Sometimes in life we are called to do great things. But more often we are called to do small things with great love. I, therefore, ask you to seek a common good beyond your own comfort; to serve your nation, beginning with your neighbor.生活中有时我们被召唤去从事伟业。
但更多的时候我们被召唤以极大的爱心去做小事。
因此，我请求你们为大众谋利而不计较个人安逸；报效祖国，从帮助邻居做起。
Americans are generous and strong and decent, not because we believe in ourselves, but because we hold beliefs beyond ourselves.美国人慷慨、坚强、正直。
这并不是我们的过分自信，而是因为我们的信念超越了自我。
While many of our citizens prosper, some Americans doubt the promise, even the justice of our own country. These people may have ambitions and aspirations, but they are limited by such elements as failing schools and the circumstances of their birth.在许多国人获得成功的同时，也有一些美国人对我们国家的承诺，甚至对我们国家本身的公正，表示怀疑。
翻译第四次作业
各位同学，再接再厉，两个故事！1. Michelangelo and a politician arrive at the Pearly Gates. St. Peter proclaims, “He‟s here! He‟s here!” and ushers the politician inside as trumpets sound and angels sing.As Michelangelo follows, the gates slam in his face. Shaken, he knocks. St. Peter appears. “I don‟t understand,” Michelangelo says. “I have served God all my life through my work, and I arrive here and am completely ignored in the midst of the tremendous welcome for, of all people, a politician!”“I‟m sorry,” says St. Peter. “We have many artists and religious people in heaven. But this is our first politician!”2. The Secret of a Successful MarriageA couple was celebrating their golden wedding anniversary. Their domestic tranquility had long been the talk of the town. A local newspaper reporter was inquiring as to the secret of their long and happy marriage.“Well, it dates back to our honeymoon,” explained the man. “We visited the Grand Canyon and took a trip down to the bottom of the canyon by pack mule. We hadn‟t gone too far when my wife‟s mule stumbled. My wife quietly said, …That‟s once.‟ We proceeded a little farther when the mule stumbled again. Once more my wife quietly said, …That‟s twice.‟ We hadn‟t gone a half-mile when the mule stumbled a third time. My wife promptly removed a revolver from her pocket and shot the mule dead. I started to protest over her treatment of the mule when she looked at me and quietly said …That‟s once.‟ And we lived happily ever after.”。
富兰克林罗斯福 第四次就职演说翻译
富兰克林·罗斯福（Franklin D.Roosevelt）第四次就职演说翻译首席大法官先生，副总统先生，我的朋友们：你们能够理解、并且我相信也会赞同我的愿望，把这次就职典礼办成一个简简单单的仪式，而我则只发表一个简短的演说。
我们今天的美国人和我们的盟友一道，正经历一个最为严峻的考验时期。
这是一次对我们的勇气、决心和智慧的考验，也是一次对我们根本性的民主制的考验。
我们若能成功而光荣地经受住这次考验，那我们就可以创造具有重要历史意义的业绩，受到人民世世代代的纪念。
今天，我伫立于此，在我国同胞的面前，在我们上帝的面前，进行了庄严的就职宣誓。
当此之际，我深知美国的目标要求我们决不能失败。
在未来的岁月里，我们要致力于建设一种公正而光荣的和平，建设一种持久的和平，就像我们今天正在为战争的彻底胜利而工作和战斗一样。
我们能够而且必将获得这样一种和平。
我们要为完美的局面而奋斗。
我们不会马上达到目标，但我们仍要为之奋斗。
我们也许会犯下错误，但我们决不能因为丧失意志和抛弃道义原则而犯错误。
我至今仍记得我的老校长皮博迪博士在那些对我们似乎是平安无事的年月说过的话：“生活当中的事情并不永远是平坦顺畅的。
有时我们眼看就要登上顶峰，可是情况似乎很快急转直下，又开始走下坡路了。
但我们要牢记一个重要事实：明本身的趋向永远是向上的，如果从数个世纪的高峰和低谷之间划出的中线来看，这条线一直都是呈上升趋势的。
”我们1787年的宪法并不是一份完美无缺的文献，而且它至今仍未尽善尽美。
但它却提供了一个坚实的基础，供不同种族、不同肤色、不同信仰的各式各样的人们来建立一个牢固的民主大厦。
因此，在今天，在1945年这个战争的年头，我们用可怕的代价换取了若干教训，我们会从中获益不浅。
我们懂得，单凭我们自己是无法生活在和平之中的，我们自己的富足有赖于相距遥远的其他国家的富足。
我们懂得，我们必须像人一样生活，不能像驼鸟，也不能像那些自己不吃也不让他人吃的狗。
翻译第四次授课
e.g.
(1) …Blessed by year round good weather, Spain is a magnet for sun-worshippers and holidaymakers… 西班牙蒙上帝保佑，一年四季，天 气很好，宛如一块磁铁，吸引着酷 爱阳光、爱度假的人们……
(2)
Original English 1: I love tiger cat…British movies on public television, fluffy blouses, the nuclear family…(Helen Snow, My China Years) Chinese Version A: 我爱虎猫，…（爱）电视上放映的英国影片，有 绒毛的短衫，核心家庭，… Chinese Version B: 我喜欢豹猫，…喜欢公共电视台播放的英国电影， 喜欢蓬松柔软件的棉毛衫，喜欢一夫一妻制的家 庭，…
In
a word, literal translation and free translation are both indispensable and supplementary to each other. In the process of translating, we should adopt these two methods flexibly and appropriately.
(2 ) When you translate sentences which are dissimilar in structure or figure of speech, free translation should be used.
(3) And when you translate sentences which are partly similar and partly dissimilar in structure or figure of speech, the two methods should be flexibly and cleverly combined.
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1. We are very grateful to you for your effort to come all the way from China to present this document to us.
我们特别感谢你从中国远道而来把文件送给我们。
2. The use of bio-chemical weapons is a sheer violation of international laws – the Geneva Convention in particular.
生化武器的使用绝对是违反国际法律的，尤其是《日内瓦公约》。
3. We have advocated the principle of peaceful coexistence, which is now growing more and more popular among the nations of Asia and Africa.
我们主张和平共处的原则，这在亚洲和非洲国家正越来越普及。
4. In economic field, large companies are feeling the impacts of both constantly technological progress and of the newest production methods.
在经济领域，大公司正感受到技术进步和最新生产方法的双重影响。
5. Big powers have their strategies while small countries also have their tactics in coping with the constantly changing international political climate.
在应对多变的国际政治环境方面，大国和小国都有自己的策略。
6. Additional money easing was intended to prevent the injection of public funds into HSBC Holdings PLC from causing uncertainties over the financial system before it was late.
附加的货币宽松政策旨在防止公共资金注入汇丰控股有限公司，以免
造成金融体系的混乱。
7. This cutting-edge semi-conductor will be widely used in such devices as next-generation digital appliances and home-use consoles.
这种先进的半导体将被广泛的应用与下一代数字电器和家用控制器。
8. Abolishing the housing loan tax break would reduce the number of housing starts by 100,000, which translates into an economic loss of 600 million dollars.
废除住房贷款税额将减少住房开工户数10万户，折算成经济损失就是6亿美元。
9. Preferential tax treatment that the U.S. Government extends to corporations runs counter to a WTO agreement that bans exports subsidies.
美国政府给予公司的税收优惠政策违反了WTO禁止出口补贴的协议。