权利法案

1、凡未经议会同意，以国王权威停止法律或停止法律 实施之僭越权力，为非法权利。（立法权） 3．设立审理宗教事务之钦差法庭之指令，以及一切其 他同类指令与法庭，皆为非法而有害。 （司法权） 4．凡未经国会准许，借口国王特权，为国王而征收， 或供国王使用而征收金钱，超出国会准许之时限或方式 者，皆为非法。（征税权） 6．除经国会同意外，平时在本王国内征募或维持常备 军，皆属违法。（军事权）
The bill of rights，在英国习惯称作 《权利法案》(1791年)，而美国习惯 称作《人权法案》(1689年)。
英国《权利法案》背景：光荣革命
1688年，英国资产阶级和新贵族发动 的推翻詹姆斯二世的统治、防止天主 教复辟的非暴力政变。英国决定以法 律形式限制国王的权力，保证自己的 权力，于是在议会上、下两院共同召 开的全体会议上，向威廉和玛丽提出 了一个“权利宣言”.1689年10月，议 会通过了“权利宣言”并制订为法律， 是为《权利法案》。 这场革命未有流血，因此历史学家将 其称之为“光荣革命”。奠定了英国 君主立宪政体的理论和法律基础，确 立了议会高于王权的原则，具有宪法 的性质，标志着君主立宪制开始在英 国建立，为英国资本主义的迅速发展 扫清了道路。
By raising and keeping a standing army within this kingdom in time of peace without consent of Parliament, and quartering soldiers contrary to law; By causing several good subjects being Protestants to be disarmed at the same time when papists were both armed and employed contrary to law;
The monarch is the personal embodiment（化身） of the British government,and a symbol of Brith unity representing the continuity of the whole political system.So the stability of the British government owes mush to the monarchy.
参与费城制宪会议的主要人员：
华盛顿：美国国父
詹姆斯· 麦迪逊：美国宪法之父
托马斯· 杰佛逊：美国《独立宣言》起草人
本杰明·富兰克林： 资产阶级民主主义思想家
大卫· 休谟：苏格兰哲学家、怀疑论者
第一条 Amendment I Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. 译文：国会不得制定关于下列事项的法律：确立国教或禁止信教自由；剥夺言论自由或出版自由；或剥夺人民和平集会和向政府请愿伸冤的权利。 第二条 Amendment II A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms shall not be infringed. 译文：纪律严明的民兵是保障自由州的安全所必需的，人民持有和携带武器的权利不可侵犯。 第三条 Amendment III No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. 译文：未经房主同意，士兵平时不得驻扎在任何住宅；除依法律规定的方式，战时也不得驻扎。 第四条 Amendment IV The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 译文：人民的人身、住宅、文件和财产不受无理搜查和扣押的权利，不得侵犯。除依据可能成立的理由，以宣誓或代誓宣言保证，并详细说明搜查地点和扣 押的人或物，不得发出搜查和扣押状。 第五条 Amendment V No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 译文：除非根据大陪审团的报告或起诉书，任何人不受死罪或其他重罪的审判，但发生在陆、海军中或发生在战时或出现公共危险时服役的民兵中的案件除 外；任何人不得因同一犯罪行为而两次遭受生命或身体的危害；不得在任何刑事案件中被迫自证其罪；不经正当法律程序，不得被剥夺生命、自由或财产。 不给予公平赔偿，私有财产不得充作公用。 第六条 Amendment VI In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence. 译文：在一切刑事诉讼中，被告有权由犯罪行为发生地的州和地区的公正陪审团予以迅速和公开的审判，该地区应事先已由法律确定；得知控告的性质和理 由；同原告证人对质；以强制 程序取得对其有利的证人；并取得律师帮助为其辩护。 第七条 Amendment VII In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise reexamined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. 译文：在普通法的诉讼中，其争执价额超过二十美元，由陪审团审判的权利应受到保护。由陪审团裁决的事实，合众国的任何法院除非按照习惯法规则，不 得重新审查。 第八条 Amendment VIII Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 译文：不得要求过多的保释金，不得处以过重的罚金，不得施加残酷和非常的惩罚。 第九条 Amendment IX The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. 译文：本宪法对某些权利的列举，不得被解释为否定或轻视由人民保留的其他权利。 第十条 Amendment X The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people. 译文：宪法未授予合众国、也未禁止各州行使的权力，由各州各自保留，或由人民保留。
美国习惯称作《人权法案》 (1689年)。美国权利法案是 美利坚合众国宪法前十条修 正案的统称。
美国《人权法案》背景：费城制宪会议
1787年5月25日到9月17日美 国在费城召开制宪会议制定宪 法。这部宪法取代1781年《邦 联条例》成为美国的也是世界 近代历史上第一部成文宪法。 但是，这部宪法基本未提及人 民的民主权利，后在群众压力 和资产阶级民主派的斗争下， 于1789年7月又通过10条宪法 修正案，1791年12月15日正式 生效，即著名的《人权法案》 （Bill of Rights）
目的：极大的限制了国王的权力
8．国会议员之选举应是自由的。（选举权） 9．国会内之演说自由、辩论或议事之自由，不应 在国会以外之任何法院或任何地方，受到弹劾或讯 问；（言论自由权） 13．为申雪一切诉冤，并为修正、加强与维护法律 起议会的权利
The Role of the Monarch(君主)
By violating the freedom of election of members to serve in Parliament;
By prosecutions in the Court of King's Bench for matters and causes cognizable only in Parliament, and by divers other arbitrary and illegal courses; And whereas of late years partial corrupt and unqualified persons have been returned and served on juries in trials, and particularly divers jurors in trials for high treason which were not freeholders;
By levying money for and to the use of the Crown by pretence of prerogative for other time and in other manner than the same was granted by Parliament;
斯图亚特王朝
詹姆斯二世出逃
新贵族有两种人：第一是原来的封建贵族，但是他们实行
的是资本主义生产方式；第二种是资本家，但是为了有政治地位， 而买了封建贵族的名号。旧贵族指地主,新贵族指资产阶级
詹姆斯二世，他是最后一位天
主教的英国国王。他的父亲是英国历史上唯 一一位被公开处死的国王查理一世。而处死 他父亲的领导人正是新贵族的代表人物—— 奥利弗· 克伦威尔
And excessive bail hath been required of persons committed in criminal cases to elude the benefit of the laws made for the liberty of the subjects;
And excessive fines have been imposed; And illegal and cruel punishments inflicted; And several grants and promises made of fines and forfeitures before any conviction or judgment against the persons upon whom the same were to be levied;
By assuming and exercising a power of dispensing with and suspending of laws and the execution of laws without consent of Parliament; By committing and prosecuting divers worthy prelates for humbly petitioning to be excused from concurring to the said assumed power; By issuing and causing to be executed a commission under the great seal for erecting a court called the Court of Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes;