跨文化交际期末复习资料

Components of large C Culture :

Social institutions and organizations.

Language and other communication systems.

Customs, habits and behavioral patterns.

Value systems, world views, national traits, aesthetic standards, thinking patterns.

Knowledge about nature and man himself and artistic development.

Culture Onion

Dutch scholar Fons Trompenaars (1998) describes culture in three layers:

a) The outer layer: the explicit culture products, which refer to the observable things like language, food, buildings, house, monuments, agriculture, markets, fashion and art, which are the symbols of

a deeper level of culture.

b) The middle layer: norms and values, reflected by the explicit factors

c) The core: assumptions about culture. From the fundamental relationship with the nature, mankind likes the core: meaning of life. Thus, in this sense "culture is anything but nature ." Characteristics of Culture

1. Culture is transmissible

2. Culture is shared. Members of a culture share a set of ideas, values, and standards of behaviors, and this set is what gives meaning to their lives, and what bonds them together as a culture.

3. Culture is mostly learned unconsciously /acquired.

Culture is learned, not inherited（遗传的）. It derives from one’s social environment, not from one’s genes.

4.Culture is symbolic.

5. Culture is integrated. To keep the culture functioning, all aspects of the culture must be integrated.

6. Culture is dynamic. Culture is subject to change. It’s dynamic rather than static（静态的）, constantly changing and evolving under the impact of events and through contact with other cultures. It changes through three most common mechanisms: innovation（创新）, diffusion（传播）and acculturation（文化适应）.

7. Culture is ethnocentric（民族中心主义的）.

8.Culture is the guiding principles for actions.

Key terms

Enculturation（社会文化适应）：Enculturation is the socialization process you go through to adapt to your society. （社会文化适应指人们学习适应自己所在社会的文化的社会化过程）。Acculturation（文化适应）：

Acculturation, or cultural adaptation, refers to an individual’s learning and adapting to the norms and values of the new host culture. （文化适应指人们学习和适应新文化的社会规范和价值观念的过程）。

Separation and segregation（分离和隔离）：the maintaining one’s original culture and not participating in the new culture. （指在文化适应过程中保留了原有文化，完全没有接受和习得新文化）。

Integration (文化整合): It takes place when individuals become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their culture integrity. (文化整合指人们在文化适应过程中成为新文化中的一部分，同时又保留了自己文化的完整性)。

Assimilation (文化同化)：It is the degree to which an individual relinguishes an original culture