实用文体翻译合同的翻译Pragmatic Translation

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12年各校词语翻译

12年各校词语翻译

2012年很多高校的翻译硕士词汇翻译真题(共计34页706个词汇翻译) 1.AMIS:声讯交互规范(Audio Message InteractiveSpecification)或:农业管理信息系统(Agricultural Management Information)2.BHD:黑鹰坠落(Black Hawk Down)3.CBRC:中国银监会4.DPOB:出生时间和地点(date and place of birth)5.FEM:有限单元法(The Finite Element Method)6.MTN:多边贸易谈判7.MSP:成功的项目群管理(Managing Successful Programme) 或:医疗保健计划(Medical Services Plan)8.NNW:国民福利指标(Net National Welfare )9.PAO:典藏学术期刊全文数据库(Periodicals Archive Online)或:公共事务办公室(Public Affairs Office)10.SAC:中国证券业协会(THE SECURITIES ASSOCIATION OF CHINA)11.debenture:公司债券12.balance sheet:资产负债表13.tax agent:税务代理人14.international arbitration:国际仲裁18.gross weight :毛重或总重19.generalized system of preference:普惠制20.fixed cost:固定成本21.stock listings:股票上市22.random access:随机存取23.profit before tax:税前利润24.按揭:Mortgage25.薄利多销:SPQR small profits, quick returns26.补贴:subsidy27.动产抵押:Chattel Mortgage28.进口报关单:the import customs declaration29.房地产:Real Estate30.分包合同:subcontract31.股息:dividend32.国民待遇:national treatment33.市场调查:market research34.Academy award:奥斯卡金像奖35.animated movie :动画片36.avant-garde:先锋派,前卫派37.Byzantium:拜占庭38.Civilian :平民39.Cubism:立体派40.Catholicism:天主教义41.Expo:世博会42.Bermuda Triangle:百慕达神秘三角43.Consumerism:消费者保护主义,用户至上主义44.East End:伦敦东区45.Beatles:甲壳虫乐队46.Contributor:投稿者,贡献者47.Broadway:百老汇48.autograph:亲笔签名49.未来主义:Futuristic50.头版新闻:front page news51.蜜月:Honeymoon52.香格里拉:Shangri-La53.人力资源:Human resources54.碳酸饮料:Sodas55.学士学位:bachelor's degree56.特洛伊木马Trojan Horse57.垃圾文化:junk culture58.中古英语:Middle English59.荒诞派戏剧:Theatre of the Absurd60.迷惘的一代:Lost Generation61.手稿:manuscript62.寿桃:birthday peaches63.春卷:spring roll64.国库券:treasury bonds65.国家外汇储蓄:foreign exchange reserves66.综合国力:Comprehensive National Power67.温带大陆性气候:temperate continental climate68.短篇小说:Short Stories69.科幻片:science fiction movie70.污水处理:Sewage treatment71.海峡两岸关系:Cross-Strait relations72.新闻发布会:Press conference73.Hubble Space Telescope:哈勃空间望远镜74.activiated carbon:活性炭75.Blu-ray disc:蓝光碟76.HIV carrier:艾滋病毒携带者ernment procurement:政府采购78.deposit reserve ratio:存款准备金率79.insurance company:保险公司80.TPP:跨太平洋伙伴关系协议(Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement )81.magnetic resonance imaging:磁共振成像82.carbon credit:碳信用额83.lending rate:贷款利率/放款利率84.total fertility rate:总生育率85.辛亥革命:the Revolution of 191186.蚁族:ant tribe87.限购令:purchase restriction88.京海高速铁路:Beijing-Shanghai High-speed Railway89.经济适用房:economically affordable housing首都师范大学90.Patriotic missile :爱国者导弹91.hegemonism:霸权主义92.the Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere大东亚共荣圈93.the Falungong cult:法轮功邪教组织94.legal code:法典95.Hypertext:超文本96.mortgage:抵押97.secured loan:担保贷款98.historical materialism:历史唯物主义99.Buddhist scriptures:佛经100.澳门特别行政区基本法:Basic Law of the Macao Special Administrative Region101.八国联军:the Eight-Power Allied Forces102.半封建社会:semi-colonial society103.春运:transport during the Spring Festival104.核反应堆事故:Nuclear Reactor Accident105.思想道德修养:ideological and moral cultivation106.大病统筹:comprehensive arrangement for serious disease 107.大办酒席:a lavish feast108.豆腐渣工程:jerry-built project109.暴力犯罪:violent crime110.文化产业:cultural industry111.产业结构失调:imbalance in industrial structure112.文化主旋律:cultural theme113.繁文缛节:red tape/trivial formalities114.继往开来:carry forward our cause and forge ahead into thefuture115.历史文物:historical relics116.extensive development :粗放式发展117.get the upper hand:占上风118.sleeping late:睡懒觉119.nanotechnology:纳米技术120.copyright theft:版权盗窃121.lose one's shirt:输得精光,一文不值122.pull one's leg:开某人的玩笑123.international trade dispute:国际贸易争端124.all-in-one ticket:一票通125.Group 20 :20国集团峰会126.win-win cooperation:双赢合作127.paternity test:亲子鉴定128.junk email:垃圾邮件129.opinion poll:民意测验130.粮食安全:food security131.产业结构调整:industrial restructuring132.学分制:the credit system133.金砖5国:BRIICs134.政治体制改革:the reform of political structure 135.节能减排:energy conservation and emission reduction 136.换届选举:general election137.自主研发:independent research and development 138.循环经济:recycling economy139.高素质人才:high-quality talents140.到期的房租:rent due141.洗钱:money laundering142.媒体炒作:media hype143.各界人士:people from all walks of life144.Applied translation studies:应用翻译研究145.Back translation:回译146.Bilateral interpreting:双边传译municative translation:交际翻译148.Stylistic translation:文体翻译149.Contextual consistency:语境一致150.Corpora:语料库151.Covert translation:隐性翻译152.Domesticating translation:归化翻译153.Dynamic:动态类型154.Foreignizing translation:异化翻译155.Free translation:意译156.Literal translation:直译157.Pragmatic translation:实用翻译158.Source text:源文本159.高架铁路:elevated railway160.市区铁路:urban railway161.铁路网:railway network162.铁路运输:railway traffic163.往返票:round-trip ticket164.站台票:platform ticket165.客车站:passenger station166.列车时刻表:timetable of trains,train schedule 167.环形路线:ring-form route168.换乘站:transfer station169.NATO :北大西洋公约组织(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)170.smog:烟雾171.intellectual property:知识产权172.first-aid treatment:急救治疗173.the voice of people is the voice of god:人民之声力大无比174.diplomatic ettiquet :外交礼仪175.IT(information technology):信息技术176.House of Representatives:众议院177.public relations department:公关部、外联部178.financial management:财务管理,金融管理179.job fair :招聘会180.summer resort:避暑胜地181.web browser:浏览器182.software developer:软件工程师183.public relationship management:公关管理184.开幕词:opening speech185.拜年:pay a New Year call186.同学会:Alumni Association187.旅游景点:scenic spots188.文化冲突:cultural conflict189.带薪假期:paid holiday190.项目经理:PM(Project Manager)191.企业文化:enterprise culture192.Abstract translation:摘要翻译193.Adequacy:充分性194. Appeal-focused texts:感染型文本195.Mult:多元196.Naturalness:自燃性197.Loan translation:借译198.Coherence:连贯性mission:佣金200.Consecutive interpreting:交替传译201.Domesticating translation:归化翻译202.Pre-editing:预编辑203.Explicitation:明晰化204.Poly-system theory:多元系统论205.Under-translation:欠额翻译(和超额翻译相对)206.可比语料库:comparable corpora207.自然语言:Nature Language208.语法分析:syntax analysis209.隐形:invisibility211.显型翻译:Phenotype translation212.术语库:terminology bank213.视译:sight interpreting214.配字幕:subtitle215.文本类型学:Text Typology216.可接受性:acceptability217.冗余:redundancy218.AFP:法新社219.FAO:联合国粮食与农业组织(Food and Agriculture Organization)220.SME:中小企业(small medium enterprise221.UNGA :联合国大会(the United Nations General Assembly)222.PBOC:中国人民银行(People's Bank of China)223.UPU:万国邮政联盟(Universal Postal Union)224.B2C:企业对消费者的电子商务模式(Business to Customer)225.national city bank of new York:花旗银行226.force majeure:不可抗力227.state-of-the-art:艺术级的,最先进的228.cathay pacific:国泰航空公司229.Mahatma Gandhi:圣雄甘地230.Bretton Woods System:布雷顿森林体系231.plurality rule :简单多数原则232.先发制人战略:pre-emptive strategy233.民进党:Democratic Progressive Party234.“一站式”办公:"One-stop" office235.公益文化事业:The public cultural undertakings236.生态足迹:ecological footprint237.贴现率:discount rate238.海水淡化:sea water desalination239.安居工程:Comfortable Housing Project240.大病医疗费用社会统筹:medical cost social pool for major diseases241.古兰经:the Koran242.习惯法:common law243.皮影戏:shadow play244.鱼和熊掌不可兼得:You can't have your cake and eat it too 245.Human Genome Project:人类基因组计划246.Cloud Computing:云计算247.party animal:聚会狂248.crowdsourcing:众包249.catch-22:第22条军规,双重困境250.应用翻译:Applied Translation251.收视率:audience rating252.载人空间站:manned space station253.大学城:university town254.试婚:trial marriage255.ah hoc:临时256.NASA:美国国家航空航天局257.socrates:苏格拉底258.worst-case scenario:最糟糕的情况259.Midas:大富翁;麦得斯(能点物成金)260.Ponzi scheme:庞氏骗局261.lion's share:最佳份额262.prenupial agreement:婚前协议263.拳头产品:competitive product264.不良资产:NPL(non-performing loan)265.追尾:rear-end266.停电:power cuts267.经济适用房:economically affordable housing 268.The Wall Street Journal:华尔街日报269.IMF:国际货币基金组织270.MIT:麻省理工学院271.EU:欧盟272.市场调查:market survey273.医保卡:medicare card274.全球定位系统:GPS(global positioning sysem)275.世界银行:World Bank276.Austerity measures:财政紧缩政策277.The US Senate:美国参议院278.Washington Post:华盛顿邮报279.Arab Spring:阿拉伯之春280.Gary Locke:骆家辉281.Wall Street Journal:华尔街日报282.十二五规划:the Twelfth Five-year Plan283.十七届六中全会:The sixth plenary session of the 17th 284.全国人大:NPC(National People's Congress)285.软实力:soft power286.中美战略经济对话:U.S.–China Strategic and EconomicDialogue (S&ED)287.上海合作组织:Shanghai cooperation organization288.珠江三角州:The pearl river delta289.北京共识:Beijing Consensus300.工业“三废”:three industrial wastes301.保障性住房:Affordable housing302.C.I.F:到岸价(cost,insurance and freight)303.NNP:国民净产值(Net National Production)304.R.U:Rugby Union (英国)橄榄球联合会305.ZPG:人口零增长(Zero Population Growth306.IQ:智力商数(intelligence quotient);307.DOF:自由度(Degree of Freedom)308.house bill:总公司汇票;内部汇票309.custom house broker:报关行310.date of expirating:到期日311.单价:unit price312.船上交货:free on board313.承运人:freighter314.输出港:outport315.出口价格指数:Export Price Index316.bill of exchange:汇票317.CBD:交货前付款(Cash Before Delivery)或:业务中心地区(Central Business District)318.knockout product:拳头产品319.人文交流:cultural and educational exchanges320.廉租房:low-rent housing321.大型实景歌舞演出:musical extravaganza on the site 322.载人航天:manned space flight323.法人:legal person324.违法征地拆迁:illegal land acquisition325.P&G:美国宝洁公司326.NBA:全美篮球协会(National Basketball Association)327.Libiya Dinar:利比亚第纳尔328.Hologram:全息摄影329.Budweiser:百威啤酒330.Al Jazeera Network:半岛电视新闻网331.中央党校:Party School of the CPC Central Committee 332.九三学社:Jiusan Society333.中组部:Organization Department of the Central Committee of the CPC334.Honda:本田汽车公司335.国家体育运动委员会:State Physical Culture and SportsCommission336.卫生部:ministry of health337.最高人民法院:Supreme People's Court338.中国工商银行:ICBC(Industrial and Commercial Bank ofChina)339.体委:National Athletic Committee340.翻译标准:translation criterion341.体裁:types or forms of literature342.回教:Muslim343.祠堂:ancestral temple344.端午节:Dragon Boat Festival345.第三产业:tertiary industry346.IDD:国际直拨长途电话(International Direct Dial)347.CPC:中国共产党(Communist Party of China)348.CAAC:中国民用航空总局(General Administration of Civil Aviation of China)349.NIC:网络信息中心(Network Information Center)350.ILO:国际劳工组织(International Labor Organization)351.GSM:销售总经理(General Sales Manager);全球移动通信系统(Global System for MobileCommunications)352.CTO:首席技术官(Chief Technology Officer);中央电报局(central telegraph office)353.Risk Profile:(企业的)风险预测354.Notary office:公证处;公证机关Receprocal Tariff:互惠关税355.Venture Capitalist:风险投资家356.Revolving Fund:循环基金,周转金357.备用资金:reserve fund358.本土化:localization359.蹦极:Bungee Jumping360.保证金:security deposit361.被动吸烟:passive smoking362.比基尼:Bikini363.闭路电视:Closed-circuit television364.边缘科学:boundary science365.携式电脑:Portable Computers366.便衣警察:plainclothes officer367.包装业:package industry368.兵马俑:Terra-Cotta Warriors369.保监会:China Insurance Regulatory Commission步行天桥:pedestrian overpass370.火车票实名制:real name train ticket system371.联合国计划开发署:UNDP372.Benchmark interest rate:基准利率373.NASA:美国国家航空和宇宙航行局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)374.Bricks:金砖五国375. FIFA ISBN:国际足联ISBN376.sovereign credit rating:主权信用评级377.webcasting:网路广播378.no smoke without fire:无风不起浪379.look for a needle in a haystack:大海捞针380.不可再生资源:Non-renewable resources381.泡沫经济:bubble economy382.通货紧缩Deflation383.财政赤字:financial deficit384.参政议政:participate in the administration and discussion of state affairs 385.扶贫:poverty alleviation386.春蕾计划:Spring Buds Program387.按揭贷款:mortgage loan388.网民:netizen389.NMD:国家导弹防御系统(National Missile Defense)390.COO:首席运营官(Chief Operating Officer391.DNS:域名服务器(Domain Name Server)392.BBS:电子布告栏(Bulletin Board System)393.OTC:技术合作处(Office of Technical Cooperation)394.IOC:国际奥林匹克委员会(International Olympic Committee)395.video on demand:视频点播396.telegraphic transfer:电汇397.marginal revenue:边际收益398.corporate image:企业形象399.customs declaration:报关单anization of American States:美国国家组织401.和谐共赢:harmonious and win-win402.主任科员:Principal Staff Member403.解决民生问题:improve people's well-being404.自主创新:self-dependent innovation405.基层民主:democracy at the grassroots level406.全方位外交:all-directional diplomacy407.生态文明:ecological civilization408.主要功能区:The main functional areas409.现场服务:Field Service410.依法行政:law-based administration411.孝道:filial piety412.穿越剧:time-travel TV series413.京沪高铁:Beijing-Shanghai express railway414.非物质文化遗产:intangible cultural heritage415.以房养老:house-for-pension scheme417.自主知识产权:proprietary intellectual property rights 418.customs declaration:报关单419.settlement currency:结算货币420.smart power:灵巧化功率,智能电源421.中小企业:small- and medium-sized enterprises 422.洗钱:money laundering423.人民币升值:appreciation of the RMB424.次贷危机:sub-prime crisis425.水土流失:water loss and soil erosion426.贸易顺差:trade surplus427.企业社会责任:Corporate Social Responsibility428.主权信用评级:sovereign credit rating429.贩卖人口:traffic in persons430.美国驻华大使:American Ambassador to China431.温室效应:greenhouse effect432.投资回报率:ROI (=return on investment)433.供应链:supply chain434.劳动密集型产业:labour-intensive industry435.防止核扩散条约:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation ofNuclear Weapons436.Capital chain :资金链437.Humanitarian intervention:人道主义干涉438.Credit facilities:信用便利439.Exclusive interview:独家采访440.Clean governance:洁治441.Poll:民意测验选举投票442.Double-dip recession:连续两次下降的经济衰退443.The State Council:国务院444.Debt limit:债务限额445.A Palestinian:巴勒斯坦的446.Social security:社会保障447.An earthquake of 9.0 magnitude in the Richter Scale:里氏震级448.A cease-fire agreement:停火协定449.Oil leak/spill:漏油anizing committee:组织委员会451.孝道:filial piety452.穿越剧:time-travel TV series453.非物质文化遗产:intangible cultural heritage454.以房养老:house-for-pension scheme455.自主知识产权:proprietary intellectual property rights 456.customs declaration:报关单457.settlement currency:结算货币458.smart power:灵巧化功率,智能电源459.水土流失:water loss and soil erosion460.美国驻华大使:American Ambassador to China461.温室效应:greenhouse effect462.供应链:supply chain463.劳动密集型产业:labour-intensive industry464.防止核扩散条约Treaty on the Non-Proliferation ofNuclear Weapons465.Capital chain :资金链466.Humanitarian intervention:人道主义干涉467.Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):468.政府间气候变化专门委员会469.WWF:世界野生动物基金(World Wildlife Fund)470.MOFCOM:中华人民共和国商务部(The Ministry of Commerce of the People's Republic of China)471.Foxconn:富士康472.Chemical Oxygen Demand:化学氧需求量473.solar photovoltaics:太阳能光伏474.Standard &Poor's :标准普尔公司475.debt ceiling:债务限额476.carbon footprint 15. ISO:碳足迹15. ISO477.地沟油:hogwash oil/ Gutter oil478.剩男剩女:leftover women and men479.海选:mass-election480.海峡两岸经济合作框架协议:The Cross-strait Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement(ECF A)481.经济二次触底:a double-dip recession482.中国载人航天计划:China’s space program483.廉租房:low rent house484.紧缩性货币政策:tight-money policy485.智能城市:smart city486.《中庸》:The Doctrine of Mean487.非关税壁垒:none-tariff barrier488.民心工程:pro-people project/project in the public interest 489.平板电视:FTV ( flat television )490.云计算:cloud computing500.Anti-Federalists:反联邦党人501.affirmative action:肯定行动,平权行动502.lord chancellor:英国上议院的大法官503.Renaissance:文艺复兴504.clinical psycology:临床心理学mon-law marriage:习惯法婚姻(指未举行任何仪式而自称夫妇者)506.Black Death:黑死病fort station:公共厕所508.lynching:处以死刑,处死刑杀害509.gold rush:淘金热510."A"level:(英国普通中等教育文凭考试的)高级程度511.IQ:智力商数(intelligence quotient)512.MPA:公共管理硕士(Master of Public Administration)513.AIDS:艾滋病514.社会主义市场经济:socialist market economy515.航空航天医学:aerospace medicine516.负翁:debtor,spend-more-than-earn517.主页:homepage518.临时工:casual laborer519.集中:centralize520.隐私权:right of privacy521.储蓄银行:savings bank522.水利枢纽工程:Hydro Project523.“一国两制”基本国策:"One country, two systems" basic state policy524.文化产业:culture industry525.高峰会议:summit conference526.中国社会科学院:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 527.外汇:Foreign Exchange528.ACN Automatic Celestial Navigation:自动天体导航529.BHC:银行控股公司(Bank Holding Company)530.ETDZ:经济技术开发区(Economic And Technical Development Zone)531.suicide bomber:人体炸弹532.water scarcity:水短缺533.pacific fleet:太平洋舰队534.月光族:太平洋舰队535.钉子户:Nail house,tartar536.体育彩票:Sports Lottery537.国家公务员:Civil Servant538.自助游:DIY tour539.印花税:stamp duty540.网络犯罪:Cyber Crimes541.假文凭:Fake Diplomas542.插花(艺术):flower arrangement543.知识产权保护:IPR(intellectual property protection) 544.草根文化:Folk Culture545.“抑郁”的一代:A generation of "depression"546.中国红十字会:Red Cross Society of China547.国家新闻出版总署:GAPP General Administration of Pressand Publication548.人民币升值:appreciation of the RMB549.打击盗版活动:fight against intellectual property piracy 550.网络上瘾:Internet addiction551.滥用职权:abuse of power552.产业升级:industrial upgrading553.Central Ballet Troupe:中央芭蕾舞团554.blue and white porcelain:青花瓷555.FIFA:国际足球联盟(Federation International FootballAssociation)556.currency manipulator:货币操纵国557buggee jumping:蹦极跳558.illegal pyramid selling:非法传销559.surrealism:超现实主义560.sample survey:抽样检查561.multi-polar world:多极化世界562.myth of China's peaceful rise:中国和平崛起的神话563.anti-dumping investigation:反倾销调查564.costume drama:古装剧565.core competiveness:核心竞争力567.intellectual property infringement:知识产权侵犯568.COSCO:中远集运,是船公司搞集装箱运输的可能会懂)569.美国电讯报:The telegraph570.君主立宪:constitutional monarchy571.商主综合楼:the main building572.Random House:随机库573.Unabridged dictionary:足本词典/非节略词典574.ECFA:《海峡两岸经济舍作框架协议》(简称ECFA)Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement575.BA:文学士(Bachelor of Arts)576.Housekeeping Department(旅游):客房部577.The lake poets(文学):湖畔诗人578.Redwood tree:红杉树579.Chic lit(文学):年轻女性小说580.Peking moment :京华烟云581.Chopsui:杂碎582.联合航空公司(缩写):United Airlines583.欧陆式早餐:Continentalbreakfast584.哈尔滨:Harbin585.小篆:Small Seal Script,a style of calligraphy586.穆斯林:Muslim569.《浮生六记》:Six Chapters of A Floating Life570.《狂人日记》:A madman's diary571.捐款国家:Donor nations572.景泰蓝:cloisonne enamel573.南北朝:Southern and Northern Dynasties(420-589)574.defense lawyer :辩护律师575.SC :最高法院(Supreme Court)/联合国安全理事会(Security Council)/通讯兵团(Signal Corps)576.惠民政策:Waste Management Policy577.扶贫计划:Poverty alleviation plan578.剪纸:Chinese paper cutting579.唐三彩:tri-coloured glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty 580.ATA :航空运输协会(Air Transport Association of America581.MT:磁带(Magnetic Tape)/平均时间(Mean Time)/军事训练(Military Training)/主计时器(Master Timer)582.budget deficit:预算赤字583.microblog:微博584.price ceilings:最高限价585.performance appraisal:业绩评价586.full refund:全额退款587.住房公积金:housing fund588.国际评级机构:international rating institution589.实体经济:real economy590.债权人:Creditor debtee600.UNEP :联合国环境规划署(United Nations Environment Programme)601.hedge fund:套保基金,避险基金602.stem cell:干细胞,骨髓干细胞603.cyber café:网络咖啡屋,网吧604.protagonist:主角、主演、主要人物、领导者 dollar appreciation :美元升值606.transliteration:音译,直译607.UN security council:联合国安理会608.NGD神经生长液(Nerve Growth Decoction):中子和伽玛探测器609.本地通用数据库:Native Generic Database610.来电显示:CID Caller Identification611.渣打银行SCB:(Standard Chartered Bank)612.全球500强企业:The global top 500 enterprises613.首期按揭:down-payment614.德班会议: Durban Conference615.交易数量:trading capacity616.贸易壁垒:trade barrier617.审美功能:aesthetic function618.人际功能:Interpersonal function619.下拉菜单:Pull-down Menu620.盘驱动器:Floppy Disk Drive621.气虚:Lacking in vital energy622.编码:Coding623.语用学:Pragmatics624.国际文献:The international literature625.PPI:生产者物价指数(producer price index)626.HIV:人类免疫缺陷病毒(Human Immunodeficiency Virus) 627.FBI:(美国)联邦调查局(Federal Bureau of Investigation)628.IAEA:国际原子能组织(International Atomic Energy Agency)629.十一五规划:The Eleventh Five-year Plan630.社会治安:Public Security631.载人航天:Manned space-flight632.全球货币紧缩:Global monetary tightening633.奶嘴男:mama's boy (永远长不大的男人)634.来电欺诈:caller ID spoofing / call laundering ,是指更改或操纵来电显示信息的行为。

实用文体翻译

实用文体翻译

实用文体翻译期末整理根据老师PPT整理而成供学弟学妹们复习使用~~一、翻译标准1、以译出语或译入语为取向的翻译原则2、直译与意译重点难点:A,He had the agility of a man half his age.他像岁数比他小一半的人那样敏捷。

B,Every dog has its day.人人皆有得意之日。

C,Cast pearls before swine. 对牛弹琴D,They ran away as fast as their legs could carry them. 他们拼命逃跑,连吃奶的力气都用上了。

二、英汉差别1、真朋友&假朋友2、转换:译者将大脑中分析好的语言材料——具有原语深层结构形式的一串词语——转换为具有译语深层结构的一串词语。

3、重构:将已经转换为译语深层结构的一串词语,为着符合译语惯用的表层结构形式、更好地表达原文内容、更好地体现原文功能与风格的目标,重新排列、连接或删除。

4、英汉差异——句子扩展模式中:句首开放性和句尾封闭性英:句首封闭性,句尾开放性——形合和意合中:意合英:形合5、“核心句分析法”,即把英语复杂句分解为语义相对完整的只包含单个主谓框架(即只包含一个谓语动词)的多个句子——核心句,分析各个核心句间的语义逻辑关系,然后用合乎译语表达习惯的排列方式对各核心句进行重构。

按照汉语(一)先发生先说后发生后说,(二)先说事实,后说评价,(三)先说因后说果(以及先说条件后说推断、先说手段后说目的、先说反面后说正面等)的原则,并使用适当的省略、重复、代称等,把核心句翻译成汉语。

重点难点:A,阴(the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world)B,a broken record of argument陈词滥调我们已按很低价格向你们报盘。

We have made you an offer at a very competitive price.C,相声=cross talk=comic dialogueD,鱼米之乡=land of fish and rice=land of milk and honeyE,eat one’s words承认错误The sea refuses no rivers. 贪得无厌blue wool高级羊毛extended family大家庭jelly built project豆腐渣工程drink like a fish牛饮F,We never meet without a parting. 有聚就有散G,We took off and flew over the city and slowly gained height.我们起飞了,飞过城市,慢慢飞高。

应用类翻译 (1)

应用类翻译 (1)
Practical Writings Translation 应用类文体翻译
I. General Introduction to practical writings and different types of practical writing and strategies of practical writing translation
II.合同与函电的翻译 III.社交应用文书的翻译 IV.生活应用文书的翻译
I.General Introduction to practical writings
• • 一、应用文体的概念及特点 二、应用文体翻译的基本原则
By 梁美霞
• 概念:应用文是各类企事业单位、机 关团 体和个人在工作、学习 和日常生活等社会 活动 中,用以处理各种公私事务、传递交 流 信息、 解决实际问题所使用的具有直接 实用价值、格 式规范、 语言简约的多种文 体的统称。
• 应用文体根据不同文种的使用范围、对象、 作用,可分为: 条据类(收据、留言条、请假条等); 书信类(社交信函、商业信函); 礼仪类(请柬、讣告); 记录类(日记、履历、自传、报告记录 等); 经验类(总结、实验报告等); 规约类(合同、计划、规章); 宣传类(标语、海报、广告、说明书等)
分 类
英语和美语在书信体方面存在着一定差异,比如信头称呼、 书信格式、遣词、结尾客套语等均有所不同。
• 英文书信,美国常用垂直式和齐头式(block style),英国常用缩进式或锯齿 式(indented style),即每段的第一个词缩进几个空格。正式的英语书信要在称 呼的上方写上inside address,即收信公司名称和地址或收信人的名字全称、 职务及地址。 • 汉语书信,与英语有一定差别,一般采用缩进式,不需要信内地址,称呼也 因人因事而异,结束语一般采用恭谦的话语,而且日期也放在后面。 信头 称呼: 信函主题………………………………........................................ ………………………………………………………...(谦恭结束语)。 此致 敬礼

翻译的概念

翻译的概念

翻译的概念第一章第一节翻译的概念,分类,过程及方法一.翻译的概念1.关于翻译的几种定义①翻译是一门艺术.(Translation is a fine art.)----林语堂《翻译论》②翻译是一门科学.----董秋斯③Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.----尤金.奈达2. 广义的翻译是指语言与语言,语言变体与语言变体,语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达.3.狭义的翻译是一种语言活动,是把一种语言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来.二. 翻译的分类1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质分为:语内翻译(intralingual translation):同一种语言间不同语言变体的翻译.语际翻译(interlingual translation):不同语言间的翻译,是狭义翻译的研究对象. 语符翻译( interseniotic translation):用非文字符号解释文字符号.2.按翻译主体的性质分为人工翻译和机器翻译两类.nextexercise3.按照翻译的工具和成品形式可分为口译和笔译.4.按翻译的客体即所译资料的性质可分为文学翻译(literary translation):包括诗歌,小说,戏剧等文学作品的翻译,着重情感内容和修辞特征的表达.实用翻译(pragmatic translation):包括科技,商务,公文等资料的翻译,着重实际内容的表达.三. 翻译的过程翻译的过程是理解和表达的有机结合.翻译的关键在于对原文的理解,要真正理解原文,译者必须有扎实的语言功底和相关专业背景知识,并熟知英汉两种文化知识,否则译者就不能真正理解,从而产生误差.例:Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美国可口可乐广告)不能打败真正的商品.挡不住的诱惑!next后者简单明了的把原文的真正含义表达了出来,能达到打动消费者的目的.表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来.表达的好坏主要取决与对原文的理解深度和对译文语言的饿修养程度.理解原文不是易事,表达亦然.例:As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it. 由于我们获得了清洁提单,所以你们将明白货物在装运时情况良好,且被安放的井井有条.由此看来我们建议你们可以向该轮船公司提出索赔.我方已获得清洁提单一张,贵方谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好,因此建议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔.四. 翻译的方法1.直译和意译是翻译的两大基本方法.2.所谓直译是指翻译时要求译文与原文在词语,语法结构及表达方式上保持一致的方法.例:Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials.许多投资者不再把他们拥有的股票看作是拥有某一公司一部分权益的工具,而只是将它视为经济因素,风险,潜力的衍生物.See morenext3.意译是指摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容.During Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan's nearly 20 years as the world' most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991.格林斯潘作为全球最有实力的中央银行的掌舵人,在其近20年的任期中,美国仅在1990-1991年间遭受过一次短暂的经济萧条.本句意译主要体现在句子结构层面上,将only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991进一步融合,更加符合汉语的表达习惯.讨论翻译的概念, 分类,过程及方法并提出自己的看法和观点.将下列汉语译成英语:1.语内翻译_______2.语际翻译_______3.语符翻译_______4.文学翻译_______5.实用翻译_______6.功能对等_______7.机器翻译_______8.目的语_______9. 源语_______三.结合直译和意译两种翻译方法,将下列英语译成汉语:1.Translation may be defined as follows: the replacement of material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language.2.A translation should give a complete transcript of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition.3. Automatic package has been adopted into production of almost every industry.4.A compensation package often includes a base salary, an annual bonus and some other extra rewards and benefits.5. A packaged service called Trade Web costs companies less than 1,000$a year to join. It is so cheap that 3,000 small suppliers have signed up with the operator.6.The through quality management is apparent not just in the products, but also in the system through a self-check system and tracebility at each stage of production from the greenhouse to the table.第二节商务英语和商务文本翻译标准exercise一. 商务英语的界定商务英语是英语的一种功能变体,是专门用途英语(English for Specific Purposes)中的一个分支,适于商务场合中应用,或者说是一种包含了各种商务活动内容,适合商业需要的标准英文.而这些商务活动包括技术引进,对外贸易,招商引资,对外劳务承包与合同,国际金融,涉外保险,国际旅游,海外投资,国际运输等等, 在这些活动中使用的英语统称为商务英语(Business English )二.商务文本的翻译标准商务文本的复杂性决定了商务文本的翻译标准必须是多元化的,不同的商务文体该有不同的翻译标准.1.商务广告的翻译:"劝购功能相似"广告的主要功能是劝购功能,即说服读者去买广告中所宣传的产品或服务.广告翻译是否成功取决它是否能在译文读者中取得同样的作用.广告翻译应以"劝购功能相似"为其基本原则, 译文应与原文有大致相同的宣传效果,信息传递功能和移情感召功能.需要强调的是,由于语言之间存在的差异以及译文读者和原文读者的社会和文化背景不同,广告翻译的"功能相似"原则并不是要求字字对等的"忠实"翻译而是一种极为灵活的对等:即广告翻译的受众是否象原广告的受众一样乐于掏钱买商家所宣传的广告产品.例:We take no pride in prejudice.( The Times 的一则广告)译文1:对于你的偏见,我们没有傲慢.译文2: 对于有失偏颇的报道,我们并不引以为豪.参考译文:正义的力量,舆论的向导.>>>examplePride in prejudice引用英国作家简.奥斯汀的名作《傲慢与偏见》,体现了《泰晤士报》秉承公平,公正的办报原则,收到了很好的广告效果.但由于中西方的文化差异,使这种效果很难在译文中表现出来.译文1将《傲慢与偏见》的两个关键词强加到译文中,但却使人看了之后不知所云.译文二虽然表达了公平公正的意思,但给人的感觉是《泰晤士报》不总是报道真实的新闻.在这种既难保留原文,又难达到广告宣传目的的两难情况下,则可放弃原文,采取另译的方法例句分析Quality Services for Quality Life.凝聚新动力,文康展新姿._香港康乐及文化事物署的双语广告Connecting People.科技以人为本._诺基亚公司的广告词★商务广告的翻译next2.商务应用文的翻译:约定俗成,入乡随俗.商务应用文在此具体是指商务活动中的项目招商通告,营业执照,招投标文件,请柬等具有固定行文格式的商务文件.>>example★商务应用文的翻译The Deputy Prime Minister of Australiaand minister for Overseas TradeDr.J.F. CairnsRequests the Pleasure of Your Companyat a BanquetOn Tuesday, 11 October, 2005from 12:30 to 13:30 p.m.in Hall Three of the Beijing Exhibition CenterTo Mark the Opening of the Australian ExhibitionR.S.V.PTel:_______Chinese★商务应用文的翻译谨订于2005年10月11日(星期二)12时半至下午1时半假座北京展览馆3号大厅举行宴会,庆祝澳大利亚展览会开幕.敬请光临澳大利亚副总理兼海外贸易部长杰.弗.凯恩斯博士(请赐复)电话________next3. 商务信函的翻译: 事实准确,礼貌得体根据商务信函的语言特点和实际用途,商务信函的翻译应遵循以下原则:⑴准确传达原文的事实信息主要包括三个方面:术语翻译规范,具体事实细节准确传译, 一般性叙述用词恰当.⑵贴切再现原文的礼貌语气商务信函属于公函语体,措辞严谨,语气委婉,注重礼节,翻译是要特别注意再现原文的礼貌语气.⑶符合公函文体的语言特征>>example★商务信函的翻译There are qualities of this item here, in different weights and size, with varied colors and shapes. The price is very reasonable and the quotations will be given upon request.Our prices already make full allowance for large orders and , as you know, we operate in a highly competitive market in which we have been forced to cut our prices to minimum.我方现有各种不同重量,不同体积,颜色丰富,形状各异的大理石,数量甚巨,价格合理,受函抱价.我方抱价已考虑到大批量定货的因素.相信贵公司了解我们是在一个竞争十分激烈的市场上经营销售业务,因而已经不得不把利润降到最低限度.next4. 商务合同的翻译⑴商务合同的概念:是一种契约文体,其文体具有用语正式,句式严谨以及篇章结构固定等特点.⑵具体标准:*用词准确,译文完整*行文通顺,条理清楚*符合契约的文体特点>>example★商务合同的翻译The date of receipt issued by the transportation department concerned shall be regarded as the date of the delivery of goods.Payment: By irrevocable L/C at the sight to reach the sellers 30 days before the time of shipment.The buyer shall make a claim against the Seller (including replacement of the goods) by the further inspection certificate and all the expenses incurred therefore shall by the Seller.The arbitral award is final and binding upon both parties.Chinese★商务合同的翻译由有关的运输机构所开据收据的日期视为为交货期.买方应在装船前30天将不可撤消的即期信用证开到卖方.买方需凭复检证明书向卖方提出索赔(包括换货),由此引起的全部费用应由卖方负责.仲裁机构的裁决具有最终效力,双方必须遵照执行.一.讨论翻译及商务英语翻译的标准.二.将下列英语短语译成汉语:1.form a receipt __________________2.ticket order form ___________________3.application form ___________________4.an active list ___________________5.an export list ____________________>>>more三.将下列英语段落翻译成汉语.Speaking of translation, we tend to think of Yan Fu who advocated for the first time the three words as translation criteria, namely, "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". Yan Fu's "faithfulness" means the fulland complete conveying or transmission of the original content or thought. His "expressiveness" demands that the version must be clear and flowing without any grammatical mistakes or confused logic and sense. But his "elegance" is unadoptable because it refers to the use of classical Chinese before the Han Dynasty, Yan Fu held that only the language before the Han Dynasty could be considered elegant and old vocabulary, the old structure of Chinese must be used in order to represent the original fully and adequately."Faithfulness" first refers to the content of the original work. The translator must bring out the original meaning both comprehensively and accurately without any distortion or casual addition or deletion of the original thoughts.Faithfulness also includes the keeping of the original style, as Mr. Lu Xun put it , "keep the full flavor of the original work."第三章涉外商务信函的翻译第一节商务信函简介一商务信函的12种要素信头(letterhead)案号(reference)日期(date)封内地址(inside address注意项(attention line)称呼(salutation)事由栏(subject)信的正文(body of letter)信尾敬语(complimentary close)签名(signature)缩写名,附件及分送标志部分(IEC: initials, enclosures and carbon copies block)附言(postscript)Next商务信函实例1Kee & Co., Ltd34 Regent StreetLondon, UK Inside Address 收信人地址Dear Sirs,Salutation称呼We have obtained your name and address from Dee&Co. Ltd, and we are writing toenquire whether you would be willing to establish business relations with us.We have been importers of shoes for many years. At present, we are interested in extending our range and would appreciate your catalogues and quotations.If your prices are competitive we would expect to place volume orders on you.We look forward to your early reply._Yours faithfully, Complimentary Close客套结束语Tony Smith Signature Block签名栏Enc: invoice for consulting services Enclosure Notation_商务信函实例21117 The High RoadAustin TX 787036 June 2006MR. David Patricks3005 West 29th, Suite 130Waco. TX 77663Dear Mr. Ptricks,I received your June 5th letter requesting consultation and am providing myrecommendation in the following.First, let me review my understanding of your inquiry. The question you raise revolvesaround whether the heating registers should be located in a low sidewall, or in the ceiling,and if ceiling registers are used, which type –step –down or stamped-faced—will deliverthe best results. Additionally, the problem concerns whether there is any benefit to haveheating registers near the floor, whether moving heated air "down" in ducts negativelyaffects blower performance.My recommendations are as follow:I can find nothing in either Carrier, Trane, or ASHRAE design manuals that indicatesdrop as being a factor in duct design any different from normal static losses. If you havedifferent information on this, I would like to have references to it.I cannot see any advantage to low sidewall application. The problem is injection and pattern. I do see an advantage to low sidewall return; Carrier Design Manual—Air Distribution is a good reference on both items.I recommend step-down diffusers with OBD because they have pattern and volume control that is superior to stamped-faced diffusers.I am opposed to low sidewall diffusers or floor diffusers in the application you describe. The increased static losses that result from trying to get the ducts to down through the walls will only increase installation cost and reduceefficiency.If there is anyone in your organization who is uncomfortable with these recommendations, let me know. I'd be very interested in reviewing any actualdocumented test results. Let me know if you have any further questions or if Ican be of any further assistance.Sincerely,Jane A McMurreyJane A McMurrey, P.E.HVAC Consultant, Inc.JAM/dmcEncl.: invoice for consulting services2 涉外商务信函语篇风格的特点,也称7C原则2.1 完整(completeness)2.2 简洁(conciseness)2.3 具体(concreteness)2.4 正确(correctness)2.5 清晰(clarity)2.6 体谅(consideration)2.7 礼貌(courtesy)2.1 完整(completeness)实例解说:"Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz./ditto-but 1/2" x 5 yds, 1,000doz."这是出口商接到的一份定单中有关商品品名,规格和数量的内容.中文意思是:"纤素带(幅)宽半英寸,长3码,带塑料包装容器,700打;同上,但(幅)宽宽半英寸,长5码,1000打."问题是后半句不清楚. "ditto"在这里表示前面提到的商名称纤维素带, 但不能包括"带塑料包装容器",因此,幅英寸长5码的纤维素带是否要塑料包装容器没有说清楚,不完整.所以最好改成:"Cellulose Tape 1/2"x 3yds, with plastic dispenser 700 doz. CelluloseTape 1/2" x 5yds,with plastic dispenser 1000 doz." 这样既完正,又清楚明确,不引起误解.2.2 简洁(conciseness)"简洁"是有客观标准的.虽然西方国家的作者之间在怎样用词才算"简洁"方面还是有争论的,不过他们的一些看法还是有一定参考价值的.怎样才能使商业书信"简洁" 西方国家作者有很多建议,先介绍如下:eg 2;(一) 避免使用陈旧的商业术语陈旧的与传统的商业术语(Commercial jargon)对信的内容没有什么作用,应该避免使用.Eg 1:Wordy: We wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter of November 14 with the check for Stg.10 enclosed and wish to thank you for same Concise: We appreciate your letter of November 14 and the check for Stg.10 you sent with it.例二:Wordy:We take liberty to approach you with the request that you would be kind enough to introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your cities. Would you please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your cityConcise:Please introduce to us some exporters of cotton textiles in your city. (二) 要长话短说,避免罗嗦通常商业人士每天需要阅读大量的书信,对开门见山,长话短说,直接切题的信特别欢迎.因此, 写信要力求长话短说,例如:不要写Please see that an enquiry is conducted to determine the reason.应写作Please find out the reason.不要写We express our regret at being unable to fulfill your order on this occasion.应写作We are sorry we cannot meet your present order.要使用简洁的语言,有可能的话, 尽量使用单词来代替某些娇柔做作的短语.删去不必要的形容词,如下列句子中的形容词或副词删去后并不影响句子的原意: The proposal is under (active) consideration.The answer is (definitely) correct.I would (rather) think the fare is too high.The (true) facts are as stated .(三) 要注意每句句子的长短例如:"We would like to know whether you would allow us to extend the time of shipment for twenty days, and if you would be so kind as to allow us to do so, kindly give us your reply by cable without delay."这句话过分"客气",使句子过长而不清楚.内容要求对方同意延期交货20天,一般情况下,应尽可能提出延期到那一天的具体日期.这句话可压缩为:"Please reply by telegram immediately if you will allow us to delay theshipment until April 21."2.3 具体(concreteness)2.4 正确(correctness)商业书信必须写得正确,因为它涉及到买卖双方的权利,义务,厉害关系,是各种商业单据(如合同)的根据. 广义的说,商业书信的正确性表现在:(一) 运用正确的语言水平(二) 叙述得正确(三) 数字要正确(四) 正确理解和运用商业术语(五) 合适的写作技巧或方法,以及正确运用其他的六个"C".(一) 运用正确的语言水(二)叙述得正确叙述得正确: 商业书信的内容要叙述得正确,既不要说得不够(Understatement),更不要说得过头(Overstatement).[例一]This stove is absolutely the best (or: the very best) on the market.(这种炉子是市场上绝对最好的炉子.)这句话是用来介绍商品的, 但没有具体介绍商品的性能, 而是抽象地断定这种炉子是"市场上最好的".这样介绍商品,不但不能达到推销的目的,反而使人对写信人有"卖狗皮膏药"的感觉.[改写]Our model A195 is designed on modern lines, without any increase infuel consumption, 25% more heat than the older models. So you will agree that it is the outstanding stove for economy of fuel.(我们的A195型炉子是按近代样式设计的,在不增加燃料消耗的情况下,比其他各种旧式炉子温度高25%.所以,你会同意,这是优良的节约燃料的炉子.)(三) 字要正确字要正确:做对外贸易离不开数字. 对商业书信中的数字的正确性要特别加以注意,有时"失之毫厘,差之千里".甚至引起不同的理解.(a)"以上","以下","以前","以后","从….到... "等的表达法(b)二美元和二美元以上$2 or (and)$2 above (over)不少于50罗的定单50gross or (and) up (upward, upwards)(四) 正确理解和运用商业术语理解和运用商业术语:一般常用的商业用语用字简洁,意义明确,使用得好,工作进行得顺利,使用得不好,就会引起混乱,误解,甚至产生不必要的纠纷.如:You ask very short delivery for your order.写信的人原意是说"你们要求赶快交你们的定货."可是short delivery不是快点交货的意思,而是"短交"的意思,这就用错了商业术语.因此,应该说:Your require quick (prompt) delivery of your order.(五)正确运用其他的六个"C".2.5 清晰(clarity)(一).避免使用可能产生不同理解或意义不明确的词〈例一〉As to the steamers sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco, we have bimonthly direct services.(从香港到旧金山有直达船,) 但是bimonthly 究竟是一个月两次即半月一次呢,还是两个月一次不明确.因此,最好清楚明白说明"一个月两次"还是"两个月一次"(a) We have two direct sailings every month from Hongkong to San Francisco.(每月两次直达船)(b) We have semimonthly direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco. (每半月一次直达船)(c) We have a direct sailing from Hongkong to San Francisco every two month.(每两个月一次直达船)(二)注意修饰词的位置,有时修饰词的位置不同,会导致不同的含意如:a) Please let us know what you wish us to do about this matter as soon as possible;b) Please let us know as soon as possible what you wish us to do about this matter.以上两句中的""修饰的内容不同:a) 你们要求我们尽快做些什么.b) 请尽快告诉我们.a) 可译成"请告诉我们你们要我们为此尽快做些什么";b) 可译为"请尽快告知,你们要我们为此事做些什么".(三) 注意代名词,关系代词和先行词的关系按照英语习惯, 句子中的代名词和关系代词一般是指离得最近的名词,因此要特别注意,以免引起误解或不清楚.例句:不好:They informed Messrs. John & Smith that they would receive an answer in a few days.较好: They informed Messrs. John & Smith that latter would receive an answer in a few days.(四)注意前后一致和紧凑,连贯不一致:Being a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us.一致:Being a certified public accountant, you can surely help us. or; As you are a certified public accountant, I am sure you can help us.(五)仔细和恰当地分段落商业书信要写得使人一读就明白,因此必须按照内容仔细和恰当的分段落,一般的分段落原则是一个段落一个意思(A paragraph for each point is a good general rule.). 现举例说明:Dear Sirs,It is reported in a domestic newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank hasinstructed the commercial banks to suspend their business of opening a new letter of credit as from the 3rd May for financial reason of foreign currency. Although it is said that this arrangement would be a temporary one and with establishment of new import policy this emergency arrangement would be lifted, we are much concerned about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran and shall be obliged if you will kindly keep us well advised of development of this new arrangement especially in connection with import from France.Yours faithfully,以上这封信只有一段,供两句.第一句39字,第二句66句. 读后虽然能基本了解其内容, 但读起来很舒服.信的内容大体有三点:1. 伊朗中央银行因外汇原因,通知个商业银行从五月三日起停止开立信用证;2. 这临时措施,新的进口政策一订,这个措施可能取消;3. 希望对方随时告之有关情况.按照这三点,适当地分段,把信重新改写,读起来比原来的清楚易懂:Dear Sirs,It is reported in a vernacular newspaper that the Iranian Central Bank has instructed the commercial banks to suspend their issuing new Letters of Creditas from the 3rd May because of its decreasing foreign currency funds. Furthermore it is said that the suspension seems a temporary one and willbe released with establishment if a new import policy.We are much concerned, however, about the outcome of this movement toward restriction of import to Iran.We, therefore, shall be obliged if you will keep us well informed of development of this new state of affairs, especially in connection with importsfrom France.Yours faithfully,2.6 体谅(consideration)2.7 礼貌(courtesy)COURTESY译成"礼貌".但是根据西方国家函电书籍作者普遍的看法,所谓COURTESY是"客气而又体谅人"的意思.这样的形式很多,现在提供一些常见的供参考:(一) 把命令变成请求的常用形式: Please, Will you…….., Will you please……..,如:a) Will you give us more detailed information on your requirementb) Will you please (kindly) let us hear from you on these two points(二) 虚拟式(Past Subjunctive From)如:a) Would you compare our sample with the goods of other firmsb) We would ask you to ship the goods by the first available vessel.c) We wish you would let us have your reply soon.d) This would seem to confirm our opinion.e) We should be grateful if you would help us with your suggestion.f) We might be of some service to you in a similar case.以上的b, 也可用will, shall, may, 但是用Past Subjunctive Form则表示更客气和婉转些.2.7 礼貌(courtesy)(三) 缓和用法(Mitigation)为了缓和过分强调或刺激对方,常用: We are afraid, we would say, we may(or, might) say, we(would) think, it seems(or would seem) to us, we(would) suggest, as you are (or: may be) aware, as we need hardly point out等等表达法来缓和语气,如:_a) It was unwise of you to have done that.We would say that it was unwise of you to have done that._b) You ought to have done it.It seems to us that you ought to have done it.c) We cannot comply with your request.We are afraid we cannot comply with your request.d) Our products are the very best on the market.We might say that our products are the very best on the market.符合7C原则的信函实例Dear Sirs,Our client in Mumbai requests us to obtain from you a pro forma invoice for color TV setsWith the following specifications: "Haier" brand color TV sets 25-inch and 34-inch(each 500sets).Would you please airmail us the soonest possible your pro forma invoice for 1,000 color TVsets with prices CIF Mumbai, so that we obtain our client's confirmation. There is no questionabout our getting the necessary import license from our authorities.As soon as the said license is approved, we shall establish an L/C in yourfavour.Thank you for your close cooperation in this respect. Yours Sincerely, John Smith敬启者:我们的一个孟买客户要求我们从贵方取得下列规格的彩色电视机形式发票:"海尔"彩色电视机25英寸和34英寸各500台.请尽快航邮注有孟买到岸价格的1,000台彩色电视机的形式发票,以便我们取得客户认.从当局取得必要的进口许可证当无问题.一俟获得许可证即开以贵方为受益人的信用证.感谢贵方的密切合作.你真诚的, 约翰.史密斯第二节商务信函的文体特点及其翻译1 商务信函的文体特点1.1 词汇使用特点1.1.1 用词规范正式1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强1.1.3 用语朴素,淡于修饰1.2 语法使用特点1.2.1 句子类型1.2.2 句式结构(1)复合句与简单句结合,以复合句为主(2)常用并列结构(3)状语位置独特1.2.3 虚拟语气的运用2 商务信函的翻译要点2.1 商务英语信函翻译的原则2.2 商务英语信函翻译的注意事项1 商务信函的文体特点1.1 词汇使用特点1.1.1 用词规范正式(1)商务英语信函经常以意义相同或相近的书面词语代替基本词汇和口语词汇,如以inform或advise代替tell,以duplicate代替copy,以dispatch代替send,以otherwise代替or;以介词短语代替简单的介词,如以as for,in respect to,in connection with和with regarding to等代替about等.例如:We are pleased to advise you that your order NO.105 has been dispatched in accordance with your instruction.我们很高兴地通知你们:第105号订单货物已遵照你方指示运出.1.1.1 用词规范正式We will meet you half way by offering a discount of 5% in view of our long pleasant relations.鉴于我们之间长期愉快的业务关系,本公司将酌情考虑给予5%的折扣.(2)商务信函中还经常使用here/there +介词构成的复合词,如hereafter,hereby,hereunder,hereto,hereinafter,herewith,thereafter,therein,therefrom等.例如:All offers and sales are subject to the terms and conditions printed on the reverse side hereof.所有报盘和销售均应遵守本报价单背面所印的条款.In such a case, Seller is bound to reimburse Buyer for any loss or damage sustained therefrom.在次情况下,卖方负责偿还买方由此所遭受的损失.1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强商务信函用词表意准确,专业性强,主要表现在使用大量的专业术语,行话,外来词,缩略语以及一般词语在商务英语语境中的特殊用法.(1)专业术语类:Trimming charges 平仓费insurance policy 保险单coverage 保险项目establishment 开证counter-suggestion 反还盘surcharges附加费pro forma invoice形式发票premium保险费clearance sale清仓削价销售underwriter 保险人L/C 信用证CIF 到岸价格FOB离岸价格bid 递盘C.B.D. 付现提货counter-offer还盘irrevocable letter of credit 不可撤消信用证1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强例如:We shall cover TPND on your order.我们将为你方的货物投保盗窃和提货不着险.It would be appreciated if you would let us know by returning your lowest possible price for the following goods on FOB London.请报下列商品伦敦船上交货之最低价.(2)外来词类:拉丁语的status quo(现状),意大利语的del credere(保付货价的),汉语中的litchi(荔枝),tungoil(桐油),mango(芒果)等.(3)行话:长期的函电交往使人们在使用术语上形成共识,本来意义差异很大的词汇在特定的语境中所表达的内涵和外延却非常相似.Offer, quotation表示"报价,发盘"Pamphlet, brochure, booklet, sales literature 表示商家用于宣传介绍自己公司或产品的"说明材料"Shipment和consignment 表示"所发出的货物"Financial standing/reputation/condition/position用于表示公司的"资信财务情况"Fulfill/complete/execute an order用于表示"执行订单"A draft contract或a specimen contract 表示"合同样本"1.1.2 表意准确,专业性强(4)商务信函准确性主要体现在数量词的大量运用.商务信函中的时间,价格,数量,金额,规格等问题贯穿商贸活动始终,数字的表达应言之确凿,避免摸棱两可.例如:。

Pragmatic Translation1语用学翻译

Pragmatic Translation1语用学翻译

尊敬的史密斯先生: 我从3月28日的《华盛顿邮报》获悉贵公司在华 盛顿特区的分部需要一名土木工程师或城市建筑专 业的大学毕业生。我将于今年六月初大学毕业回到 华盛顿特区。我相信自己符合你们 various levels in the construction industry every summer since I entered the university. As is shown in my resume, I worked as a general laborer, gradually moved up to a carpenter, and last summer I worked as assistant construction manager on a 100-million-dollar project. 自上大学以来,我每年夏天都在建筑行 业打工,各个层次的工作我都做过。正如 我的简历所述,一开始做杂工,之后升为 木工;去年夏天我被提升为建筑经理助理, 参与了价值高达一亿美元的建筑工程。
• 体育委员
• 宣传委员 • 党支部书记 • 团支部书记
Test Yourself:毕业生常用简历术语翻译 • • • • • • • • 博士后 博士 硕士 学士 旁听生 公费生 自费生 实习生 • • • • • • • post doctorate doctor (Ph.D) master bachelor guest student(英)/auditor(美) government-supported student commoner/self-supported student • intern
Sincerely, Henry Mason Enclosure
范例4
Dear Mr. Smith,

pragmatic_translation

pragmatic_translation

Pragmatic translation Reviews1.But new options are emerging,as well.A company now can sponsor a new product showcase ora live Internet broadcast from a show.然⽽而新的赞助⽅方式层出不穷。

企业可以赞助⼀一个新产品展⽰示,或者赞助⼀一个展会的现场⺴⽹网络直播权。

Note:options——备选⽅方案 are emerging ——不断涌现a new product showcase——新产品的展⽰示 a live Internet broadcast——现场⺴⽹网络直播2.He points to the high household income,technological sophistication and early-adopter attitudesof typical attendees at events such as Comdex.Note:point to ….——指出 technological sophistication——⾼高技术背景early-adopter attitudes——易于接受新鲜事物3.quantity of visibility——访问量,点击率(在原⽂文中特指赞助商的曝光率,也可以⽤用exposure代替)then you put it all in a cuisine——然后你把这些原料放在⼀一盘菜⾥里a price that makes sense ——合理的价格competitive events——有可⽐比性的,同类的事物4.The huge project has initiated a large-scale urban design and reconstruction of the ecosystem at the same time.这个浩⼤大的⽔水坝⼯工程决定了城市的设计基调,⼀一张⽣生态改造的⼤大幕开始拉起。

功能翻译术语

功能翻译术语

功能翻译术语Acceptibility 可接受性Adaptation 改编;编译Adequacy 在功能翻译理论中,“合适”(德语:Adaquatheit)用以形容译本对翻译纲要所规定的交际目的而言的合适性。

它是与翻译行为过程有关的动态概念。

Adjustment 调整Agent 经纪人Appeal-focused Texts 感染型文本(德文Appellbetonte Texte)Appellative Function 感染性功能(德语为Appellfunktion):使用言语或非言语交际符号,以使接受者作出一定的答复或反应。

也称为“使役功能”或“意动功能”。

可进一步分为:说明、劝诱、命令、教学、广告等功能。

感染功能的效果取决于接受者的敏感性、应激性、经验视野和知识水平。

Appellative Texts 感染型文本Assignment 任务:委托给译者的职责,包括工作条件(时间、薪酬等)、原文和(更理想的情况是包括)翻译纲要。

Audio-medial Texts 听觉媒介文本(德文Audio-mediale TextP)Brief 纲要:用于定义翻译行为所服务的交际目的。

理想的翻译纲要明示或暗示以下信息:译文的预期功能、读者、传播媒介、出版时间和地点,必要的话,还包括创作译文或出版译文的动机。

Coherence 连贯(德文Koharenz)Commission 委托(德文Auftrag)Communication Load 传意负荷(又名Information Load[信息负荷]) Communicative Translation 交际翻译Compensation 补偿Contextual Consistency 语境一致[性]Conventions 常规:为人们所默认但不具强制约束力的行为规范,基于常识或建立在“期待”之上,即人们对特定场合中对于应该如何做的“期待”。

常规见于:常见文本类型或语篇体裁、一般的文体常规、习惯度量法、翻译传统等。

实用翻译共59页文档

实用翻译共59页文档

翻译是根据社会需要、实现某种目的的跨语言、 跨文化的交际行为。
( A purposeful activity of communication between different languages and cultures which takes place in response to social needs )
实用翻译的特点: “实用性”(pragmatic),面向 现实世界(real world oriented, not fictional), 以传达信息和施加影响为目的(to inform and to persuade),起着宣传、指导、警示、鼓动、劝 导、说教等实用功能。
Translation for specific purposes
People die because of lack of translation.
1.2什么是实用翻译 What is “实用翻译”
Pragmatic translation (政论文章、法律文件、科 技资料、商务信函、合同协议、新闻报道、公 司简介、商标广告、产品简介、产品说明、个 人简历、名片、画册文字、论文摘要、菜肴名 称、公共标牌、旅游宣传资料等等)
可理解的,这是中国招商引资中一个不被重视 却非常可怕的障碍
贵宾卡(VIP Participant/Attendee)
attendant card
Major cultural progress under the influence of translation
《钦定本圣经》 (Authorized Version; King James Bible )
Introduction of Buddhism ; “Buddhist Scripture”; “Argumentative Writing” ;

十六实用文体翻译合同翻译(1

十六实用文体翻译合同翻译(1

PPT文档演模板
十六实用文体翻译合同翻译(1
合同的文体特点
1、内容上的针对性 2、格式上的规范性 3、句式结构的复杂性 4、指称上的单位性 5、表达上的条理性 6、措词上的法律性
PPT文档演模板
十六实用文体翻译合同翻译(1
合同的格式结构
1. Preamble (前言)
—写明当事人的名称及缔约目的和原则等内容
the cooperation between Amway Company Limited and China; to arrange for the visits of Jimmy Ford, president, and other executives to China; to act as authorized representative in any aspect relating to the cooperation with China and to respond to any inquiries from Chinese parties.
•经友好协商,双方签订以下合同。
17. The Contract is made / signed/ entered into by and between …
•本合同由……签订
18. Both sides wish to enter into this contract.
•双方都希望达成本合同。
19. All disputes arising out of this contract shall be referred to the International Court of Law.
•Air Freight Forwarder Agreement

大学英语翻译概论

大学英语翻译概论

01
诗歌翻译三美原则:意美、音美、形美
02
Beauty in Sense, Sound, Style
许渊冲
美国 奈达 Eugene Nida: 读者反应论
01
(Receptor’s response)
02
忠实原文
03
易于理解
04
形式恰当
05
吸引读者
06
01
Equivalence
与原文作用相符(表达方面的等值)
01
02
国际译联主席Betty Cohen:Never in history have we been so indispensable to trade, culture, peace, and humanity…Just imagine one day in the world without translation…would all be mute. We are like the electricity in the wires and the water in the tap.
04
A musician / an actor
03
关于译者的比喻:
2.The purpose of translation
交流信息,克服语言障碍
01
特定文本的翻译具有其特定的目的,有其预设的读者群
04
学习其他语言的文化和文明,帮助向更高的文明发展
02
帮助经济、政治等各方面的交流和发展
03
Translatability and untranslatability (Language / Cultural Barriers) Translatability is lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite distant both in time and space; (2) its form is very much unique; (3) the content is not shared in the two cultures.

Pragmatic Translation

Pragmatic Translation

Function plus Loyalty
Three basic rules
Purpose rule Coherence rule Loyalty role
Two types of translation
Documentary translation(纪实翻译) Instrumental translation(工具翻译)
Text typology
Text type Language function Language dimension Text focus TT should Translation method Informative Representing objects and facts Logical Content-focused Transmit referential content Plain prose, explication as required Expressive Expressing sender’s attitude Aesthetic Form-focused operative Making an appeal to text receiver Dialogic Appellativefocused
Pragmatic Translation
实用翻译
Nature and characteristics
以信息传递为主要目的 实用性强新闻报道、 法律文书、商贸信函、产品说明书、使用 手册、广告、技术文本、科普读物、旅游 指南等各类文本
Function of translation Function of target text Type of translation Form of translation Purpose of translation Focus of translation Example

实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)第二章 应用文体的翻译

实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)第二章 应用文体的翻译

条”和“留言条”两种。

精品文档
请假条一般采用书信格式,并使用信封,比较正式。
留言条是便条的另一种常用形式,可用于说明一件事、做一 次活动安排以及询问等等。留言条使用范围较广,大多是 某一场合下的直接的、简短的留言,多为一两句话而已, 往往用于熟悉的人之间。用词也随便,接近口语。写留言 条,日期部分写在右上角,一般只写星期几,或星期几上 午、下午或具体钟点。
写得非常清楚;尽管不能表现出强求的意思,但是期望得到的心情一定要表达出来。
精品文档
三、商务信函(Business Letters)
• 商务信函是指在商务活动中,双方根据业务需要相互交流 的文件,在现实生活中多以电子邮件的形式写成。其内容 是与国际贸易实务的相关环节同步的,即建立业务关系, 询盘(enquiry),报盘(offer),还盘(counter-offer),订货 (order),接受(acceptance),包装(packing),装运(shipment), 保险(insurance),付款(payment),索赔(claim)。
精品文档
6. 道歉信(Letter of Apologies)
• 翻译道歉信时要注意把事 情原委解释清楚,说明情况 与理由,实事求是,简明扼 要,态度诚恳,用词委婉, 语气温和,得体。
精品文档
7、申请信(Application Letter)
• 申请信主要包括入学申请与求职应聘。无论是哪一种一般都包括以下三个方面的内容: • 1)明确陈述写信的目的; • 2)主要介绍自己的情况包括年龄、专业、学历、资历、特长、兴趣等; • 3)敦请对方关照。 • 因此翻译时应注意语气要诚挚友好千万不要表现出强求的意思;对于申请的内容和原因一定要

实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)第二章 应用文体的翻译

实用文体翻译教程(英汉双向)第二章 应用文体的翻译

二 、通知(Notice) 通知是书信的一种形式,常常 是告知别人某件事或某个要求的文 件。它的内容可长可短,格式可分 为正式和非正式,可口头表达也可 书面传达。
1.通知的翻译
• 1.1通知需写上Notification 或Notice字样作为标题至于正
上方,翻译时也许在正上方写上“通告”或“通知”的标

1、邀请信 (Invitation Letter)

邀请信包括宴会、舞会、晚餐、聚会、婚礼 等各种邀请信件,形式上大体分为两种:一种为正 规的格式 (formal correspondence),亦称请柬; 一种是非正式格式 (informal correspondence), 即 一般的邀请信。正是请柬格式严谨,用第三人称 书写;一般邀请信在形式上不如请柬那样正规, 用第一人称书写,称呼较自由。
• 1.1 第一人称代词“我”和“我们”在电报中通 常是不用的,有时甚至连物主代词也可以省略。 • 例如: • 原文:We received your parcel.Thanks. • 电文:PARCELRECEIVEDTHANKS • 1.2 只要不影响意思,冠词、介词、连词和助动 词均可省略。例如: • 原文:Referring to your letter of Jan.20,we have opened L/C today. • 电文:YL 1OL/C OPENED TODAY • 或者:RYL IO L/C OPENED TODAY
三、商务信函(Business Letters)
• 商务信函是指在商务活动中,双方根据业务需要相互交
流的文件,在现实生活中多以电子邮件的形式写成。其内 容是与国际贸易实务的相关环节同步的,即建立业务关系, 询盘(enquiry),报盘(offer),还盘(counter-offer),订货 (order),接受(acceptance),包装(packing),装运

#Lecture 1 Overview of Pragmatic Translation 实用文体翻译概览

#Lecture 1 Overview of Pragmatic Translation 实用文体翻译概览

the time.

那么多的人来来往往,川流不息。
• 4)Mike talks about his trip to Europe all
the time and his friends are tired of it.

迈克喋喋不休地谈论他的欧洲之行,
朋友们都听腻了。
Section 2
• 5)I’m pleasantly surprised.
(半技术词); • 2)普遍使用正式程度高的普通词; • 3)大量使用名词与名词化结构; • 4)大量使用长句与扩展的简单句; • 5)使用被动语态; • 6)靠结构进行语篇的谋篇布局与衔接等。
Section 1
• 例:
• “方箱机” • 英文是:platen press (平压印刷机) • • “泡罩包装机” • 英文采用:blister packaging machine • 如果用foam(泡沫)来代替其中的blister
• 例:
Section 2
• 1. Put your room straight.
• 把你的房间整理好。

• 2. This failure was the making of him.
• 这次失败造就了他。

• 3. He has a friendly attitude toward all.
• 他对所有人都好。
• (B) Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant
• Sewage Disposal standard(污水处理标准) • Discharge Standard of Pollutants(污染物排放标准) • Treatment Plant(污水净化厂) • Wastewater Treatment Plant(污水处理厂) • urban and rural(城市和农村) • Municipal(市政的)

四、实用文体翻译(1)实用文体及其翻译

四、实用文体翻译(1)实用文体及其翻译

I. Review and homework checking
Vancouver is one of the very few multinational cities in the world. in the present 1.8 million residents in Vancouver, half are not native(not born in this city, and one in every four is (a quarter are) of Asian origin. The 250,000 Chinese play a crucial role in Vancuver’s economic transformation. Half of the Chinese have come to the city just in the past five years and made it the largest Chinese gathering center outside Asia.
I. Review and homework checking
温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶, 温哥华的辉煌是温哥华人的智慧和勤奋的结晶, 其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀, 其中包括多民族的贡献。加拿大地广人稀,国土 面积比中国还大,人口却不足3000万。吸收外来 面积比中国还大,人口却不足 万 移民,是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说, 移民,是加拿大长期奉行的国策。可以说,加拿 大除了印第安人外,无一不是外来移民, 大除了印第安人外,无一不是外来移民, 不同的 是时间长短而已。 是时间长短而已。温哥华则更是世界上屈指可数 的多民族城市。现今180完温哥华居民中,有一半 完温哥华居民中, 的多民族城市。现今 完温哥华居民中 不是在本地出生的, 不是在本地出生的,每4个居民中就有一个是亚洲 个居民中就有一个是亚洲 人。而25万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性 万华人对温哥华的经济转型起着决定性 作用,其中有一半是近5年才来到温哥华地区的, 作用,其中有一半是近 年才来到温哥华地区的, 年才来到温哥华地区的 使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。 使温哥华成为亚洲以外最大的中国人聚居地。

应用文体翻译

应用文体翻译



• • • •
• • •
通知 7月11日周一上午9点至11 点将在英语系会议室举办一场 题为“跨越文化:数码媒体和 文化活动”的讲座。主讲人为 罗伯特。约翰逊教授,来自宾 西法尼亚大学的英语文学系。 约翰逊教授对文化活动和新的 信息技术之间的关系做了非常 独到的研究,并因此而闻名。 他将以幽默的风格展示他在文 化和技术发展之间关系上的研 究成果,相信你们都会很感兴 趣。 欢迎广大师生来参加本次 讲座。 英语系 2009年7月11日
文学作品的特点 抒情化 有感而发 自由化 自由想象 虚拟化 艺术真实 形象化 生动 形象 含蓄 朦胧
Practical Writings Translation
二.The classification of practical writings 1.一般性应用文
启示、会议记录、读书笔记、说明书、便条、通知等 (启示、会议记录、读书笔记、说明书、便条、通知等 ) 分 类 (公函、布告、通告、批复、指示、决定、命令、 公函、布告、通告、批复、指示、决定、命令、 请示等) 请示等)
Practical Writings Translation
Translation practice
2.公文性应用文,这是以党和国家机关、社会团体、企事业单位的名义发出的文 件类应用文。如:公函、布告、通告、批复、指示、决定、命令、请示等。这类 应用文往往庄重严肃,适用于特定的场合
Practical Writings Translation
Practical Writings Translation
翻译特点
句子结构特点: (2).句子结构特点: ) 句子结构特点
长句和扩展句使用较多 例:While the principle of this invention has been described with particularity, it should be understood that various alternations and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit of invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims. 译文:对本发明的原理做了专项说明,其正确理解为:只 要不背离 本发明的精神,可以做各种适当的调整与修正, 但不能超过以下所附声明范围.

新编英汉翻译教程

新编英汉翻译教程

4. The Criteria of Translation
语际的意义转换不能是任意的,它必须遵循一定 的规范,才能使翻译成为有意义的社会行为。翻 译的标准,就是语际意义转换的规范性制约条件。 刘宓庆: 1990 《现代翻译理论》
4.1 Tytler’s Translation Principles:
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning, and second in terms of style.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
对该定义我们可以作如下理解: A, 再现原文信息,而不是保留原文的结构形式; B, 原文与译文之间是对等,而非同一关系; C, 对等是贴切,自然的; D, 意义是优先考虑的因素; E, 文体成分也很重要。 Equivalence : Formal Equivalence: 偏重于原语的表达形式 Dynamic Equivalence: 最贴近原语信息的自然对等。 Functional Equivalence: 译文的功能于原文的功能基本 一致。
1.
What is translation? (The Definition of Translation)
The Oxford English Dictionary: to turn from one language into another(从一种语言转换成另一种语言); Webster’s third New International Dictionary of the English Language: to turn into one’s own or another language(转换成 本族语或另一种语言)。 翻译是一种“语言转换”活动。

实用文体翻译概述

实用文体翻译概述
making shape a large enterprise group.
• 行业性归化:
• 由于应用翻译体裁多样,各自文本有其特定的使用场合、文本形式 和交际方式以及对特有对象所使用的特有体式。因此,在不同类文 本的翻译中要特别注意各自文本的书面格式和“交际规约” (communication conventions),使表达符合译文的文体规范,利 于译文读者的理解和接受。
• 在原文功能与译文功能相冲突的情况下,应该用“归化”的手段对 原文功能予以转换,突出表达译文在译语环境中所预期达到的功能 和目的。
• 金鹰是观众的,金鹰的节目也是观众的。无论是港台明星云集、劲 歌狂舞的明星演唱会,还是经典高雅、代表国际顶尖音乐水准的经
典音乐会,或是明星与观众互动、零距离贴身狂欢的明星面对面,
transaction between us.
• Yours faithfully,
可编辑
have your specific inquiry, and our quotation
will be forwarded without delay.

In the meantime, please send us the name of
your bank prior to the conclusion of the first
逻辑的
审美的
感染接受者 对话的
侧重内容
侧重形式
侧重感染作用
表达内容 简洁明了
表达形式
诱出所期望的 反应
仿效、忠实原 编译、等效 作者
• 赖斯第一个将语言功能与翻译结合起来,将文本按不同功能进行了 分类;
• 可以帮助译者为特定的翻译目的将对等标准明确为恰当的层次。
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• It has been agreed that Party B may use the trademarks owned by Party A for the sale of the Washing Machines covered herein within the validity. • An agreement has been made that Party B may use the trademarks owned by Party A for the sale of the Washing Machines covered herein within the validity.
Agreement
• THIS AGREEMENT is made the 7th day of October(month), 2009 ( ) (year) between A (hereinafter called "The Company") of the part and B (hereinafter called "The Manager") of the other part. • 第一部分:称为 第一部分:称为parties, 主要介绍合同 , 各方的姓名或名称,及各自在合同的简称。 各方的姓名或名称,及各自在合同的简称。 开头框架一般为: 开头框架一般为: • 句子开头 句子开头THIS AGREEMENT或 或 CONTRACT和当事人的姓名和名称,都 和当事人的姓名和名称, 和当事人的姓名和名称 应大写。 应大写。
• The both parties fulfilling the contract satisfactorily will be the basis for the development of business and further cooperation. • The satisfactory fulfillment of the contract by both parties will be the basis for the development of business and fur2ther cooperation.
Pragmatic Translation
ChapterⅧ Contracts & Agreemeቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱts
合同的基本概念 • 合同是当事人或当事双方之间设立、变更、 合同是当事人或当事双方之间设立、变更、 终止民事关系的协议 依法成立的合同, 协议。 终止民事关系的协议。依法成立的合同,受 法律保护。 法律保护。
合同的句法特征
• 名词化结构的使用。商务合同英语 名词化结构的使用。 中常常使用名词来代替动词、 中常常使用名词来代替动词、形容 词和长句,这就是名词化结构。 词和长句,这就是名词化结构。名词 化结构主要是指表示动作或状态的 抽象名词或是起名词作用的非谓语 动词,在合同英语中随处可见。 动词,在合同英语中随处可见。
• WHEREAS: • 1. The company is engaged in IT business and requires a person with the necessary qualifications and experience to manage its business. • 2. …. • 第二部分:称为 第二部分:称为recital(逐一陈述)。 (逐一陈述) 鉴于)开头 以WHEREAS(鉴于 开头,进入叙述部 鉴于 开头, 分,用陈述正式说明当事人订立合同的 原因。 原因。
4.外来词的使用。 4.外来词的使用。合同英语中使用专 外来词的使用 业术语有些源于拉丁语或法语, 业术语有些源于拉丁语或法语,有些则 是由其词根派生或合成。 是由其词根派生或合成。它们的意义 比较稳定,利于精确地表达概念, 比较稳定,利于精确地表达概念,常见 于商贸合同,例如: 于商贸合同,例如:ad valorem duty 拉丁语) 从价( (拉丁语) 从价(关) 税, pro rata tax rate 比例税率(拉丁语,即 比例税率(拉丁语, proportional tax rate) , force majeure (法语)不可抗力。 法语)不可抗力。
• NOW IT IS HEREBY AGREED as follows: • 1. The company shall employ the Manager and the Manager shall serve the Company as manager of the Company's IT business. • 2. …. • IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. • 第三部分:正文。具体约定当事人的权利和义 第三部分:正文。 正文部分的结束段为: 务。正文部分的结束段为: • IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have set their hand the day and year first above written. • 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章, 这段作用相当于中文合同的“双方签字盖章, 特此为证” 特此为证”。
• 与中文合同不同的是合同订立日期没有 放在合同最后, 放在合同最后,而是出现在开头段的当 事人介绍部分。 事人介绍部分。
英语合同词汇特征
1.正式词语和古体词的使用。 1.正式词语和古体词的使用。合同英语 正式词语和古体词的使用 措词必须严谨、精确、正式, 措词必须严谨、精确、正式, 并不带个 人感情色彩。 人感情色彩。因此正式词语在合同中使 用频率非常高。 用频率非常高。为体现其正式与严谨的 文体特征, 文体特征,合同英语多倾向于用较复杂 的介词短语来代替非正式语体中常见的 简单介词与连词,因此会借助古英语。 简单介词与连词,因此会借助古英语。
合同的基本构成
1. title or name and domicile of the parities(当事人名称或姓名和住址等 当事人名称或姓名和住址等) 当事人名称或姓名和住址等 2. date and place of signature (签订日期 签订日期 及地点) 及地点 3. type and scope(类型和范围 类型和范围) 类型和范围 4. quantity, specifications and quality(数 数 规格和质量等) 量、规格和质量等) 5. price or remuneration(价款或报酬 价款或报酬) 价款或报酬 6. time limit, place and method of performance (履行期限、地点和方式 履行期限、 履行期限 地点和方式) 7. liability for breach of contract(违约责 违约责 任) 8. methods to settle disputes (解决争议 解决争议 的方法) 的方法
• 多用长句:包括条件句、状语从句和定语从句 多用长句:包括条件句、 合同要求准确严密的规约当事人的权利、 等。合同要求准确严密的规约当事人的权利、 义务和责任,因而合同英语思维缜密, 义务和责任,因而合同英语思维缜密,逻辑性 既要考虑到各种不同情况, 强,既要考虑到各种不同情况,又要排除各种 例外情形。 例外情形。合同条文规定双方应该履行的义务 还要考虑各种可能发生的情况和应急办法, 外,还要考虑各种可能发生的情况和应急办法, 所以合同条款中有较多的条件句, 所以合同条款中有较多的条件句, 尤其是在有 关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、 关付款、违约责任、不可抗力、财产处理和仲 裁等中更是屡见不鲜。英文中最常见的是用if, 裁等中更是屡见不鲜。英文中最常见的是 should, unless, provided that, in the event of/that, in case of/that等表示。
• Contract:
a legally binding agreement. - A Diction of Law by L.B Curzon a written agreement for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of which the law in some way recognizes as a duty. - Law Dictionary by Steven H. Gifts
• • • •
SIGNED by Name For and on behalf of A SIGNED by B 第五部分: 证明部分)。 第五部分:attestation(证明部分 。当 证明部分 事人如果自然人, 事人如果自然人,用“SIGNED by __”, 当事人是法人或非法人单位时, 当事人是法人或非法人单位时, 授权代表后接的是“ 授权代表后接的是“SIGNED for and on behalf of____” 。
• THE SCHEDULE ABOVE REFERRED TO • Duties of Manger • 1. To manage, maintain and promote the business of the Company. • 2. • 3. • 第四部分:schedule(附录 。是对前述 第四部分: 附录)。 附录 合同部分条款的必要补充。 合同部分条款的必要补充。不是所有合 同都有这一项。 同都有这一项。
2.法律用语和专业词汇的使用。 2.法律用语和专业词汇的使用。合同是具有法 法律用语和专业词汇的使用 律效力的经济文书, 其语言属于法律范畴。 律效力的经济文书, 其语言属于法律范畴。合 同中大量使用的是正式的法律用语及国际商务 方面的专业词汇。 方面的专业词汇。这些词汇突出法律文本的威 法律术语: 专有技术), 严。如,法律术语:know-how (专有技术 , 专有技术 without prejudice to (不损害,以不损害 不损害, 不损害 以不损害… 为前提), 索赔), 为前提 ,claim(索赔 ,arbitration award 索赔 (仲裁裁决 再如,collection, confirm, 仲裁裁决) 仲裁裁决 再如, accept, tolerance ,more or less这些词在 这些词在 日常英语中通常分别理解为“收集” 日常英语中通常分别理解为“收集”、“确 接受” 承受” 大约” 认”、“接受”、“承受”、“大约”,但在 合同英语中这些词语则是国际贸易术语, 合同英语中这些词语则是国际贸易术语,可分 别译为“托收” 保兑” 承兑” 别译为“托收”、“保兑” 、“承兑”、 公差” 溢短装” “公差”及“溢短装”,还包括许多外贸缩略 词。
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