左哈尔的Polysystem Theory(多元系统理论)
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Literary structure interrelated deciding
systems
Semi-literary structure Extraliterary structure
Specific element function
System
Polysystem
Even-Zohar adopted Tynjanov‟s concept of system. He developed the polysystem hypothesis while working on a model for Israeli Hebrew literature. In a series of papers written from 1970 to 1977 and collected in 1978 as “Papers in Historical Poetics”《历史诗学论文集》, he first introduced the term “polysystem” to refer to the entire network of correlated system within society. Thus it is a global term covering all of the literary system, both major and minor existing in a given culture.
• In this historical situation, translation often (but not necessarily always) assumes forms already established as a dominant type within a particular genre, and the translated literature tends to remain fairly conservative, adhering to norms which the “higher” forms have already rejected. Interestingly, despite playing a secondary role, translations produced under these circumstances may paradoxically introduce new ideas into a culture while at the same time preserving traditional forms.
Social conditions Economics Institutional manipulation …
…
…
• He is not specifically a translation theorist, but a cultural theorist. But his pioneering work continues to exert considerable influence on translation, particularly when studying translation in emerging cultures or cultures in crisis. His thinking about translations led him to some of the most provocative hypotheses about literary system.
1. Reclassifications of the position of translation within varying cultural systems.
2. How texts to be translated are selected by the receiving culture.
Polysytem of younger or smaller nations
Israel & the Low Countries
The translated literature played a more central role
Reason: To learn All！ 拿来主义
Three circumstances: Maintaining a primary position
Polysystems of larger, older cultures
Length and self-sufficiency of their traditions
Relegate translated literature to the margins of society
Anglo-American & French
Polysytem with translation theories
“It is necessary to include translated literature in the polysystem. This is rarely done, but no observer of the history of any literature can avoid recognizing as an important fact the impact of translations and their role in the synchrony and diachrony of a certain literature”.
(Even-Zohar, 1978)
Polysytem with translation theories
• Just as the philosopher Chomsky uses linguistics to study how the human brain function in his philosophy, Even-Zohar regards translated literature as an effective way to study how the polysystem pose effect on translated literature. He believes through the analysis of the relationship of translated to original literary works, he could arrive at a better understanding of the nature of polysystem.
Polysystem determines the polysystem theory
• Even-Zohar explored the relationship between the translated texts and the literary polysystem in three aspects:
Chapter 5
Polysystem Theory
Introduction of Itamar Even-Zohar
Professor Emeritus of Culture Research, of University of Tel Aviv
Cultural theorist, not a translation theorist. One of forerunners of translation studies Command a working knowledge of : Hebrew (mother tongue), Arabic, English, French, Swedish, Spanish, Norwegian, Danish, Italian, Russian, German, Icelandic, and a few other languages.
3. How translated texts adopt certain norms and functions as a result of their relation to other target language system.
Reclassification
• Previous classification: All the translations were invariably classified as secondary system. The literary translation was considered secondary activity, mechanical, rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical attention. • Even-Zohar argued: It depends! Not all polysystems are the same. Such classification was inaccurate.
Secondary system
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Well-developed literary traditions
Reason: Have All！
Many different kinds of writing
Original writing produces innovations in ideas and forms independent of translation
Polysystem
Literary System Extraliterary System
Patronage Canonized form
esteemed discourses and genres: Poetry
Non-canonized form
„less worthy‟ genres: Children‟s literature Popular fiction
1. When a literature is young, or in the process of being established.
i.e. Israel; Czech in 19th ；我国清末明初 Translation fulfills the need of a young literature to use its new language for as many different kinds of writing as possible. Since it cannot create all forms and genres, translated texts may serve as the most important for a certain amount time.
Itamar Even-Zohar (Picture taken 1993, Santiago de Compostela)
System
Polysystem
System: This concept is introduced by Tynjanov. Elements, Tynjanov argued, do not exist in isolation, but always in an interrelationship with other elements of other systems.
Polysystem theory
• Even-Zohar incorporated the data collected from his observations on how translations function in various societies. He developed an approach ”Polysystem theory” to explain the function of all kinds of writing within a given culture. • His data showed that translated literature functions differently depending upon the age, strength, and stability of the particular literary polysystem.
systems
Semi-literary structure Extraliterary structure
Specific element function
System
Polysystem
Even-Zohar adopted Tynjanov‟s concept of system. He developed the polysystem hypothesis while working on a model for Israeli Hebrew literature. In a series of papers written from 1970 to 1977 and collected in 1978 as “Papers in Historical Poetics”《历史诗学论文集》, he first introduced the term “polysystem” to refer to the entire network of correlated system within society. Thus it is a global term covering all of the literary system, both major and minor existing in a given culture.
• In this historical situation, translation often (but not necessarily always) assumes forms already established as a dominant type within a particular genre, and the translated literature tends to remain fairly conservative, adhering to norms which the “higher” forms have already rejected. Interestingly, despite playing a secondary role, translations produced under these circumstances may paradoxically introduce new ideas into a culture while at the same time preserving traditional forms.
Social conditions Economics Institutional manipulation …
…
…
• He is not specifically a translation theorist, but a cultural theorist. But his pioneering work continues to exert considerable influence on translation, particularly when studying translation in emerging cultures or cultures in crisis. His thinking about translations led him to some of the most provocative hypotheses about literary system.
1. Reclassifications of the position of translation within varying cultural systems.
2. How texts to be translated are selected by the receiving culture.
Polysytem of younger or smaller nations
Israel & the Low Countries
The translated literature played a more central role
Reason: To learn All！ 拿来主义
Three circumstances: Maintaining a primary position
Polysystems of larger, older cultures
Length and self-sufficiency of their traditions
Relegate translated literature to the margins of society
Anglo-American & French
Polysytem with translation theories
“It is necessary to include translated literature in the polysystem. This is rarely done, but no observer of the history of any literature can avoid recognizing as an important fact the impact of translations and their role in the synchrony and diachrony of a certain literature”.
(Even-Zohar, 1978)
Polysytem with translation theories
• Just as the philosopher Chomsky uses linguistics to study how the human brain function in his philosophy, Even-Zohar regards translated literature as an effective way to study how the polysystem pose effect on translated literature. He believes through the analysis of the relationship of translated to original literary works, he could arrive at a better understanding of the nature of polysystem.
Polysystem determines the polysystem theory
• Even-Zohar explored the relationship between the translated texts and the literary polysystem in three aspects:
Chapter 5
Polysystem Theory
Introduction of Itamar Even-Zohar
Professor Emeritus of Culture Research, of University of Tel Aviv
Cultural theorist, not a translation theorist. One of forerunners of translation studies Command a working knowledge of : Hebrew (mother tongue), Arabic, English, French, Swedish, Spanish, Norwegian, Danish, Italian, Russian, German, Icelandic, and a few other languages.
3. How translated texts adopt certain norms and functions as a result of their relation to other target language system.
Reclassification
• Previous classification: All the translations were invariably classified as secondary system. The literary translation was considered secondary activity, mechanical, rather than creative, neither worthy of serious critical attention. • Even-Zohar argued: It depends! Not all polysystems are the same. Such classification was inaccurate.
Secondary system
Baidu Nhomakorabea
Well-developed literary traditions
Reason: Have All！
Many different kinds of writing
Original writing produces innovations in ideas and forms independent of translation
Polysystem
Literary System Extraliterary System
Patronage Canonized form
esteemed discourses and genres: Poetry
Non-canonized form
„less worthy‟ genres: Children‟s literature Popular fiction
1. When a literature is young, or in the process of being established.
i.e. Israel; Czech in 19th ；我国清末明初 Translation fulfills the need of a young literature to use its new language for as many different kinds of writing as possible. Since it cannot create all forms and genres, translated texts may serve as the most important for a certain amount time.
Itamar Even-Zohar (Picture taken 1993, Santiago de Compostela)
System
Polysystem
System: This concept is introduced by Tynjanov. Elements, Tynjanov argued, do not exist in isolation, but always in an interrelationship with other elements of other systems.
Polysystem theory
• Even-Zohar incorporated the data collected from his observations on how translations function in various societies. He developed an approach ”Polysystem theory” to explain the function of all kinds of writing within a given culture. • His data showed that translated literature functions differently depending upon the age, strength, and stability of the particular literary polysystem.