词汇学 名词解释

Chapter1

Jargon术语is terminology 术语which is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity, profession, or group.

Slang They belong to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words and informal ones available to everyone.

Denizens同化词are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated into the English language.

Aliens外来词are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling.

Chapter2

***Hybrid is a word made up of elements from two or more different languages.

Chapter3

Morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.

Root is the part of the word that contains the basic meaning (definition) of the word. The root is the base element of the word.

affix

A prefix is a word element that is placed in front of a root. A prefix changes the word's meaning or makes a new word.

A suffix is a word element that is placed after the root. The suffix changes

the word's meaning as well as its function (use).

A stem is that part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed.

A base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added.

It can be a root or a stem.

Chapter4

Affixation (derivation)is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to bases.

Composition or compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit, a compound word. Conversion is a word-formation whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another without the addition of an affix. Blending拼缀法is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word.(就是compounding和abbreviation的结合，for example brunch。) Blend 意思是拼缀词。

Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms.

Initialisms are words formed by acronymy and pronounced as a sequence of letters.

Chapter5

Conceptual meaning (denotative, cognitive, or designative meaning) is meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.

Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.

Many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different styles.These instinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words.

Chapter6

Synonyms are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.

Antonymy is concerned with semantic opposition (words which are opposite in meaning).

Homonyms（同音异义词）are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.

Hyponymy （上下义关系）is the sense relationship that relates words hierarchically. The underlying observation is that some words have a