托福基础语法(4)

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托福语法笔记

托福语法笔记
*主谓,谓错
三、平行结构
A,B,or/and C
A, B,C三个元素必须对应
四、宾语从句结构
宾从:S+Vt+(that + SVO)
*看到这些Vt后,第一反应找that
indicate,state,regard,demonstrate,find,estimate, show,hold,
insist,say,tell,believe,think,learn
*adv.不能修饰任何名词
但是adv.+同位语是正确的:...,(which is)approximately the distance .
九、形容词的并列结构--------->可参考改错类型十
(A) adj adj adj + noun.
n个adj不并列,有确定的先后顺序
(B)当多个形容词用逗号连接时,这几个形容词完全对等,无先后顺序
~~~~~~~~~现在分词与名词为修饰关系,相当于adj,所以中心词为名词
Doing exercise is a good habit.
~~~~~动名词是只有动词牲的名词,可以带宾语,与名词之间是动宾关系,
中心词是动名词
*Doing复数noun.+单V
十四、make结构
make +宾(noun.,代词)+宾补(noun.,adj),必须加宾补
(F)*what is now永远对
where + V永远错,因为where是adv.
六、介词+which结构
which只能用于定语从句,在从句中必须作主/宾语
(A)SVO+which+不完整句(缺主语)
(B)SVO+prep.+which+完整句

托福考试语法点全面攻略

托福考试语法点全面攻略

托福考试语法点全面攻略托福考试是许多学生对英语学习的重要里程碑。

其中,语法部分往往是考生们最为头疼的一环。

为了帮助大家更好地备考托福考试语法部分,本文将全面介绍托福考试中的语法点,以及备考策略和技巧。

希望能为广大考生提供有效的帮助。

一、名词名词作为英语语法中的基础部分,托福考试中有许多涉及名词的考题。

其中包括名词的单复数形式、所有格的正确使用以及名词在句子中的作用等。

1. 单复数形式名词的单复数形式在托福考试中经常会被考察。

记住常见的名词复数形式规则是非常重要的。

例如,以“s”结尾的名词通常变为复数形式,如“books”、“cars”;以“y”结尾的名词,将“y”变为“i”,再加“es”构成复数,如“cities”、“ladies”。

2. 所有格在名词的所有格使用方面,要注意加上“’s”来表示所有格。

例如,“John’s book”表示“约翰的书”。

3. 名词的作用了解名词在句子中的不同作用也是备考托福语法部分的关键。

名词可以作为主语、宾语、表语以及定语等。

通过积累大量的例句并理解不同的语法结构,能够有效应对名词相关的考题。

二、代词代词是托福语法考试中另一个重要的知识点。

它包括人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词以及相对代词等。

1. 人称代词人称代词主要用于替代特定的人称,如“I,you,he,she,it,we,they”。

掌握这些代词的主格、宾格以及所有格形式,能够帮助我们更好地理解和应对托福语法考题。

2. 反身代词反身代词用于表示动作的反射或强调,如“myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,themse lves”。

要注意反身代词的使用必须与句子的主语保持一致。

3. 指示代词指示代词用于指示特定的人或物,如“this,that,these,those”。

在应对托福考试中的代词题目时,注意理解代词与所指的名词之间的一致性和连贯性。

三、动词动词是英语语法中最重要、最复杂的一部分。

小托福 语法

小托福 语法

小托福语法1. 介绍小托福是指针对中学生的英语水平进行测试的一种考试。

其中,语法部分是小托福考试的重点之一。

掌握英语语法对于学习英语、提高英语水平非常重要。

本文将介绍小托福语法的相关知识点,帮助考生更好地准备小托福语法部分的考试。

2. 名词名词是英语语法中的基本部分之一,它用来表示人、事物、地方、抽象概念等。

名词有单数和复数形式,可以作为主语、宾语、表语等。

2.1 名词的单数和复数形式名词的单数形式一般是指一个人或一件事物,而复数形式则表示多个人或多件事物。

名词的复数形式通常有以下几种情况:•以s、sh、ch、x结尾的名词,直接在词尾加es,如:bus -> buses;•以辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es,如:city -> cities;•以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es,如:leaf -> leaves;•以o结尾的名词,加es或s,如:potato -> potatoes,photo -> photos。

2.2 名词的所有格名词的所有格表示所属关系,一般在名词后面加上’s。

如果名词已经以s结尾,则只需在名词后加上’。

例如:•Mary’s book(玛丽的书)•The students’ desks(学生们的桌子)3. 动词动词是英语语法中的核心部分,用来表示动作、状态或存在。

动词有不同的时态、语态和形式,可以根据句子的需要进行变化。

3.1 动词的时态动词的时态表示动作发生的时间。

英语中常用的时态有以下几种:•一般现在时(Simple Present Tense):表示经常性的、普遍的或客观存在的动作或状态。

例如:I play tennis every Sunday.(我每个星期天打网球。

)•一般过去时(Simple Past Tense):表示过去某个时间发生的动作或状态。

例如:She studied English last night.(昨晚她学习了英语。

托福考试必备托福英语语法整理

托福考试必备托福英语语法整理

托福考试必备托福英语语法整理托福考试必备托福英语语法参与托福考试必备的,英语语法学问点,趁现在就把握它吧。

下面是学习啦我给大家整理的托福英语语法,供大家参阅!托福英语语法:一般现在时的用法1)、常常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。

时间状语:every, sometimes, at, on SundayI leave home for school at 7 every morning.2)、客观真理,客观存在,科学事实。

The earth moves around the sun.Shanghai lies in the east of China.3)、表示格言或警句中。

Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。

留意:此用法假如消失在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。

例:Columbus proved that the earth is round..4)、现在时刻的状态、力量、性格、共性。

I dont want so much.Ann Wang writes good English but does not speak well.比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup.I am doing my homework now.第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。

再如:Now watch me,I switch on the current and stand back. 其次句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。

托福英语语法:一般过去时的用法1)、在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。

时间状语有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。

Where did you go just now?2)、表示在过去一段时间内,常常性或习惯性的动作。

托福语法)

托福语法)

一:不定式短语做目的状语时1,不定式做目的状语可以放在句首,也可以放在句末。

放在句首时,需要加逗号与句子隔开,放在句末时不需要隔开。

如T o catch the first bus, Li Lei started out early.Mom opened the window to let some fresh air in.注意为了强调目的状语,可以用in order to do 或者so as to do。

In order to do 前后均可,而so as to do只能放在后面。

如Mom opened the window so as to let some fresh air in.2,不定式做原因状语往往要放在表示人的喜怒哀乐等情感的形容词或分词之后。

这些形容词有angry,anxious,content,clever,cruel,delighted,disappointed,ex cited,foolish,glad,happy,pleased,pound,ready,sorry,surprised ,willing,fortunate,right,wrong,foolish,luck,quick,slow等。

注意不要用逗号隔开。

如I am glad to see you.Many people are content to live a simple life.3,不定式作结果状语,注意下面几种情况:①Only to do表示出人意料、意想不到的结果eg. we hurried to the railway station only to find the trainhad left.②enough to do, too…to do结构eg. The boy isn’t old enough to go to school. = The boy is too young to go to school.③在so(such)…as to do结构中,意为‘如此……以致……’eg. I am not such a fool as to believe a cheat. He is so kind as to help the old lady off the bus.一般说来不定式作状语的逻辑主语必须是主句主语,主句主语和不定式的动词存在着动作上的主谓和动宾关系。

托福基础语法

托福基础语法

托福基础语法大全 (内部资料禁止出售)一、词类、句子成分和构词法1、词类:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。

如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。

如:who, she, you, it .3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。

如:good, right, white, orange .4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。

如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。

实义动词:就是有实际意义的动词,可以单独做谓语的动词,它是相对于没有实际意义的动词而言的一个概念非实义动词(1)be动词am, is, are(2)情态动词can,may,must6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。

如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。

如:a, an, the.8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。

如in, on, from, above, behind.9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。

如and, but, before .10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。

如:oh, well, hi, hello.2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。

通常用名词或代词担任。

如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。

4雅思托福语法之限定词

4雅思托福语法之限定词

限定词认识限定词1. 限定词和修饰语不同,限定词对中心词或所指或数或量或所属的意义进行限定。

比较:a desk*charming desk2. 限定词源于:冠词、数词、量词、名词属格和部分代词(物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、疑问代词和关系代词)。

使用限定词1. 和可数单数、可数复数和不可数均可搭配定冠词、不定代词some, any, no, other、物主代词、疑问代词、关系代词和名词属格均能与三类名词同行:可数单数可数复数不可数the book books inksomeanynothe othermywhosewhatTom’s2. 只和可数单数名词搭配不定冠词、基数词one,不定代词another, each, every, either, neither和复合限定词many a 和such a:可数单数可数复数不可数a book *books *inkoneanothereacheveryeitherneithermany asuch a12注1:many a VS many1. many a 只和单数可数名词合作,意义与many 意义相同;2. 后者更多发生于否定语境,而前者多为肯定:Many a ship has been wrecked on those rocks.Many ships have been wrecked on those rocks.I don’t have many boy friends.? I don’t have many a friend.注2:each VS every1. each 能指“二或更多”而every 只能指“三或更多”:She had a child holding on to each hand.*She had a child holding on to every hand.You look more beautiful each time I see you.You look more beautiful every time I see you.2. each 侧重“单独”、“分别”;every 倾向“整体”、“所有”:Each person in turn went to see the doctor.He gave every patient the same medicine.3. 只和复数名词搭配不定代词many, several, both, few, a few,其他基数词,指示代词these, those,量词a number of等:可数单数可数复数不可数many *book books *inkseveralthesethosebothfewa fewtwoa great number ofa great many注1:both of VS both1. both of 的情形多见于美语,这时both是代词:She’s eaten both the chopsShe’s eaten both of the chopsBoth these oranges are bad.Both of these oranges are bad.2. 以下各例中both是副词,句中位于代词和助动词之后:Mary sends you both her love.The children have both gone to bed.My parents both work in education.4. 只和不可数名词搭配只能与不可数名词搭配的限定词有little, much, a little, amount of, a bit of, a great deal of 等:可数单数可数复数不可数much *book *books inklittlea littlelessleasta bit ofa little bit ofa great deal ofa large amount of注1:much VS many1. much 和many 常见于问句和否定句,但在so, as和too之后例外:How much money have you got?He’s got lots of men friends, but he doesn’t know many women.There was so much traffic that it took me an hour to get home. And there was a lot of bad driving on the road.You made too many mistakes – a lot of spelling mistakes, for example.5.和可数单数及复数名词搭配只有序数词:可数单数可数复数不可数the first book books *inkthe nextthe last为避免重复,中心词可省略:If I cannot catch the first train at least I won’t miss the last.6.和可数单数及不可数名词搭配指示代词this和that与可数单数以及不可数名词搭配:可数单数可数复数不可数this book *books inkthat注:以下各例中的this和that分别为代词或强化副词:Hello. This is Elisabeth. Is that Ruth?I didn’t realize it was going to be this hot.If your son is that clever, why isn’t he rich?7.与可数复数和不可数名词合作a lot of, lots of, plenty of, enough, more, most, such, other, a quantity of, quantities of 等:可数单数可数复数不可数a lot of *book books inklots ofplenty ofenoughmoremostsuchothera quantity ofquantities of注1:other+可数单数1. other之前有其它限定词时才能与可数单数的中心词完成搭配:*There is other way of doing this exercise.Wilson found there was only one other guest besides himself.Have you any other book on this subject?Fortunately it was the gentry who sent peasants to be locked up, now it was the other way round.Don’t write on every line; write on every other line.He has no other place to go.注2:a quantity of VS quantities of1. a quantity of 和quantities of均可限定可数复数和不可数名词,前者通常伴有修饰语:Quantities of nuts and raisins are used in the cake.Quantities of food are on the table.You can see a large quantity of flowers on shown.The hotel buys a vast quantity of meat every day.23找茬之改错篇1. Correct the errors in the following sentences or try to improve them if there are only minor mistakes:(1) Do you mind if I put any music on?(2) Let’s have dinner together some time next week.(3) Com on! We haven’t lots of time.(4) A few people can say that they always tell the truth.(5) Few such meat is tainted.(6) The librarian has catalogued each book in the fiction section.(7) He has much more problems than he used to.(8) Both sentences are not correct English.(9) She has written such a beautiful poetry that it is hard to believe she has never had formal education.(10) The farmers are hoping that there will be a great many rainfall this year than there was last year翻译篇1. 对于大学或高中生打工这一现象,校园里进行着广泛的争论。

托福口语语法知识汇总

托福口语语法知识汇总

托福口语语法知识汇总一.非谓语动词:主要包括四种形式:比如动词不定式to+v,动名词v-ing,现在分词 v-ing,过去分词 v-ed。

考生在应用非谓语动词的时候需要注意,这个词不能用作谓语,在句子中只能充当主语,宾语,和状语。

1.动词不定式to+v:这个结构能够表示目的,结果或者某个具体的动作。

例:在To let children do a part-time job helps cultivate their independence and self-control.这句话中的to let就表示目的2. 动名词 v-ing:在托福口语考试中,如果考生想表达动作的主动概念和实行意义能够采取这个结构。

而且考生需要注意的是,有一些动词之后只能够加动名词,比如admit 承认 / advise 建议 / appreciate 感激 / avoid 避免 / consider 考虑 / delay 推迟 / deny 否认等等例:在The best way of keeping fit is to do aerobic exercises and reduce junk food intake. 这句话中的keeping就属于动名词v-ing的结构3. 现在分词 v-ing:在托福口语考试中,如果考生想表示动作的主动或者实行能够使用这个结构。

例:在Some advertisements are misleading and cheating. 这句话中的misleading and cheating就是现在分词v-ing的形式。

4.过去分词 v-ed:这个结构能够协助考生表达动作的被动或完成。

例:Overseas students are vulnerable to feel depressed when facing difficulties. 这句话中的depressed就是过去分词的v-ed结构二. 虚拟语气:在托福口语考试中,考生如果想表示自己所说的话并不是事实,而是假设、愿望、怀疑、或推测等等,能够采用这个结构。

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点

托福考试语法结构知识点托福考试是一个评估非英语母语者英语能力的标准化测试,其中语法结构是考试的一个重要部分。

掌握语法结构的知识点对于正确理解和运用英语语言至关重要。

本文将介绍托福考试中常见的语法结构知识点,帮助考生更好地备考。

一、动词时态和语态1. 一般现在时:用于陈述普遍事实、经常重复的动作或客观真理。

例如:Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.2. 一般过去时:用于过去发生的动作或状态。

例如:I watched a movie yesterday.3. 现在进行时:表示正在进行的动作或现阶段的状态。

例如:She is reading a book now.4. 过去进行时:表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。

例如:They were studying when I called them.5. 将来时态的使用:用于表示将来的动作或状态。

例如:I will go to the party tomorrow.6. 被动语态:用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。

例如:The book was written by Mark Twain.二、主谓一致1. 单复数主谓一致:主语是单数时,谓语动词要用单数形式;主语是复数时,谓语动词要用复数形式。

例如:She walks to school every day. They walk to school every day.2. 近距离主谓一致:当主语和谓语之间有介词短语或从句时,要根据主语而不是介词短语或从句来确定谓语动词的单复数形式。

例如:The book, along with its companion, is on the shelf.三、条件句1. 第一型条件句:表示真实条件和其可能的结果。

例如:If it rains,I will stay at home.2. 第二型条件句:表示对现在或未来假设的不太可能或不可能的条件及其可能的结果。

盘点toefljunior基础语法[整理版]

盘点toefljunior基础语法[整理版]

盘点TOEFL Junior基础语法五种基本句型分类一. 句型:主语+系动词+表语系动词,又叫连系动词,这种动词并没有具体大动作,而只是起连接助于和后面成分的作用。

这种动词后面所接的成分是用来说明助于的特点,表明主语的性质特征的,因此被称为主语补足语或标语(能表示主语特征的成分),这就是主系表结构。

1. 单纯表示助于的特征,状态的feel, look, sound, taste, seem,appearThe iron feels hot.2. 表示助于有一种状态转变为另一种状态的 become, grow, get, turn,fall, go 和 come3. 表示助于保持某种状态的4. 近似于不及物动词的系动词More examples:All the audience sat silent.He was born poor.I was born a leader.二. 句型:主语+谓语谓语动词是不及物动词,所表示的动作没有作用对象,其本身意思完整,其后不需带宾语。

例如:The egg hatched.An eagle’s egg was placed in the nest of a prairie chicken.三. 句型:主语+谓语+宾语这种句型的谓语动词是及物动词(transitive verb),这种动词告诉我们由主语发出的动作所作用的对象是什么,这个“所作用的对象”就是通常所说的宾语,即宾语是主语动作的承受对象,因此,这类动词是带有宾语的。

英文中绝大多数动词都是及物动词。

Just like instant coffee, they want instant happiness.四. 句型:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语谓语动词的特点:双宾动词(dative verb),这种动词后面所接的成分有人又有物。

一般来讲,这里的“人”表示动作的接受者,称作间接宾语(indirect object); “物”表示动作作用的对象,是动作的承受着,称作直接宾语(direct object)。

托福语法知识总览

托福语法知识总览

托福语法知识总览托福(Test of English as a Foreign Language)是评估非英语为母语的人士的英语语言能力的考试。

其中,语法作为其考试的一个重要组成部分,对于考生来说十分关键。

本文将为大家总览托福语法知识,旨在帮助考生提高对语法的理解和应用。

一、动词时态动词时态在托福考试中经常被考察。

以下是几种常见的时态:1. 一般现在时:表示当前情况或普遍真理。

例如:The sun rises in the east.译文:太阳从东方升起。

2. 过去时:表示已经发生的事情或过去的经历。

例如:I went to the park yesterday.译文:昨天我去了公园。

3. 现在进行时:表示当前正在进行的动作。

例如:They are studying for the exam.译文:他们正在为考试而学习。

4. 一般将来时:表示将来某个时间会发生的事情。

例如:She will travel to Europe next month.译文:她下个月将去欧洲旅行。

二、名词名词是英语语法中的核心部分之一。

这里列举几种常见的名词用法:1. 单数名词:表示一个人、物或概念。

例如:I have a cat.(我有一只猫。

)2. 复数名词:表示多个人、物或概念。

例如:They have two cars.(他们有两辆车。

)3. 不可数名词:表示无法分为单个单位的物质或抽象概念。

例如:I need some advice.(我需要一些建议。

)4. 可数/不可数名词的区分:可数名词与不可数名词之间的区分在很多情况下会影响到名词前面的冠词和数量词的使用。

例如:I ate an apple.(我吃了一个苹果。

)I drank some water.(我喝了一些水。

)三、代词代词在托福考试中也是一个常见的考点。

以下是几种重要的代词:1. 主格代词:用于主语的位置。

例如:He is my friend.(他是我的朋友。

盘点托福写作中的七大语法规范

盘点托福写作中的七大语法规范

盘点托福写作中的七大语法规范盘点托福写作中的七大语法规范关于托福写作相信大家都买了不少参考书,并且背诵了不少好段子,但是有的考生依旧托福写作成绩不理想,究其原因在写作时可能不太在意。

以下是小编带来的'托福写作中的七大语法规范,一起来看看吧。

1、不完整的句子(1) If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard。

One of the hardest things that people do。

If you find that writing is hard is because it is hard—one of the hardest things that people do。

(2) Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world。

A gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them。

Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world, a gossip that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them。

Stereotypes are a kind of gossip about the world that makes us prejudge people before we ever lay eyes on them。

2、分词短语作状语的错误Holding her in his arms, the moon hid behind the cloud。

As soon as the moon hid behind the cloud, he held her in his arms。

托福考试中的常见语法知识点

托福考试中的常见语法知识点

托福考试中的常见语法知识点托福考试是全球范围内最为知名的英语语言水平测试之一。

语法是托福考试中的重要篇章之一,同时也是考生通过托福考试的关键所在。

在语法考试中,考生需要明确掌握一些常见的语法知识点,本文将为大家详细介绍。

一、语法的基石:句子结构英语语法的最基础也是最重要的一部分是句子结构。

在托福考试中,句子在很多题目的考点中都是基础的考查对象,因此考生有必要对句子结构的基本知识有所了解。

英语句子一般都是由主语、谓语和宾语组成的。

其中,主语是指句子中扮演行为者或者状态的角色,谓语则是主语执行的动作,宾语则是谓语动作的对象。

除了这三个基本要素,英语句子中还会有其他的成分,例如宾语补足语、介词短语等。

这些要素的掌握是语法基本功的重中之重,在托福考试中相关的考点也不容忽视。

二、主谓一致主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在时态和语态上相符合。

是托福考试语法考点中比较常见的一个难点。

在主谓一致中,时态一定要一致。

举个例子,如果主语是过去式的单数形式,谓语也应当是单数的过去时态,不可以混用。

而在语态上,则应当与主语相匹配。

例如,如果主语是被动语态,那么谓语也应当是被动语态。

尤其重要的是注意在长难句中的主谓一致问题,稍有不慎就会导致考试得分的下降。

三、时态时态是托福语法中比较重要的考点之一,要求考生具备良好的时态掌握能力。

在英语中,时态代表了动作发生的时间关系,包括过去时间、现在时间以及将来时间。

常见的复合时态如现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等,也需要较高的掌握水平。

时态考试内容包括时态种类分类、时态形式变化规律、时态的用法以及时态的正确运用。

在原句子时态错误的基础上改正,也是托福考试中经常出现的题目类型,考生需要有足够的敏锐度以及语法知识处理。

四、动词形式在英语中,动词的形式会受到主谓一致以及时态等多种因素的影响,需要考生在语法掌握时进行注意。

英语动词一般分为不定式(Infinitive)、现在分词(Present participle)和过去分词(Past participle)三种形式。

托福语法

托福语法

OG(官方指南)对托福写作在“语言运用”方面的要求是“appropriate word choices”和“a variety of sentence structures”,也就是“词汇能恰当传达意思就好,句式多样就好”。

换句话说,托福写作在词汇和句式上没有任何“高大上”的要求。

英语写作中最简单的句式共2种:一是“主(S.)+谓(V.)+宾(O.)”;二是“主(S.)+系(V.)+表(P.)”。

前者为根本,在此称之为英语句式之“魂”。

以公式表达的话,“魂”=“主+谓+宾”= N.(名词) + V.(动词) + N.(名词),最少由3个单词组成。

比如说,Jack plays basketball。

但一篇300字以上的独立作文绝对不可能由100来句3个单词的句子构成。

所以,我们要帮“魂”进行“增肥”,也就是给它加内容。

那到底可以加哪些内容呢?在我认为,只须往里加4个词:名词(N.)、动词(V.)、形容词(Adj.)、副词(Adv.)。

五种基本句型:S+Vi, S+V+O, S+V+0+C, S+V+Oi+Od, S+LV+PSubject=主语Verbal phrase=谓语Object=宾语(Oi=间接宾语,Od=直接宾语)Complement=补语Predicative=表语S+Vi(主谓)Without gun, the suicide rate will go down.Female violence has risen dramatically in recent decades.S+V+O(主谓宾)Media violence affect children’s mental health.Frequent physical punishment contributes to a child’s later crimes.练习:由于他老师的推荐,他顺利地找到了一份好工作。

He smoothly found a good job for his teacher’s recommendation.性格因人而异。

托福基础语法知识讲解

托福基础语法知识讲解

托福基础语法知识讲解语法是托福考试的基本内容,整理了一些语法知识,让我们一起来看看吧。

下面就和大家分享,来欣赏一下吧。

托福基础语法知识讲解:被动时态语法知识也是托福备考的基本内容,语法知识贯穿于听说读写各个考试科目中。

今天我们重点来讲解的是“被动时态”,下面就跟随新东方在线托福网一起来看看具体的内容吧!先说说被动语态的结构,其基本结构为:be+动词的过去分词。

其与主动语态在形式上的特征是选择使用哪一种语态的必备常识,也是解题的一种手段。

被动语态区别于主动语态的是谓语动词必须是及物动词且之后绝大多数不能够再接宾语,只有极少数可以接双宾语的动词,像consider, give,call, name等就可以,比如像:She was considered a genius in painting.提醒:在托福考试的改错题中,如果在被动句里面,动词(除了上面提到的接双宾语的动词)的被动式后面出现宾语,那么在这里绝对是有错误的,可将其改为主动句,但是同样的,在主动句里面,如果及物动词后面没有宾语,此处肯定也是错误的,可以将其改为被动句。

其实大家可以将by视为被动语态的标志词,在by之后的名词短语是句子中动作的施动者,因此在题目中如果见到by+名词的结构的时候,最优先考虑的就是被动式,比如像:Thebook was written by Mark Twain.提醒:在by的后面如果接的是动名词,那么其表示为方式、手段就不能将其视为被动式的标志了,并且此时的谓语应该用主动式,如:He passed theexam by cheating.而对于know来讲,一般都是用be known to,而不用be know by。

有点迷糊?没事,我们照例来例题解析:例:The seating of musicians in an orchestra is arranged --- to produce Thedesired blend of contributor from The various himself to sections.(A) the conductor of(B) from the conductor(C) the conductor and(D) by the conductor解析:在题目中,如果不要空白处的话,句子也是很完整的,我们可以清楚的看到空格后的不定式短语表目的,那么可能填入的是arrange的施动者,自然此处应该用by来引导,A选项中of不能接不定式,C选项不能在被动式后面接宾语,所以选D。

托福考试必须掌握的十个语法概念

托福考试必须掌握的十个语法概念

托福考试必须掌握的十个语法概念托福考试所考的非常具体的内容值得花一些时间去复习。

要做好结构的多项选择试题和写好作文,就必须掌握以下的十个概念。

1)形容词2)副词3)比较4)措辞错误5)双重否定6)不完整句子7)并列结构8)介词和介词短语9)代词指代10)主谓一致形容词形容词修饰名词或代词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。

通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。

形容词是修饰回答像"what kind of"或"which?"或"whose?"这类的问题。

不要混淆形容词和副词,副词通常是以-ly结尾的,而极少形容词以-ly结尾。

1)以-ly结尾的形容词:friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly.2)以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词:daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early.副词副词通常修饰动词,形容词,副词或其他结构。

(它也可以修饰另一个副词或一个形容词,但是这种情况征托福考试里是比较少见的。

)副词经常回答"how?"1、正确的位置:1)在动词之前;在be动词、助动词之后。

2)有多个助动词时,副词一般放在第一个助动词后。

3)方式副词well,badly,hard等只放在句尾。

He speaks English well.2、其他注意:1)副词very 可修饰形容词,但不能修饰动词。

(错) I very like English.(对) I like English very much.2)副词enough要放在形容词的后面,形容词enough放在名词前后都可。

比较当比较两个事物时,用-er形式(bigger)或者用修饰词less和more。

当比较多于两个以上的事物时,用-est形式(biggest)或者做most(most amazing)和least这样的词。

托福语法讲义(教师版)

托福语法讲义(教师版)

一、题型概述(一)填空:1-15个题,考句法句法包括简单句,并列句,主从复合句和一些常见错误用法等。

(二)挑错:16-40个题,考词法好下面我们就一些特殊热点问题给大家做一个概述性介绍。

二、基础语法规则(一)词法第一章名词正确区分可数名词与不可数名词、正确选择可数名词单复数、名词之前的限定词与名词数(单复数)之间的关系以及名词在句子中承担的成分是TOEFL中常考的内容1.重要的名詞(1)重要的可數名詞discovery, cloud, mineral, metal, material, substance, population, efforts, effect, animal, plant, mammal, insect, tree, herb, shrub, element, function, feature, picture, result, clue, star, reason, audience, device, structure, human, human being, system, fashion, resource, source, origin, pioneer, automobile, purpose, style, response, number, amount, variety, quantity, type, kind, influence, emotion, change(2)常见的不可数名词①流体:air, smoke, coffee, oil②自然现象:thunder, weather, darkness, [a heavy rain, raindrops]③微粒:sugar, salt, rice, powder, dust④抽象名词:intelligence(情报), evidence, wisdom, advice⑤学科:mathematics, economics, statistics (统计学,作统计数据讲时可数), physics, politics,mechanics, genetics遗传学, geology,geography, chemistry, philosophy, biology,history⑥医学疾病:measles(麻疹), mumps(腮腺炎), diabetes(糖尿病)⑦总称名词:furniture, luggage, clothing, equipment, poetry, jewelry, machinery, weaponry,scenery, information, knowledge, homework, evidence, foliage, advertising(广告业), health例题: 交易Historians (believe that) some (forms) of (an advertising) must be as old (as barter) and trade.答案: C an advertising advertising(3)常见不规则单复数,一般考复数man/men, woman/women, tooth/teeth, foot/feet, goose/geese, basis/bases,analysis/analyses, crisis/crises, hypothesis/hypotheses, axis/axes, alga/algae, larva/larvae, fungus/fungi, stimulus/stimuli, datum/data, bacterium/bacteria, medium/media, spectrum/spectra, mouse/mice, child/children, phenomenon/phenomena(4)常见的单复数同形的名词(注意鱼!好多鱼~)aircraft, spacecraft, series, species, means,(sheep, deer, bison, salmon, trout, carp, fish)·-craft后缀单复数相同(5)只能用复数的名词:clothes, fireworks, riches, wages, ashes, thanks, sweets, scissors, spectacles, trousers集合名词:people(人们,作民族时可数), folk(人们), cattle(牛), police, livestock(牲畜)(6)单复数意义不同的名词air- airs(气派)good(好处,利益)- goods(货物)part- parts(才能,划线永远对)mean(均值/中间)- means(手段/财富)arm- arms(武器)custom(习俗)- customs(海关)letter- letters(文学)spectacle(光景)- spectacles(眼镜)force- forces(武装部队)water- waters(水域,划线永远对)sky- skies(气候)(7)既有可数又有不可数]的名词(注意有无数的概念,具体还是抽象)sugar, cloth, detail, light, science, form, interest, color, disease, illness, rock, stone, matter, food, culture, noise, liquid, solid, gas, climate, film, material, population, temperature, experience, speech, use, life, actionwork(工作,作品)- works(工厂,工程,工事,著作)area(面积)- areas(区域,领域)time(时间)- times(倍数,此书,时代)paper(纸)- papers(报告,文件)collection(不同种收藏品组成的集)- collections(同种藏品的集)room(空间)- rooms(房间)18 pieces of newspaper/ 18 newspapers (报纸种类)art/ in art/ .be described as an art/ all arts land(面积)-lands(区域)注意:* 当不可数名词与种类相关时可转化为可数名词:a vacuum, a liquid, foods, beverages (饮料)(8)同源近形词义区别bank/banking, advertisement/advertising, architect/architecture, reason/reasoning,author/authority/authorization, poem/poet/poetry, cloth/clothes/clothing,human/humanity/humanities, produce/product/production/productivity,editor/edit/edition/editorial, variable/variety/variation, critic/critical/criticize,chemical/chemistry, management/manager, weapon/weaponry, logic/logical,measure/measurement, publish/publication, weighing/weight,nourishment/nutrition/nutritious/nutrient, machine/machinery总规律:(1) –ing动作抽象化,不可数(一般)(2) sugar,fish,cloth,作物质名词,不可数;表种类,则可数(3) –or/er/ee 具体,tion/sion/ment/ness/ship/ing 抽象2.重要的限定詞与名词单复数(1)many+复数可数n.;much+不可數n.例题:Since (the) 1950’s, folk music (has had) a (significant) influence on (many) popular vocal and instrumental music.答案: D many→muchIn the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→much※看到many, various, diverse, numerous往后找[C],看到much往后找[UC]many..music ×As many as 50 percent of the income ×As much as 2,000 kilometers √(一个距离是整体,不可数)例题:The asphalt (deposits) of La Brea Tar Pit in California (have yielded) fossils of numerous (animal) of the Pleistocene epoch, including (the giant) ground sloth.答案:C animal→animalsRodents (dwell) in various (habitat), some species (being) aquatic, (some terrestrial).答案: B habitat→habitatsEven as he (wrote) copiously on such (diverse topic) as education, politics, and religion, Lewis Mumford (remained) active (in city) and regional planning.答案:B diverse topic→ topicsmuch 和many可以做代词:Many are.. .. by many. Much of the information..(2)some 和any,二者都可加单复数,都可加可数和不可数,都可做代词(同few/little 代词的作用)some kinds 某些种some kind 某一种例题:For thousands of years, people (have used) some (kind) of refrigeration (cooling) beverages and preserve (edibles).答案: C cooling→to cool(3)few little 否定a few, a little 肯定+複數可數n. +不可數n.few equipment ×to few extent ×可做代詞:a few/few of the books例题:The Dinee, a Native American (people) of the southwestern United States, were (once) semi- nomadic hunters who (practiced) a (few) agriculture.答案: D few→little(4)數詞/ several/ one of/ among + 複數可數n.※看到several, one of, among 往后找複數[C]eg: five aircraft ×several setting ×several settings √one of the philosophers √among the schools √例题:The United States census人口普查(for) 1970 (showed that) the French-speaking residents of Louisiana (were) one of the country’s most compact regional linguistic (minority)答案: D minority→minorities39. Beverly Sills was (a child) radio star (who) became one of the world’s most dramatically gifted opera (singer), making her debut初演(at) seventeen.答案: C singer→singers40. In the practice of Gestalt therapy, (many) attention is (given) to nonverbal (aspects) of (behavior).答案: A many→muchThe Guggenheim Museum in New York City is one of the major (center) for (the collection) and display of (works) of (abstract art) in the United States.答案: A center→centersGeraldine Farrar, (who) debuted as (an) opera singer in 1901, later appeared (both) on stage and in several silent (film).答案:D film→filmsSeveral (comet)彗星are discovered each year, but very few of (them) are (bright) enough (to be seen) without the aid of magnification.放大答案: A comet→comets(5)every/ each 直接加單數可數n. 或者加数词和复数名词(every/ all常考,almost all加复数)eg: each major styles ×each ten boys √every four years √(every/each 修飾數詞)例题:7. Almost (every) fruits and vegetables contain riboflavin核黄素; the (richest) sources are (leafy) green vegetables (such) as spinach菠菜, kale甘蓝, or turnip greens.另一种甘蓝答案: A 。

TOEFLJunior常见语法及填空题答题技巧

TOEFLJunior常见语法及填空题答题技巧

TOEFLJunior常见语法及填空题答题技巧在TOEFLJunior考试中,尤为头疼的就数语法。

为此,可乐留学TOEFLJ栏目为考生收集整理了TOEFLJunior常见语法,赶快往下查阅吧~——TOEFLJunior常见语法——名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

一、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。

同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。

例如:The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。

二、宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。

引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。

例如:He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。

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阅读长难句
TPO11-Ancient Egyptian sculpture
[1] In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance?
5. Last summer Tyreesha and two of her classmates worked as a lifeguard(A) at(B) a camp for(C) musically(D) talented children . No error(E).
6. Lost for many years(A) and presumed stolen(B) , the portrait of the nineteenth-century writer had been(C) stored inadvertent(D) in the museum basement. No error(E)
[3] Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
In fact, a lack of understanding concerning the purposes of Egyptian art has often led it to be compared unfavorably with the art of other cultures: Why did the Egyptians not develop sculpture in which the body turned and twisted through space like classical Greek statuary? Why do the artists seem to get left and right confused? And why did they not discover the geometric perspective as European artists did in the Renaissance?
4. Some scholars studying (A) the writings of Emily Bronte have come (B) increasingly (C) interested in the relationships between her siblings and she (D). No error(E)
[3] Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
7. Slanting through(A) the trees, yesterday’s late afternoon sun cast(B) more deeper(C) shadows on(D) the bedroom wall. No error(E)
8. Angrily(A) and a bit confused , the defense witness found it(B) difficult to respond(C) coherently to(D) the district attorney’s aggressive cross-examination. No error(E).
2. Jason is (A) the only one of the three people I knew well (B) in middle school who still write (C) to me regularly (D). No Error (E)
3. After the grueling (A) rehearsal, the pianist felt wore (B) out and wanted only (C) to sleep (D). No Error (E)
[3] Other statues were designed to be placed within an architectural setting, for instance, in front of the monumental entrance gateways to temples known as pylons, or in pillared courts, where they would be placed against or between pillars: their frontality worked perfectly within the architectural context.
TPO13-Biological Clocks
[4] Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measured for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours.
[4] Like almost all daily cycles of animals deprived of environmental cues, those measures for the horseshoe crabs in these conditions were not exactly 24 hours.
[2] They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions.
They were designed to be put in places where these beings could manifest themselves in order to be the recipients of ritual actions.
Correct the tences
1. Careful analysis of pictures of the Moon reveal (A) that parts of the Moon’s surface are (B) markedly (C) similar to parts of the Earth’s (D). No Error (E)
9. Cuban music was so popular in (A) Colombia city of Cali thus becoming(B) the basis for(C) the dance scene that predominated(D) there during the 1940s. No error(E).
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