(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap003Tools of Normative Analysis

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陈共财政学第九版财政概念与职能

MRSAxy ＝ MRSBxy
生产效率：重新在使用者中间配置生产要素导致提高一种物品的产出同时，不减少其他物品的产出是不可能的。实现条件为用于生产两种（任意）产品 X,Y 所使用的任何两种相同的生产要素如 L ， K 的边际技术替代率 MRTSLK 都相等。即
MRTSXLK ＝ MRTSYLK
直接与间接
3)政府干预失效
2)政府干预手段
1．政府宏观调控 2．立法与行政手段 3．组织公共生产、提供公共物品 4．财政手段
政府干预失效的原因和表现： 1．政府决策失误 2．寻租行为 3．政府提供信息不及时甚至失真 4．政府职能的“越位” 和“缺位”
2020年7月10日星期五
经济学院
3
公共物品和公共需要
(public goods and public needs )
2020年7月10日星期五
经济学院
9
财政
市场：市场效率和市场失灵
学
1市场与市场效率
1）市场机制与效率 2）公平准则 3）最优社会福利的决定 4）市场机制起作用的有效环境
2市场失灵
市场失灵的主要表现 : 1.垄断 2.信息不充分和不对称 3.外部效应与公共物品 4.收入分配不公 5.经济波动
量xn+j；
（2）公共物品在个人之间是不可分的
2020年7月10日星期五
经济学院
24
财政学
特征
1）非竞争性
2）非排他性
特征与分类
分类： 1）纯公共物品 2）准公共物品
准私人物品
免费搭车
1．公共物品有两个基本特征，一个是非排他性，另一个是（）。 A 排他性 B 非竞争性 C 竞争性 D 免费搭车 2.国家通过立法安排的义务教育，每个公民都可以无差别地享受这种教育，从这个角度讲，义务教育属于（）。 A纯公共物品 B混合物品 C私人产品 D市场产品

罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）

罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）第一篇：罗森财政学复习资料(双语版)罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）Unified budget: The document which itemizes all the federal government’s expenditures and revenues.统一预算：联邦政府在一种文件中将其支出逐项列出的文件Regulatory budget: an annual statement of the costs imposed on the economy by government regulations 管制预算：政府管制对经济产生的成本Entitlement programs: programs whose expenditures are determined by the number of people who qualify ,rather than preset budget allocations.公民权利性计划：（是指有关社会保障、公共福利计划、农产品价格维持等法律规定受益人和收益数额的政府支出项目）项目的成本不是由固定的美元数额来决定，而是由符合条件的人的数量决定。

Substitution effect :the tendency of an individual to consume more of one good and less of another because of a decrease in the price of the former relative to the latter.替代效应：是指一种商品价格的变化所引起的使消费者调整该种商品与其他商品需求量比例的效应。

Income effect : the effect of a price change the quantity demanded due exclusively to the fact that the consmer’s income has changed 收入效应：收入效应指由商品的价格变动所引起的实际收入水平变动，进而由实际收入水平变动所引起的商品需求量的变动。

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap008Cost-Benefit Analysis

P V B 1 C 1 B 1 2 C 2 ( B 1 3 C )3 2 . .( B 1 .T C )T T 0
Project Year 0 Year 1 ρ Profit PV
X
-$100 $110 10% $4 3.77
Y -$1,000 $1,080 8% $20 18.87
• The Chain-Reaction Game • The Labor Game • The Double-Counting Game
8-14
Distributional Considerations
• Hicks-Kaldor Criterion – a project should be undertaken if it has positive net present value, regardless of distributional consequences
8-3
8-4
8-5
Private Sector Project Evaluation
P V B 1 C 1 B 1 2 r C 2 B (1 3 r C )2 3 . .B .(1 T r C )T T
Annual Net Return
Year R&D Advertising R =
CHAPTER 8
Cost-Benefit Analysis
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2010 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Projecting Present Dollars into the Future
Method

罗森第九版英文《财政学》课件cha课件

要点二
The research object of finance
The research object of finance is the financial system, which includes financial markets, financial institutions, and financial instruments It also includes the study of individual and organizational financial behavior and decision making processes
Supervision
01
Overview of Finance
The Definition and Research Object of Finance
要点一
The definition of finance
Finance is a discipline that focuses on the management of money and other assets, liabilities, and financial relationships It encompassed the study of various financial markets, institutions, and instruments, as well as the theory and practice of investment, financing, and risk management
Grants to non profit organizations
chargeable organizations, cultural institutions, etc

管理学,罗宾斯,9版,英文Robbins_fom9_ppt(2)

9-11
Personality Theories
Personality: A unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how a person reacts to situations and interacts with others.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-22
Perceptual Shortcuts
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-23
Understanding Perception
1. Employees react to perception, not reality. 2. The potential for perceptual distortion exists.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-6
9.2 Explain the role that attitudes play in job performance.
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-7
Attitudes and Job Performance
9-15
Matching Personalities and Jobs
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
9-16
Personality Traits Across Cultures
National cultures differ in terms of the degree to which people believe they control their environment.

【正式版】财政学课件PPT

所以他的《国富论》从分工写起，引出了他的价值理论，引出他关于资本的划分……斯密庞大博杂的理论被后来的许多经济学家“各
外部性矫正、公共定价、成本-收益分析、社会取所需”，创造出许多经济流派。
公共经济学全面采用了现代经济分析方法：实证分析和规范分析。政府要开支，就必须有收入，收入的主要来源就是赋税，斯密提出税收应遵循的四原则：
3.古典经济学与福利经济学的比较
❖ 二者都是研究如何增加国家财富。但福利经济学进一步研究如何增加社会经济福利问题。福利经济学认为，首先通过生产资源在各个生产部门的配置达到最优增加社会产量；其次，减轻收入不公的程度使社会经济福利或效用总量最大化。由于政府的干预涉及资源的再分配，而福利经济学的根本目的就是评估各种资源的配置方式。所以，福利经济学为公共经济学的规范性分析提供了依据，为考察政府干预形式是否适当提供了进行考察的一个系统的理论结构。
一、公共经济学取代财政学的原因
❖ 财政学与公共经济学依据的经济理论发生了变化。
❖ 1.财政学的经济理论基础：自由放任的经济学基本观点。
❖ （1）人类最主要的动机是自己的私利； ❖ （2）竞争的看不见的手自动把许多私利
转变为共同的利益；
❖ （3）要使国家财富增长，最好的政府是最少的干预。
2.福利经济学成熟为财政学向公共经济学扩展提供了理论基础和研究方法
财政学与公共经济学研究的范围和内容发生了变化
❖ 1、财政学主要研究财政收支本身的问题；公共经济学不仅研究财政收支本身的问题，更重要的是研究财政收支活动对经济的影响；
❖ 2、公共经济学主要分析政府从事的“经济活动的主要后果及其与社会目标的关系”。著名经济学家斯第格里兹指出，公共部门经济学的研究主要分为三类（1）公共部门从事哪些活动以及这些活动是如何组织的；（2）理解和预测政府活动的全部结果；（3）评价各种。

双语财政学第九版课件 (1)[14页]

❖ Public finance is the field of economics that
studies government activities and the alternative means of financing government expenditures.
INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY, AND GOVERNMENT
❖ Circular flow in the mixed economy (figure 1.2)
❖ -The upper and lower loops represent transactions between household and business firms in markets. Households use the income they earn from the sale of productive services to purchase the outputs of business firms.
Public Finance
(9th Edition)
Author: David N. Hyman
Chapter 1 ❖Individuals and government
In this text, you will study the role governments play in allocation resources and how individual choices influence what governments do. You also will study how government policies affect the incentives of workers, investors, and corporations to engage in productive activities.

公司理财罗斯英文原书第九版第十一章.ppt

Chapter Outline
11.1 Individual Securities 11.2 Expected Return, Variance, and Covariance 11.3 The Return and Risk for Portfolios 11.4 The Efficient Set for Two Assets 11.5 The Efficient Set for Many Assets 11.6 Diversification 11.7 Riskless Borrowing and Lending 11.8 Market Equilibrium 11.9 Relationship between Risk and Expected Return (CAPM)
The rate of return on the portfolio is a weighted average of the returns on the stocks and bonds in the portfolio:
r w r w r P B B S S
5 % 50 % ( 7 %) 50 % ( 17 %)
“Deviation” compares return in each state to the expected return.
“Weighted” takes the product of the deviations multiplied by the probability of that state.
1 1 1 E ( r ) ( 7 %) ( 12 %) ( 28 % S 3 3 3 E ( r ) 11 % S
Variance
Scenario

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap022Public Finance in a Federal System

22-26
Unconditional Grants
• Revenue sharing • Measuring Need
– Tax effort
22-27
The Flypaper Effect
• Whose indifference curves? • Median voter theorem • Flypaper effect
22-14
Incidence and Efficiency Effects – The Traditional View - Tax on Structures
Price per structure
PgB PnB = PP0B0B
PnL
Price paid by tenants increases by full amount of
E2 E1
G1 G2
B
R
Units of public good (G) per year
22-24
Conditional (Categorical) Grants
Matching Closed-Ended Grants
Consumption (c) per yearAFra bibliotekcc31
D E3 E1
G1 G3
the tax
B1
B0
SB
DB DB’
Number of structures per year
22-15
Summary and Implications of the Traditional View
• Progressivity
– Land tax – Structures tax
• Empirical evidence

罗森第九版英文《财政学》课件chap004

4-15
Public versus Private Production
• • • • • • Efficiency of private production Problems in comparing cost differences Incomplete contracts Competition to supply good or service Reputation building Policy Perspective:
– publicly provided private goods
• Public provision of a good does not necessarily mean that it is also produced by the public sector
4-4
Some Other Public Goods
• • • • Basic research Programs to fight poverty Uncongested non-toll roads Fireworks display
4-5
Efficient Provision of Private Goods
Price Adam (DfA) 5 7 9 11 13 Eve (DfA) 1 3 5 7 9 Market (DfA+E) 6 10 14 18 22
4-12
Laboratory Experiments and Free-Riding
• How a typical experiment works • Typical results
– People contribute about 50% of resources to provision of public good – Contributions fall the more often the game is repeated – Cooperation fostered by prior communication – Contribution rates decline when opportunity cost of giving goes up

罗森第九版英文《财政学》课件cha(2)

– publicly provided private goods
• Public provision of a good does not necessarily mean that it is also produced by the public sector
4-4
Some Other Public Goods
• Classification as a public good is not absolute; it depends on market conditions and the state of technology
– impure public good
• A commodity can satisfy one part of the definition of a public good but not the other
• MRSfa = Pf/Pa • Set Pa = $1 • MRSfa = Pf • DfA shows MRSfa for Adam • DfE shows MRSfa for Eve • Sf shows MRTfa • Necessary condition for Pareto efficiency:
MRSfaAdam + MRSfaEve = MRTfa
4-11
Problems Achieving Efficiency
• The Free-Rider Problem • Solutions to the free-rider problem
– Perfect price discrimination
• Some things that are not conventionally thought of as commodities have public good characteristics

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap022Public Finance in a Federal System

• Equity issues
22-8
Advantages of a Decentralized System
• Tailoring outputs to local taxes • Fostering intergovernmental competition • Experimentation and information in locally
Incidence and Efficiency Effects – The Traditional View - Tax on Land
SL
– Combine communities under a single regional government – Pigouvian taxes and subsidies
• Division of responsibility in public good provision • Distributional goals and mobility
public services and taxes – There are enough different communities so that each individual can
find one with public services meeting her demands – The cost per unit of public services is constant so that if the quantity of
22-2
Distribution of All U.S. Expenditures by Government Level
22-3
Community Formation

罗斯公司理财英文第九版Chap005ppt课件

($49.54)
40%
($58.60) ($100.00)
44%
($66.82)
Discount rate
5-12
Calculating IRR with Spreadsheets
You start with the same cash flows as you did for the NPV.
Using the NPV function:
The first component is the required return entered as a decimal.
The second component is the range of cash flows beginning with year 1.
normally want to increase the decimal places to at least two.
5-13
5.5 Problems with IRR
Multiple IRRs Are We Borrowing or Lending The Scale Problem The Timing Problem
You use the IRR function:
You first enter your range of cash flows, beginning with the initial cash flow.
You can enter a guess, but it is not necessary. The default format is a whole percent – you will
Add the initial investment after computing the NPV.

罗森财政学第七版（英文版）配套习题及答案Chap003

罗森财政学第七版（英⽂版）配套习题及答案Chap003 CHAPTER 3 - Tools of Normative AnalysisMultiple-Choice Questions1. The slope of the production possibilities curve is thea) marginal rate of substitution.b) contract curve.c) offer curve.d) Engel curve.e) marginal rate of transformation.2. The First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics requiresa) producers and consumers to be price takers.b) that there be a market for every commodity.c) that the economy operate at some point on the utility possibility curve.d) all of the above.3. Points outside the production possibility frontier area) producible.b) endowment points.c) consumer equilibrium points.d) unattainable.4. General equilibrium refers toa) examining markets without specific information.b) finding equilibrium from general information.c) pricing goods at their shadow price.d) all of the above.e) none of the above.5. The marginal rate of substitution isa) the slope of the utility curve.b) the slope of the contract curve.c) the slope of the utility possibilities curve.d) none of the above.6. Market failure can occur whena) monopoly power exists in the market.b) markets are missing.c) consumers can influence prices.d) all of the above.7. Partial equilibrium isa) exactly like general equilibrium.b) studying only the supply side of the market.c) studying individual markets.d) examining the demand side of the market.8. A public good isa) a good that the public must pay for.b) nonrival in consumption.c) more costly than a private good.d) paid for by the government.9. Merit goodsa) are provided for those who behave themselves and play nice.b) should be provided even if there is no demand for them.c) increase in costs along with demand.d) do none of the above.10. A social welfare functiona) is a function made by the Department of Welfare.b) is a function that shows that the utilities of society are incorporated into society’swell-being.c) can never be derived numerically.d) is all of the above.11. Movement from an inefficient allocation to an efficient allocation in the Edgeworth Box willa) increase the utility of all individuals.b) increase the utility of at least one individual, but may decrease the level of utilityof another person.c) increase the utility of one individual, but cannot decrease the utility of any individual.d) decrease the utility of all individuals.12. Points on the utility possibility frontier area) inefficient.b) points of incomplete preferences.c) not producible.d) Pareto.13. The Edgeworth Box shoulda) lie inside the PPF.b) lie partially inside the PPF.c) lie completely outside of the PPF.d) never touch the PPF.14. Pareto points in the Edgeworth Box area) found when utility curves are tangent.b) found when MRS are equal.c) found when one person cannot be made better off without making another personworse off.d) all of the above.e) none of the above.15. The Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics requiresa) that indifference curves be convex to the origin.b) that isoquants be concave to the origin.c) that there are no set prices for Pareto efficient allocations.d) that production be twice as large as consumption.e) all of the above.Discussion Questions1. Consider an Edgeworth economy where there are two citizens, Mr. Cortopassi andMs. Thomas. There are only two goods to be consumed in the economy, Beer and Pretzels. The total amount of Beer is 12 units. The total amount of Pretzels is 12 units.Answer the following: Suppose Mr. Cortopassi has utility for the two goods characterized as U C(B,P)=B+P. Ms. Thomas’s utility function is U T(B,P)=B+P. Identify the points that are Pareto efficient.2. Imagine a simple economy with only two people, Leroy and Percy. If the Social WelfareFunction is W = U L + U P, and the Utility Possibilities Frontier is UPF = U L + 2U P, what will be the societal optimum? 3. If James has a utility curve characterized by the function given below, what is hismarginal rate of substitution between goods X and Y? U = 2X1/4Y3/4?4. Consider a simple exchange economy where the marginal rate of transformation betweentwo goods is greater than the marginal rate of substitution for the same goods. Can a Pareto equilibrium be derived?5. Suppose that a competitive firm’s marginal cost of producing output q is given byMC=2+2q. Assume that the market price of the firm’s product is $13.a) What level of output will the firm produce?b) What is the firm’s producer surplus?True/False/Uncertain Questions1. Welfare economics is concerned with individual desirability of alternative economicstates.2. The contract curve is the collection of points where utility curves are tangent in theEdgeworth box.3. The Utility Possibility Curve is derived from utility curves.4. When the First Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Ec onomics doesn’t hold, there is amarket failure.5. Externalities can be difficult to detect in open economies.6. Social indifference curves are the same as a Social Welfare Function.7. A utility possibilities frontier need not incorporate the utility of every individual.8. In equilibrium, the MRT should equal the MRS of all individuals.9. If the market does not allocate resources perfectly, the government can.10. Normative economics is more important than positive economics.Essay Questions1. Social welfare functions can be formed in many ways. They can be additive, meaningthat the all utilities curves are added together. They incorporate the idea of least-best, meaning that the utility of the person with the least is maximized. If you were a central planner for an economy, what type of social welfare function would you create?2. Merit goods have received considerable attention toward the end of this chapter. Canconcerts and other publicly provided services be rationalized using these ideas?3. Why might government intervention be needed in a market?。

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap008Cost-Benefit Analysis

RT = R0*(1+r)T Present Value R0 = RT/(1+r)T
discount factor discount rate
8-3
Present Value of a Stream of Money
P VR 0(1 R 1 r)(1 R 2 r)2 ...(1 R T r)T
0.07
PV
R&D Advertising
$150
$200
128
165
86
98
46
37
10
-21
Admissible Preferable Present Value Criteria
8-6
Internal Rate of Return
P V B 1 C 1 B 1 2 C 2 ( B 1 3 C )3 2 . .( B 1 .T C )T T 0
• Monopoly • Taxes
b $2.89
• Unemployment • Consumer Surplus
$1.35 c
d
Sa
g
Sa’
Da
A0
A1
Pounds of avocados per year
8-11
Inferences from Economic Behavior
• The Value of Time • The Value of Life
• Government Discounting in Practice
8-10
Valuing Public Benefits and Costs
Price per pound of avocados
• Market Prices

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap003Tools of Normative Analysis

陈共财政学第九版 财政概念与职能

罗森财政学复习资料（双语版）

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap008Cost-Benefit Analysis

罗森第九版英文《财政学》课件cha课件

管理学,罗宾斯,9版,英文Robbins_fom9_ppt(2)

【正式版】财政学课件PPT

双语财政学第九版课件 (1)[14页]

公司理财罗斯英文原书第九版第十一章.ppt

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap022Public Finance in a Federal System

罗森第九版英文《财政学》课件chap004

罗森第九版英文《财政学》课件cha(2)

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap022Public Finance in a Federal System

罗斯公司理财英文第九版Chap005ppt课件

罗森财政学第七版（英文版）配套习题及答案Chap003

(财政学罗森第九版英文课件)Chap008Cost-Benefit Analysis

陈共财政学第九版财政概念与职能