第三讲句子主语的确定 2

A pack of cigarettes lasts him only two days.
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
A.

原文中表示条件、原因等意思的词语 可在翻译中用来作主语。如：


7) 走廊的地毯厚厚的，我走在上面，一点脚 步声也没有。 The thick carpet on the corridor killed the sound of my footsteps． 8) 没有几天的工夫，由于抢购，商店里的货 就买光了。 Within days, panic buying emptied store shelves． 9) 由于计划不周，他不仅浪费了时间，而且 浪费了所有钱。 Poor planning wasted all his money as well as his time.

5)

得第一名获金牌，第四名什么也拿不到。
Whoever comes first wins a gold medal but anyone who comes fourth gets nothing.
1. 2. 2

主语必须是句中应该突出的信息
1 ）这次国家调动了 160 万军队去帮助守 护大堤，将被洪水淹没地区的百姓迁走。 1.6 million troops have been mobilized to help protect the dikes and to move people out of areas being flooded．
B. 原文中表示时间的词语可在翻译中用来作 主语，同时谓语改为 see, witness, find 等。 10)2001年中国成功加入世贸。 The year 2001 saw China’s entry into WTO. 11) 1998年召开了九届一次全国代表大会。 The year 1998 witnessed the convocation of the 1st Session of the 9th National People’s Congress.
1．2
主语的选择
一般认为，确定主语时，应遵循以下原则：
[1]在无主句的翻译中，必须添加必要的主语 [2]必须是句中应该突出的信息； [3]必须符合英美人的思维视角； [4]必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯； [5]必须符合行文连贯的需要。
1. 2. 1 在无主句的翻译中，必须添加必要的主语 1) 下雨了。 It is raining. 2) 改革开放胆子要大一些，要敢于试验。 We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned． 3) 北静王笑道：名不虚传，果然如“宝”似 “玉”。 (《红楼梦》 “ You live up to your name，”remarked the prince． “You are really 1ike precious jade．”

C.

可以采用 “there be”句型取代原文的主 语
12）他今天的举止有些反常 There is something strange about his behavior today. 13) 这个事件不象看上去的那样简单。 There is more to the incident than meets the eye. 14) 新工作不见得比原先的工作强。 There is no guarantee that the new job will be better than the old one.




4) 我父亲狂热地追求绘画，绘画已成了他生活的一切， 要比母亲，比他的孩子，甚至比他自己都更为重要。 For my father，painting was a governing passion．It came before Mother，before his children and even before himself ． 5) (450 万公顷的农作物被毁。工厂被迫停工，产量受 到影响。客运和货运也被迫中断。 ) 在未来的许多岁月 里，人民都会感受到洪灾对中国经济的总体影响。 The overall effect on China's economy will be felt for many months． 6) 报告的其他部分没有提到这一点。 This point was not mentioned anywhere in his report．
Determining the Subject and Predicate of a Sentence (I)
主语的选择和谓语的确定 （I）
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
钱你不用还了。 这锅饭能吃十个人。 这匹马骑着两个人。 被人缠上是件讨厌的事儿。 老子打儿子, 天经地义。 上面坐着主席团。 从她那儿能找到解决问题的办法。 说的是古代的一个老头，名叫愚公。

1. 2. 3

主语必须符合英美人的思维视角
1) 这时我激动得说不出话来。 Words fail me here. 我昨天收到你的信。

Your letter reached me yesterday.


我一时记不起他的名字。 His name escaped me.





4) 读书可以增长知识。 Through reading one can acquire knowledge ． 5) 宗教不得干预政治。 It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion． 6) 汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。 The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable role in our history.

汉语中用地名、时间、工具置于主语位置很普 遍。如：
昨晚抓住了三个小偷。 一把菜刀闹革命。 校园东头盖了一栋房。
5) 大多数高校已将权利下放给系主任。 In most colleges and universities，the decisionmaking rights have been given to the department head． 6) 明年将出版更多的儿童读物。 More books for children will be published next year． 7) 热烈欢迎世界各地客商来此建立和发展贸易 关系。 Customers all over the world are warmly welcome to establish and develop business contacts with us．
(5)时间主语 (temporal subject)： Yesterday was Monday. (6)事件主语 (eventive subject)： The dispute over the problem lasted a decade ． (7)it作主语，表时间、气候或距离： It is very late．It’s very hot in summer here. It 作形式主语： It is impossible to finish the paper in ten minutes.

4) 只可惜宫粉涂不平脸上的皱纹，看起来好像驴 粪蛋上下了霜。 * Unfortunately powder could not smooth over her wrinkled face, it looked 1ike a frosted donkey turd. Unfortunately powder could not smooth over her wrinkled face. It only made it look like a frosted donkey turd．
1．1
汉英主谓结构的差别
“（主谓）这种句子(即使把被动的动作也算 进去,把‘是’也算进去)的比例是不大的,也许比 50%大不了多少。因此,在汉语里,把主语、谓语当 作话题和说明来看待,比较合适。” -------- 赵元任《汉语口语语法》
汉语是“注重主题的语言”(topicprominent language) VS. 英语是“注重主语的语言”(subjectprominent language).
1. 2. 4

主语必须符合英语的逻辑搭配习惯


1) 我们的事业从胜利走向新的胜利。 A series of victories have been won for our cause． 2) 我国的社会主义建设事业需要尽可能多的知识分 子为它服务。 China needs the services of as many intellectuals as possible in building socialism． 3) 任何新生事物的成长都是要经过艰难曲折的。 Any emerging thing is bound to experience difficulties and setbacks before it reaches maturity．

1. 2. 5

主语必须符合行文连贯的需要


1) 一天，父亲来封快信，上面说：“顷得汝岳丈电 报……” One day an express letter came from his father．It read as follows：“I have just received a telegram from your father-in-1aw.” 2) 语言这东西不是随便可以学好的，非下苦功不可。 The mastery of 1anguage is not easy and requires painstaking effort． 3) 五十年代初期，美国企图征服朝鲜，但是中朝军民 共同努力，最后打败了他们。 In the early 1950s，the U．S tried to conquer Korea， but finally were defeated by the joint efforts of the army and people of Korea and China．
英语的主语主要有七大类：
(1)施动主语 (agentive subject)： Susan is growing flowers． (2)受动主语 (affected subject)： Her books translate well． (3)工具主语 (instrumental subject)： A stone broke the glass． (4)地点主语 (locative subject): The jar contains honey.
2) 人们已把李白的诗集译成了多种外国文字。 The collection of Li Bai’s poems has been translated into many foreign languages． 3）到去年年底，上海已与好几个国家签订了建 造拉索桥的合同或协议。 By the end of last year，contracts or agreement were signed with some countries for the construction of chain bridges in Shanghai． 4) 上海采取了一系列的优惠政策来吸引外资。 A series of preferential policies have been adopted in Shanghai to attract foreign capital．
2) 不同的人对退休持不同的态度。 Attitudes towards retirement vary from person to person． 3) 她从来没想到他是个不诚实的人。 It never occurred to her that he was a dishonest man. 4) 我害怕起来了，而且越来越害怕。 Then fear set in and commenced to build up． 5) 他突然发现地毯上有个深色斑点。 A dark stain on the carpet caught his eyes/suddenly attracted his attention. 6) 他两天就抽完了一包烟。