汉英翻译课件之_句子翻译之主语确定

改错： 楼的质量不好。 The qualityof the building is poor. 为了维持生计，有沉重和繁琐的家务要干。不少家庭主妇被家 务活累坏了身体。 In order to make a living, there is a lot of heavy housework. As a result, many housewives break down. 人们认为他翻译的这首诗不忠于原文。 He was not regarded faithful in his translation of this poem. The building is not well built. In order to make a living, many housewives have to do a lot of heavy housework so that they finally break down. His translation of this poem was regarded unfaithful.
句子翻译
之 主语确定
1、他决心洗心革面，脱胎换骨，重新做人。 He determined to start a new life (change to be a new man). He was determined to turn over a new leaf.（ 省重复）
2、花园里面是人间的乐园，有的是吃不了 的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完 的金银财宝。（周而复；上海的早晨） The garden was a paradise on earth, which is full of super abundant finest rice and top noodles, silks and satins that are too many to wear, jewellery that is more than you can spend. The garden was a paradise on earth, wiBaidu Nhomakorabeah more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent. （减词）
2 重新确定主语 由于中国人和英美人的思维方式和语言习惯存在较 大差异，汉语主语并非总能完全对应地转换英语 中。 在许多情况下，我们需要重新选择和确定主语，以 保证译文行文流畅，语言自然地道。
鲁迅的骨头是最硬的. --Lu Hsun’s bones were the hardest. --Lu Xun was a man of unyielding integrity.
7、你们偶然看见一棵花生瑟缩地长在地上， 不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接 触它才能知道。 （《落花生》） When you come upon a peanut plant growing in the soil, you can never immediately recognize whether it bears any nuts until you touch (get in touch with, contact with) them. When you come upon a peanut plant lying curled up on the ground, you can never tell whether or not it bears any nuts until you dig it up.
我们每个人都知道，大气污染不仅影响了环境，而且 严重损害了人的健康，大大缩短了人的寿命。 Everyone of us knows that air pollution does more than affect our environment; it also shortens the lives of human beings.
我们之间关系的发展使我们不仅成为亲密的朋 友，而且成为兄弟。--The development of our relations has made us not only close friends but also brothers. Our relations have so grown that they bind us not only as close friends but also as brothers. 中国的富强和发展不会对任何国家构成威胁。 The strength,prosperity and development of China will pose no threat to any countries. A strong, prosperous and developed China will pose no threat to any countries.
3、为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美 国也需要进一步了解中国。 To promote China-U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa. （省重复） 4、将右腿提放20次。再将左腿提放20次。 Lift and lower the right leg 20 times.The same to the left leg. Then the same with the left leg. Repeat the same as the left leg. The left is the same as the right. Lift and lower the right leg 20 times, as well as the left leg. Lift and lower the right leg 20 times. Repeat with the left leg. （省重复）
5、我们都喜欢博得掌声，听到恭维，或者受 到称赞。 We are fond of applausing, hearing compliments and praising. We all enjoy applause, compliments and praise.（省动词）
6）我想要他画一张他没有画过的画，我说 ：“你给我画一张册页，从来没有画过 的。”他欣然答应了，……（艾青） I wanted him to paint me something he’d never painted before. When I asked him, he readily agreed.
汉英句子比较

汉语为语义型语言，注重内容的意会性。其句法特征是意合： 主语可由诸多不同类别的词语充当，主语隐含不显或无主语 句的情况常见；谓语成分复杂，且不受主语支配，没有人称、 数、时态的变化；句与句之间多无明示逻辑关系的连接词。 所以汉语句子看似松散，如流水般无定法可依。
英语为语法型语言，重点研究主谓序列及其相关词类，句子 结构受形式逻辑制约。其句法特征是形合：即主语突出，易 于识别，且只能由名词或名词性的词语担任；谓语绝对受主 语的支配，在人称和数上面必须和主语保持一致，有时态、 语态和语气的变化；句与句之间多以明示逻辑关系的连接词 相联。所以英语依法构句，形式完整而严密。
早晨的公园里，遛鸟者时常可见。 Early in the park we often see people walk with caged birds in hand. Taking a walk in parks with caged birds in hand is a common scene in the early morning.

汉译英时主语确定
1 以原文主语作为译文主语； 当汉语原文有明确的主语，而且该主语由名词 或主格人称代词充当时，我们可以以原主语 作为英译文的主语。
我们的房子是十年前建造的。---Our house was built over ten years ago. 假日里，青年人成双成对漫步在公园里。--The young people in pairs and couples rambled about the park on holidays.
汉语句子中主语可由不同类型的词语充当，主语隐 含或无主语的情况时有发生。 例如： 宿舍门口今天停满了小汽车。 星期天下大雪。 在桌子上有两本字典。 绿油油的草地上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。 必须对党员，特别是领导干部要严格要求，严格 管理，严格监督。 起大风了。
英语句子则主语突出，易于识别，且只能由名词或名 词性词语或主格人称代词充当。 在英语里，除祈使句等外，句子必须要有主语，否则 就不成句子。 We must be courageous enough to venture on experiments as far as reforms are concerned. Despite the serious damage in flooding, China deserves a lot credit for the nationwide efforts to deal with flooding. The first and basic experience gained in our financial work over the last years was that it is correct to secure supplies through economic growth.
世纪之交，中国外交空前活跃。 ---At the turn of the century, China is very active in its diplomatic activities. ---The turn of the century finds China most active on the diplomatic arena. 胎又瘪了。 --the tire turns flat again. ---we have got another flat tire.

空旷的山野上荡起了她甜甜的笑声。 她从来没有想到他是个不道德的人。 他只要听到几句恭维的话就会得意忘形。 大家知道，中国在2005年成功发射了一枚新型导 弹。 ---In the wilderness, her sweet sounds of laughter rose and fell like waves. --It never occurs to her that he was an immoral man. A little flattery would get him carried away. As is known to us, 2005 saw the successful launching of China’s new-type missile.
3增补主语 汉语中主语隐含不显或无主语的情况时常可见。译 者必须依照英语的语法规则将主语增补起来。
那肥大的荷叶下面，有一个人的脸，下半截身 子长在水里，那不是水生吗？?又往左右看去， 不久，个人就找到了个人丈夫的脸，啊，原 来是他们。--Not far away under a broad lotus leaf they saw a man’s head—the rest of him was submerged. It was Shuisheng. Looking right and left, each soon discovered her husband—so this was where they are. 端午节?吃粽子—On the Dragon Boat Festival, people eat Zongzi (pyramid-shaped dumplings made of glutinous rice).