专业英语-物理化学讲解学习

专业英语-物理化学

物化词汇部分：

Chemical thermodynamics 化学热力学

Chemical kinetics 化学动力学

物理化学的分支：quantum chemistry 量子化学；structure chemistry 结构化学；catalysis 催化；electrochemistry 电化学；colloid chemistry 胶体化学。

热力学体系：

closed system 封闭体系：a system that does not allow transfer of substance but energy

isolated system 孤立体系：a system that does not allow transfer of substance and energy

open system 开放体系：a system that allow transfer of substance and energy Internal energy 内能：

motions 分子运动；interaction 相互作用；bonding of its constituent molecules 分子成键（ionic bond离子键, covalent bond共价键, coordinationbond配位键, hydrogen bond氢键, metallic bond.金属键）

external energy 外能：

（velocity速度；location of its center of mass位置）= kinetic 动力+potential energy 势能

Thermal energy (internal energy + heat)

Mechanical energy (external energy + mechanical /electrical work)

Heat: energy transfer as a results of only temperature difference

Work: energy transfer by any mechanism that involves mechanical motion across thesystem boundaries.

Microscopic properties:

molecule kinetic energy 分子动能

(translational energy跃迁能, rotational energy转动能, vibrational energy振动能) Intermolecular forces 分子间力

(electrostatic forces静电力, induction forces感应能, forces of attraction (or dispersion forces)分散能 and repulsion排斥能, specific (chemical) forces like hydrogen bonds)

Intermolecular potentials 分子势 (Lennard-Jones potential)

Macroscopic properties:

pressure, volume, temperature

extensive variables广度性质 (volume, mass)

intensive variables 强度性质(T, P, molar volume, molar mass) Thermodynamic Equilibriums热力学平衡:

thermal equilibrium,热平衡

force equilibrium,力平衡

phase equilibrium,相平衡

chemical equilibrium化学平衡

PVT relations

compressibility factor 压缩因子

expansion coefficient 体积膨胀系数

compressibility coefficient 等温压缩系数

热力学定律

The first law of thermodynamics

*Energyis neithercreatednordestroyed,but may change in forms

enthalpy焓 heat capacity热容

isochoric等容 isobaric等压

reversible可逆, irreversible 不可逆

isothermal等温, adiabatic绝热(diabatic),

cyclic循环, free expansion自由膨胀

throttling 节流(isenthalpy等焓, Joule-Thomson coefficient)

The second law of thermodynamics

Clausius statement: It is not possible to construct adevice that operates in a cycle and whose sole effect is to transfer heat from a colder body to a hotter body.

The efficiency of the Carnot heat engine is defined to be:

η＝(QH-QC)/QH=W/QH=1-TC/TH

endothermic吸热 exothermic放热

entropy熵, isentropic process 等熵过程

spontaneous system自发系统, entropy balance熵平衡

热化学：

Heat of reaction反应热, isothermal、isobaric、only volumetric work，the reaction’heat change

heat of combustion燃烧热, 25℃，100kPa the heat change of 1 mol pure substance fully combustion

heat of formation生成热 fixed temperature and pressure，the heat change of 1 mol pure substance produced by the most stable element

Gibbs free energy: G=H-TS

Helmholtz free energy: F=U-TS

相平衡：