学术英语之社科-Unit-1-Section-B-翻译
学术英语(社科)-Unit-1含答案
3 严谨性
4 文档结构
学术写作需要遵循严谨的逻辑和结构，确 保论点的一致性和可信度。
学术论文应具有明确的引言、方法、结果 和讨论等部分，以便读者能够快速理解内 容。
学术写作中常见的错误
1 语法和拼写错误
2 无论证的观点
细心检查语法和拼写，使用拼写检查工具 和语法指南。
确保论点有充分的证据支持，避免主观臆 断。
学术写作能够通过深入 研究和分析解决复杂问 题。
学术写作中的研究方法
1
文献综述
通过查阅文献来调研和了解特定研究领域的进展。
2
实证研究
通过收集和分析实证数据来验证假设和研究问题。
3
案例研究
通过深入研究个别案例来获得对某一现象的深入理解。
学术写作中的关键术语和概念
1 假设
2 方法论
3 变量
学术研究中提出的研究 思路和推测。
3 参考文献不完整
4 表达不清晰
在学术写作中正确引用和参考来源是关键， 避免遗漏引用。
使用清晰明确的语言，避免冗长和模糊的 句子。
学术写作中的关键思维能力
1 批判性思维
2 逻辑推理
3 问题解决
学术写作需要思考问题 的不同角度，评估证据 的有效性。
学术写作需要清晰的逻 辑思维，展示论点的合 理性和连贯性。
学术研究中使用的特定 方法和方法论。
研究中用来衡量和分析 的不同因素。
社科学术写作的有效沟通策略
1 明确目标读者
了解读者的背景和需求，以便有效传达信息。
2 使用简明清晰的语言
避免使用复杂的术语和句子结构，使文本更易于理解。
3 结构化组织
使用清晰的段落结构和逻辑顺序，以便读者能够跟随思路。
学术英语社科课文翻译学术英语社科翻译汇总
学术英语社科课文翻译学术英语社科翻译汇总Unit1 人们如何做出决策1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
2.人们会对激励做出反应6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。
因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。
你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。
一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。
其余的评论。
”11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的coat-benefit计算。
安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。
换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。
人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。
安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。
安全驾驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。
12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。
然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltznab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。
根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。
他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。
13.peltman对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。
在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。
如果政策改变了激励,它会使人们改变他们的行为。
UNIT31、失去一份工作可能是最痛苦的经济事件在一个人的生活。
大多数人们依靠自己的劳动收入来维持他们的生活标准许多人会从他们的工作得到的不仅是收入，还有自己的成就感。
学术英语社科课文翻译
学术英语社科课文翻译学术英语课文翻译Unit1人们如何做出决策理性的人认为在保证金 1.经济学家通常假设人是理性的。
理性的人们系统地,有目的地做最好的,他们可以实现他们的目标,考虑到可用的机会。
当你学习经济学,你会遇到公司决定雇佣多少工人,有多少他们的产品生产和销售利润最大化。
你也会遇到那些决定花多少时间工作和买什么商品和服务产生的收入来实现最高水平的满意度。
人们会对激励做出反应6.激励是诱发一个人采取行动,如惩罚或奖励的预期。
因为理性的人们通过比较成本和效益做出决定,他们会对激励做出反应。
你会发现激励在经济学的研究中发挥核心作用。
一位经济学家甚至认为整个字段可以简单地总结:“人们会对激励作出反应。
其余的评论。
”11.考虑一下安全带法律改变司机的coat-benefit计算。
安全带使得事故成本更低,因为他们减少受伤或死亡的可能性。
换句话说,安全带减少缓慢而谨慎驾驶的好处。
人们应对安全带,因为他们将改善路况,驾驶速度更快,不仔细。
安全带带法的结果,因此,大量的事故。
安全驾 1驶的下降有一个明确的,行人造成负面的影响,他们更有可能发现自己在一次事故中但(与驱动程序)没有添加保护的利益。
12.起初,这个讨论的激励和安全带似乎是闲置的猜测。
然而在1975年的一个经典研究,经济学家萨姆peltznab汽车安全法认为,有许多这样的效果。
根据贝特兹曼的证据,这些法律产生了每次车祸的死亡事故。
他的结论是,最终的结果是小司机死亡人数的变化,增加行人死亡的数量。
13.peltman对汽车安全的分析是一个另类的一般原则的例子,人们会对激励作出反应。
在分析任何政策时,我们必须考虑不仅直接影响还不太明显的间接影响,通过激励工作。
如果政策改变了激励,它会使人们改变他们的行为。
Unit21.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈本能、以及认知的不一致。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
(完整word版)学术综合英语unit1-5课文翻译
Presenting a speech（做演讲）Of all human creations, language may be the most remarkable. Through在人类所有的创造中，语言也许是影响最为深远的。
我们用语言language we share experience, formulate values, exchange ideas, transmit来分享经验，表达(传递？)价值观，交换想法，传播知识，knowledge, and sustain culture. Indeed, language is vital to think itself.传承文化。
事实上，对语言本身的思考也是至关重要的。
[Contrary to popular belief], language | does not simply mirror reality butalso helps to create our sense of reality [by giving meaning to events].和通常所认为的不同的是，语言并不只是简单地反映现实，语言在具体描述事件的时候也在帮助我们建立对现实的感知。
——语序的调整。
Good speakers have respect for language and know how it works. Words are the tools of a speaker’s craft. They have special uses, just like the tools of any other profession. As a speaker, you should be aware of the meaning of words and know how to use language accurately, clearly,vividly,and appropriately.好的演讲者对语言很重视，也知道如何让它发挥更好的效果。
学术英语-社科Unit2-翻译
Every field of study has its own language and its own way of thinking. Mathematicians talk about axioms, integrals, and vector spaces. Psychologists talk about ego, id, and cognitive dissonance. Lawyers talk about venue, torts, and promissory estoppel.每个研究领域都有它自己的语言和思考方式。
数学家谈论定理、积分以及向量空间。
心理学家谈论自我、本能、以及认知的不一致性。
律师谈论犯罪地点、侵权行为以及约定的禁止翻供。
Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss—these terms are part of the economist’s language. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways. At first, this new language mayseem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in its ability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.经济学家也一样。
学术英语(社科)-Unit 1含答案
在社会科学中，学术英语的介绍非常重要。了解学术论文的结构、发展研究 问题以及评估来源的质量和相关性等方面的知识。
学术写作简介
学术写作的基础知识，包括学术论文的概念和特点，以及学术写作的目的和 目标。
学术英语的重要性
探索学术英语在社会科学研究中的重要性，以及它对研究成果的质、方法、结果和讨论等部分的内容和组织。
制定研究问题
如何确定并明确一个好的研究问题，以指导社会科学研究的进行。
文献综述的进行
如何进行文献综述以收集和评估相关的学术来源，支持和贡献到社会科学研 究。
使用不同类型的来源
介绍使用不同类型的来源，如书籍、学术期刊和在线数据库，来支持社会科 学研究工作。
评估来源的质量和相关性
如何评估和判断来源的质量和可靠性，以确定引用或参考的价值。
使用APA格式引用来源
学术写作中使用APA格式进行引用和文献目录的编写，遵守学术规范和道德要求。
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译
学术英语(社科)听力原文及翻译1. Unit 1Businesses are structured in different ways to meet different needs. The simplest form of business is called an individual or sole proprietorship. The proprietor(经营者) owns all of the property of the business and is responsible for everything.For legal purposes, with this kind of business, the owner and the company are the same. This means that the proprietor gets to keep all of the profits of the business, but also must pay any debts. Another kind of business is the partnership. Two or more people go into business together. An agreement is usually needed to decide how much of the partnership each person controls.One kind of partnership is called a limited liability partnership. These have full partners and limited partners. Limited partners may not share as much in the profits, but they also have less responsibilities for the business.Doctors, lawyers and accountants often form partnerships to share their risks and profits. A husband and wife can form a business partnership together.Partnerships exist only for as long as the owners remain alive. The same is true of individual proprietorships.But corporations are designed to have an unlimited lifetime. A corporation is the most complex kind of business organization. Corporations can sell stock as a way to raise money. Stock represents shares of ownership in a company. Investors who buystock can trade their shares or keep them as long as the company is in business.A company might use some of its earnings to pay dividends(红利) as a reward to shareholders. Or the company might reinvest the money into the business.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock. But shareholders are not responsible for the debts of the corporation.A corporation is recognized as an entity(实体)——its own legal being, separate from its owners.A board of directors control corporate policies. The directors appoint top company officers. The directors might or might not hold shares in the corporation.If shares lose value, investors can lose all of the money they paid for their stock.But not all corporations are traditional businesses that sell stock. Some nonprofit groups are also organized as corporations.2. Unit 2In the past three week I have introduced you to the ideas and methods of economics.In the next week, we will start learning more, in more detail the principles of economic behavior and economic policy.As you proceed through the whole semester, you will be asked to draw on many of your intellectual skills.在过去的三周里，我向你介绍了经济学的思想和方法。
学术英语(社科)_Unit1含答案ppt
Lead-in
Reading critically: questions for discussion
Does the author adequately defend their argument?
What kind of proof do they use?
Is there something they leave out that you would put in?
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Key terms
rational people: 理性人 Those people who systematically and purposefully do the best they can to achieve their objectives, given the available opportunities.
• Text A – Key terms
– Critical reading and thinking
– Difficult sentences
– English language for
academic purpose
• Specialized vocabulary • Collocations • Formal and informal English • Signpost language
Economists’ explanation about decision making: There are rules behind people’s decision-making behaviors.
学术英语之社科 Unit 1 Section B 翻译
New Airport Landing Fees Delayed机场降落收费新政策延期1the government has delayed by at last a month a plan to reduce congestion at the nation's airports following stiff resistance from airlines.受到航空公司的强烈反对，政府关于减轻国家机场的拥堵的计划，至少推迟了一个月。
2.A new federal policy allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods, and for other reasons, aims to reduce delays by encouraging airlines to spread their flights more evenly throughout the day .The policy which also encourages congested airports to include in landing fees the cost of expansion projects,had been scheduled to take effect in March,following a 45-day comment period.一项新的联邦政策允许机场在高峰期收取更高的降落费用，或因其它原因，旨在鼓励航空公司在一天内更均匀地安排航班起落以减少延误。
该政策还鼓励拥挤的机场将机场扩建项目的成本纳入到机场降落收费中。
此项政策原计划三月份生效，并设置了45天的征询意见期。
3.But airline trade groups, which oppose the plan,requested a 30-day extension of the comment period. Their request has been granted, a Transportation Department spokesman said Thursday.但是反对这项方案的航空公司贸易团体，要求将征询意见期延长30天。
学术英语 社科
13
Unit 1
Decision-Making
Text A
Behaviors in Economic
17
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Example 3: a seat belt law
American laws require seat belts as standard equipment on new cars.
• Text A – Key terms
– Critical reading and thinking
– Difficult sentences
– English language for
academic purpose
• Specialized vocabulary • Collocations • Formal and informal English • Signpost language
Economic
Activities Rational people think at the margin.
Example 1: standby tickets What a rational airline can do?
Situation: Flying a 200-seat plane across the U.S. costs the airline $100,000.
学术英语(社科)_Unit 1含答案
Question: should the airline sell the ticket?
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Answer: Yes. Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.
Unnecessary for survival
The marginal benefit The marginal benefit
of an extra cup is of an extra diamond
small because water is large because
is plentiful.
Reading critically: questions for discussion
Activities
Reading critically:
Every text is written on a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions:
学术英语社科类unit原文及翻译
Cultural Globalization1. Much of the early development of different languages, customs, and otherdiverse aspects worldcultures resultedfromthe isolation of groups of people from one another. It is not surprising , then, that a degree of cultural amalgamation has occurred as improved transportation and communication have brought people of various societies into ever more frequent contact . Analyzing the blurring of cultural differences inevitably includes a great deal about fast food, basketball, rock music,and other such aspects of pop culture,but such analysis does not trivialize the subject,. Instead , a long standing bottom up line of political theoryargues that the world`s people can build on commonplace interactions and increasing cultural commonalities that engender familiarity with and confidence in one another to create a global civil society that might evolve into a global nation. By the same process, if transnational civil societies develop, then regional andevenglobal schemes of governance could conceivably form and supplement or supplant the territorial state. Scholars who examine the bottom-up process of transnational integration look for evidence in such factors as the flow of communications and commerce between countries and the spread across borders of what people wear, eat, and do for recreation.1、不同语言、风俗习惯以及其他不同的文化背景下，世界文化的早期发展，是从彼此分离的人群中产生的。
学术英语综合Unit1
Unit 1
Economics
Adam Smith (16 June 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher, pioneer of political economy, and key Scottish Enlightenment figure.
What is EAP?
English for Academic Purposes/EAP
内容：教材分为《学术英语》综合、 人文、理工、社科等。我们的课程 分为读学科主题文章、听专业相关 讲座、练学术口语、写学科专业论 文以及做学科相关研究等环节。
目标：训练对信息的获取、分析、整 合、利用能力；提高学生撰写学期论 文及学术论文的技能；帮助学生过度 到专业双语课程及全英课程学习；全 面培养学生的学业能力、思辨创新能 力和解决实际问题的学术研究能力。
5. Writing • Understand what kind of topic is suitable
and manageable for a term paper
Unit 1
Economics
Unit Objectives
6. Researching • Independently locate and study a variety
Unit 1
Economics
Text A Overview
1. Summarize the main ideas of Text A. 2. Do Task 1/Critical reading and thinking.
Use the labor and skills behind the Thanksgiving weekend as examples to illustrate the concept of “the invisible hand”
学术英语(社科)Unit1带答案
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Answer: Yes. Reason: If the plane has empty seat, the cost of adding one more passenger is tiny. Here the marginal cost is merely the cost of something to eat, like peanuts, coco, etc.
• Specialized vocabulary • Collocations • Formal and informal English • Signpost language
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
When the price rises: It provides an incentive for buyers to consume less; It provides an incentive for sellers to produce more.
Unit 1
Decision-Making Behaviors in Economic Activities
Uaviors in Economic Activities
Text A
Critical reading and thinking
Conclusion: Rational people think at the margin. (They make decisions by comparing costs and benefits.)
学术英语(社科)-Unit-2含答案
Academic English for Social Sciences
2
Economist
Just as you cannot become a mathematician, psychologist, or lawyer overnight, learning to think like an economist will take time. However, what is the economist’s way of thinking? What does it mean to think like an economist? By learning this unit, you will find the answers.
Former President of the United States Journalist
Chief Executive Officer, Microsoft
Singer for the Rolling Stones
Unit 2
Economics
• Text A
–Critical reading and thinking – Difficult sentences – English language for
Task 1 Listen to a talk “Who studies economics?” and complete the sentences.
Unit 2
Economics
Lead-in
1 Economics can seem __a_b_s_t_ra_c_t__ at first, but the field is ra_c_t_ic_a_l_.
外研社版学术英语综合Book1Unit1译文
第一单元经济学Text A感谢“看不见的手”杰夫·雅各比英国清教徒建立普利茅斯殖民地后经历了他们的第一次大丰收，从那以后，感恩全能的上帝就一直是感恩节的主题……今天，全美数百万的家庭，都在感激上帝所赠与的众多礼物——桌上的盛宴、所爱之人的陪伴、过去一年的健康和好运、战争时期国内的和平、作为一个美国人或成为一个美国人所拥有的不可估量的优越感。
但我们中的大多数人不太可能感恩当地超市在本周出售了很多降价火鸡。
即使是虔诚的信徒们，也不太可能感恩那些让他们所爱之人得以回家共度佳节的航班时刻表，或者是感恩当地的影院在周末及时上映了《怒海争锋：极地远征》，又或者是感恩报纸的食物版块刊登了美味的蔓越莓苹果派的食谱。
或多或少我们都会觉得这些事情是理所当然的。
百货商店会在感恩节前储备火鸡，或者好莱坞在长假期时及时上映大片这些都不需要用奇迹来解释。
这一切都是自然而言的。
可上帝在其中扮演了什么角色呢？然而在你因无数陌生人奉献了技能和劳动而得以度过的感恩节周末里，难道就没有什么事让你感到奇妙——甚至几乎无法解释吗？例如，把火鸡端到餐桌上，需要成千上万人的努力——当然，有养鸟的禽类农场主，也有给它们提供营养的饲料批发商和把它们带到农场的卡车司机，更不用说还有设计孵化场的建筑师，建造它的工人，以及维持它运行的技术人员。
这只火鸡不得不经历宰杀、拔毛、检查、运输、卸载、包装、定价和展示。
完成这些任务的人又依次由完成其他任务的人配合支持——从提炼货车燃料汽油到制造包装肉类的塑料。
这些遍布各行各业的男男女女在过去的几个月里精准设计和安排时间，以便当你去买新鲜的感恩节火鸡时，就会买到一只或者多只——甚至还有几十只在等着你选购。
实现这一过程所需的合作水平之高令人难以置信。
但更令人难以置信的是：这整个过程都没有一个人去统筹协调。
并没有什么火鸡独裁者坐在某个指挥所，商议总体规划并发号施令。
没有人会监督那些人，迫使他们为你的利益而合作。
(完整版)大学社科人文英语课文翻译
第一单元（History’s nature）历史是什么，它是关于什么的，它的目的是什么，这些问题，在某种情况下，不同的人会以不同的方式来回答。
但尽管这些答案存在着分歧，答案之间仍有很大程度的一致性。
如果答案经过仔细审查，这份协议就会变得更接近，抛弃那些来自不合格证人的答案。
历史，像神学或自然科学一样，是一种特殊的思想形式的性质、对象、方法和价值的问题，必须由拥有两个条件的人来回答。
首先，他们必须有这种思维方式的经验。
他们一定得是历史学家。
从某种意义上说，我们现在都是历史学家。
所有受过教育的人都经历过一个包含一定历史思维的教育过程。
但这并不足以说明他们对历史思维的性质、对象、方法和价值有什么看法。
因为首先，他们由此的历史思维经验可能是非常肤浅的；因此，基于这一观点的观点并不比一个人对法国人民的看法更有依据，这种看法是基于他对巴黎的一次周末访问。
第二，任何通过普通教育渠道获得的东西，以及肤浅的东西，总是过时的。
由此获得的历史思维经验是以教科书为模式的，而且这种模式所描述的并不是现实生活中的历史学家的看法，而是在过去原材料被创造出来的那个时候的历史学家的。
这不仅仅是历史思想的结果，当他们进入教科书的时候就已经过时了。
它也是历史思维的原则，即对历史思维的性质、对象、方法和价值的观念。
第三，与此相联系的是，对所有通过教育方式获得的知识都有一种特殊的错觉：对结局的错觉。
当学生在学习状态下学习任何科目时，必须相信事情已经解决，因为课本和老师都认为问题已经解决了。
当他从那种状态解脱出来，继续研究这个问题时，他发现什么都没有解决。
作为不成熟的教条主义的固定标志从他的身上消失了。
他以新的眼光看待所谓的事实。
他对自己说：“我的老师和课本告诉我，某某是真的；但这是真的吗？他们凭什么认为这是真的，难道这些理由都是假的吗”另一方面，如果他摆脱了学生的身份而不继续研究这个问题的话，他就永远不会摆脱这种独断专行的态度。
这使得他特别不适合回答我所提到的问题。
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New Airport Landing Fees Delayed机场降落收费新政策延期1the government has delayed by at last a month a plan to reduce congestion at the nation's airports following stiff resistance from airlines.受到航空公司的强烈反对，政府关于减轻国家机场的拥堵的计划，至少推迟了一个月。
2.A new federal policy allowing airports to charge higher landing fees during peak periods, and for other reasons, aims to reduce delays by encouraging airlines to spread their flights more evenly throughout the day .The policy which also encourages congested airports to include in landing fees the cost of expansion projects,had been scheduled to take effect in March,following a 45-day comment period.一项新的联邦政策允许机场在高峰期收取更高的降落费用，或因其它原因，旨在鼓励航空公司在一天内更均匀地安排航班起落以减少延误。
该政策还鼓励拥挤的机场将机场扩建项目的成本纳入到机场降落收费中。
此项政策原计划三月份生效，并设置了45天的征询意见期。
3.But airline trade groups, which oppose the plan,requested a 30-day extension of the comment period. Their request has been granted, a Transportation Department spokesman said Thursday.但是反对这项方案的航空公司贸易团体，要求将征询意见期延长30天。
星期四交通部发言人说，他们的要求已被批准。
4.The Air Transport Association, which represents the nations’s largest airlines, welcomed the government’s decision for giving it “more time to thoroughly review the proposal and provide meaningful input”,said spokesman David Castelveter.美国航空运输协会，作为美国最大的航空公司，其发言人David Castelveter表示支持政府“放宽时间进行彻底审查并提供有效信息输入的提议。
5.Airline delays, last year were the second worst since comparable data began being collected in 1995, the department said this week.交通运输部本周表示，去年的航班延误是自1995年参考数据被搜集以来第二糟糕的6.The association representing airport owners and operators said its members are ready to act now, but did not oppose the airlines’ request for an extension.代表机场的所有者和经营者的美国航空运输协会表示，其成员现在已经准备好实施这一方案，但并不反对对征询意见其的延长。
7.“Airports are ready to implement measures to address passenger congestion and delay today,”said Deborah McElroy, executive vice president for policy and external affairs at Airports Council International--North America.国际机场协会北美地区政策与对外事务执行副总裁Deborah McElroy说，“机场现在已经准备采取措施应对乘客拥堵和航班延误。
”8.On January 14,Transportation Secretary Mary Peters said the policy will make it easier forairports to reduce delays by charging fees based on traffic volume,instead of aircraft weight alone. The proposal also would allow operators of multiple airports, such as the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, to distribute landing-fee revenue among facilities.说，该政策使机场在通过基于交通流量而不是飞机载重收取费用可以更容易地减少延误。
该提议也将允许多个机场的运营商，如纽约和新泽西港务局，将降落费的收入用于机场设施建设。
9.The Port Authority runs John F.Kennedy International Airport, LaGuardia and New Jersey’s Newark Liberty, which last year had the nation’s lowest on-time arrival rates, and aviation officials say delays there cascade throughout the system.10.”You can’t have all flights leaving JFK at five o’clock,”said Terry Trippler, a Minneapolis-based airline expert who wasn’t surprised by the airlines’request for an extension.Their schedules, he says, are done far in advance, leaving them little time to make changes the policy will require.Terry Trippler说：“你不能让肯尼迪机场的所有航班在同一时间出发”，明尼阿波利斯航空的专家延期的请求并不感到惊讶。
他说，他们的日程安排早就制定好了，这让他们只有很少的时间对政策的要求进行调整。
11.While generally supportive of the airline industry, Trippler said”they have failed to handle this situation and they’re going to have to do it...The government is going to win this one.虽然通常情况下会支持航空公司，但是Trippler说：“他们没能处理好这种情形，而且他们将不得不这样做（遵守政策要求）。
（在这项政策上）政府在这方面会有最终的决定权的。
12.Transportation Department spokesman Brian Turmail said “the agency received a number of requests to extend the comment period and felt it appropriate to accommodate those requests so we could consider the broadest range of comments.”运输部发言人Brian Turmail说：“该机构收到大量要求延长征询意见期的请求，认为考虑这些请求是适当的，这样我们就可以考虑来自最广范围的意见。
”13.Several requests came from airline industry trade groups, following the lead of the ATA, which last month called the proposal”congestion pricing disguised as an airport fee”.来自航空业贸易组织的多个请求，下面的ATA，A TA上个月称该提案称为“以机场收费为掩护的拥堵收费”。
14.”Because the central policy issue at stake here--influencing airline market decisions through airport pricing--is inherently complex and historically has been controversial, we believe that it merits additional time to fully develop comments reflecting the views of industry stakeholders,”according to a letter dated January 30 and submitted to Federal Aviation Administration by the ATA, the Cargo Airline Association, the National Air Carrier Association and the Regional Airline Association.根据1月30日由ATA、航空货物协会、国家航空运输协会和地区航空公司协会提交给联邦15.The groups’ letter also asked the government to clear up some ambiguity about which airports it identified as “congested”. The Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, the National Business Aviation Association and the International Air Transport Association also submitted letters supporting the ATA’s request.16.The government maintains the plan will go into effect promptly,”Our intention remains to move forward as quickly as possible with this policy once the comment period closes,”Turmail wrote in an e-mail Thursday.政府坚持认为这项计划将会很快产生效果，Turmail星期四在一封邮件中写道：“我们的目标是征询意见其一结束就尽可能快地推行这项政策”。