4 英译汉常用的方法和技巧(中)--6.长句的译法
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(2). Reversing 逆序法
由于英汉两种语言思维方式上的差异,英语重心在前,汉语 重心在后。有时英语长句的叙述层次和汉语表达习惯不同, 甚至完全相反,这时就必须从原文的后面部分(或基本后面) ,逆着英语原文的次序译出。倒装句,带有较长的后臵定语从 句,部分因果句,多采用这一方法。这种方法常常表现为定语 语序的变化和状语语序的变化两种形式。 It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning Japanese seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been understood. 句子分析:It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons 形式主语提前的句型:It is + adj. + for sb. + to do 句子译文: 一旦了解日语的基本结构和句型,再往下学似乎就越 来越难了,这其中的原因,也许教师比学生更容易理解。
1. Synchronizing 顺序法 2. Reversing 倒臵法/逆序法 3. Embedding 内嵌法 4. Dividing 切分法 5. Splitting 拆分法 6. Inserting 插入法 7. Recasting 重组法/综合法
顺逆序译法: 英汉翻译中长句译法,无论是顺序还是逆 序,对于同一个句子,一般说来都是可能的。 以下句为例: There will come a day when people the world over will live a happy life under the sun of Peace. 句子译文1:全世界人民在和平阳光下过幸福 生活的一天是会到来的。 句子译文2:将来总会有一天,全世界人民都 会在和平阳光下过幸福日子。
4.6 Translation of English Long Sentences 英语长句的翻译
Contents
1 英语长句的分析方法
2 英语长句的译法
3 练习
1.英语长句的分析
在英语文章中,特别是科技和文学作品中,经常出现结构复杂的 长句子,在一个主句中包含多个从句。 一般来说, 造成长句的原因有三方面: (1) 修饰语过多; (2) 并列成分多; (3) 语言结构层次多。在分析长句时可以采用 下面的方法: (1) 找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语, 从整体上把握句子的结构。 (2) 找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语动词、介词短语和从句的
And he knew how ashamed he would have been if his girlfriend had known his mother and the kind of place in which he was born ,and the kind of people among whom he was born. 译文一: 他知道他会非常地丢脸,如果他的女朋友知道 了他的母亲,他出生的地方以及他所出生的人群. 译文二: 他出生在这类人中间,出生在这样的地方,他 有这样的母亲,这些要是让女朋友知道了的话,他明白 会有多么丢人。
Always obey your parents—when they are present. 父母的话总是要听的---当然是他们在身边的时 候. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. 译文一:世间有这样一条公认的真理---凡财产 丰厚的单身男人势必想娶个太太. 译文二: 有钱的单身汉想娶个太太,这是一条举 世公认的真理.
Now you try: Such is human nature in the West that a great many people are often willing to sacrifice higher pay for the privilege of becoming white-collar workers. 许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取白领工人的 社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。
Stage II Presentation
Step 4: entering on a tentative translation of each sentence division Step 5: rearrangement and finishing touches
Methods of Translating Long English Sentences
(3). Embedding 内嵌法/包孕法
如果修饰成分较短,汉译时一般将英语原文中的成分(包括 各类短语或从句等)均臵于中心词(即被修饰成分之前,使 修饰成分在译文中形成前臵包孕。前臵包孕可使句子结构紧 凑“整体感强”。 Congress had made laws requiring most pressure groups to give information about how much they spend and how they spent it, the amount and sources of funds, membership, and names and salaries of their representatives. 国会已制定法律,要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多少 钱,怎样花的,款项的总额以及来源、成员人数、代表的姓 名和薪金等情况。 There is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party. 这不是一场阶级之间的战争,而是一场不分种族、不分信仰, 不分党派,整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战 争。
In Africa I met a boy, who was crying as if his heart would break and said, when I spoke to him, that he was hungry because he had no food for two days. 分析: 1)I met a boy是主句(主语+过去式+宾语); 2) who was crying… (and) said是定语从句,修饰boy; 3) as if his heart would break是方式状语从句,修饰was crying; 4) that he was hungry是said的宾语从句; 5) because he had no food for two days是hungry的原因状语从句; 6) when I spoke to him是介于said和that he was hungry because之间的 插入语; 7) crying as if his heart would break应译为“哭得伤心极了”。 译文:在非洲,我遇到一个哭得很伤心的男孩。于是我问了他,他说他 饿,他已经两天没吃东西了。
The school, he said, consisted of one class of twenty-four boys, ranging in age from Seven to thirteen. 分析: 1) The school,…,consisted of one class of twenty four boys是主句(主+谓+宾); 2) he said为插入语; 3) ranging from seven to thirteen为现在分词短语,作定语, 修饰boys。 译文:他说,学校只有一个班,共24名男生,年龄从七岁到 十三岁不等。
(4). Dividing 切分法
By means of dividing, we may break up a long English sentence into different parts according to its sense groups, and then translate each part one by one into Chinese. 有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切, 翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯,把长句的从句或短语化 成句子, 分开来叙述,为了使语意连贯, 有时需要适当增加词语。 Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and in doing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or to control and adapt it to their own needs. 人类把自己和其他动物区别开来。与此同时,人类还具有观 察和了解周围环境的能力。他们要么适应环境,要么控制环 境,或根据自身的需要改造环境。人类就这样一代代地生存 下来。
Now you try:
A molecule(分子) may be considered as the smallest particle(粒子) of matter that can exist without changing its nature. 可以认为,分子是在不改变物质性质的情况下 能够存在的物质的最小微粒。
Two Stages and Five Steps
Stage I Comprehension Stage II Presentation
Stage I Comprehension
Step 1: presenting the long sentence in a skeleton form Step 2: inferring the main idea from the context and the whole text Step 3: distinguishing between the principal and subordinate elements(主句及从句) and find out the interrelations between principal and subordinate clauses
(1). Synchronizing 顺序法
在英语和汉语中,许多句子表达的行为,事情或情感通常按其 发生的时间顺序先后安排.也有不少句子按所表达的逻辑意义 关系排列,这样大多数句子的主要成分的顺序基本一致.故英 汉长句的翻译通常可以采用顺序法处理. 例1. Even when we turn off the beside lamp and are far asleep, electricity is working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water, or keeping our rooms air-conditioned. 分析: 该句子由一个主句, 三个作伴随状语的现在分词以及 位于句首的时间状语从句组成, 共有五层意思: A. 既使在 我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时; B.电仍在为我们工作; C. 帮我们开动电冰箱; D. 加热水; E. 或是室内空调机继 续运转。上述五层意思的逻辑关系以及表达的顺序与汉语完 全一致, 因此, 该句可译为: 即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入梦乡时, 电仍在为我们 工作: 帮我们开动电冰箱, 把水加热, 或使室内空调机继续运 转。
引导Biblioteka Baidu。
(3) 分析从句和短语的功能, 例如, 是否为主语从句, 宾语从句, 表语从句等,若是状语, 它是表示时间、原因、结果、还是表示 条件等等)。 (4) 分析词、短语和从句之间的相互关系, 例如, 定语从句所修 饰的先行词是哪一个等。 (5) 注意插入语等其他成分。 (6) 注意分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配。
1).定语语序的变化 英语中,如果定语部分是短语,从句或词组,要 臵于所修饰词的后面,而汉语中,定语通常位于所修 饰词的前面,因此在翻译时,定语部分的语序要发生变 化。 2).状语语序的变化 由于汉语强调的是“先有原因,再有结果”;“ 先有条件,再有事实或结果”;“先有目的,后有行 动”的思维方式,因而在翻译时,英文的语序有时要 发生变化。