汉英比较翻译

3. Hypotactic vs. Paratactic 形合与意合
In English, clauses or phrases are coordinated with or subordinated to one another syntactically while in Chinese they are placed one after another without coordinating connectives. a. The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside. 彩虹有多种颜色，外圆红，内圈紫。 b. He had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession. 他有一种令人难堪的习惯：一会一个看法，自相矛盾，变化无常。 c. The present onslaught of vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and pedestrian peace of mind. 车辆横冲直撞，严重地威胁着城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
在美国有一个根深蒂固的观点，即只有那些抚养的起子女的人，才应 该鼓励生育。 C. Although lonely in a new land, he was described by his fellow workers and students as cheerful, of a friendly nature, honest, and modest. 虽然他单身一人，又处在异乡客地，但正如他的同事和学生描述的那 样，他为人愉快开朗，温文尔雅，诚实谦虚。
Differences between English and Chinese Languages from a Macroscopic View Point
英汉语言宏观比较
1. Synthetic vs. Analytic综合性与分析性
English is a synthetic language marked with inflections, while Chinese is an analytic language, with the inflection implied in the context, or by using auxiliary words such as "的、地、得”， “着、了、过”etc. For example： a. During the war time, years like these would have meant certain death for many people. Many would have become beggars and others would have been compelled to sell their children. 战争期间碰到这样的年景，很多人肯定会死去，很多人会逃荒要饭，很多人 会被迫卖儿卖女。 b. Thus encouraged, they made a still bolder plan for the next year. 由于受到这样的鼓励，题目为第二年制定了一个更大胆的计划。 c. But for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. 但在许多人看来，穷人现在能不依靠政府救济养活自己，而且过得几乎和过 去依靠政府救济时一样好，这件事本身就是一个巨大得胜利。
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5. Impersonal vs. Personal 物称与人称
There are more impersonal structure used as the subject in English than in Chinese, as shown in the following example: a. 你出了什么事儿啦？ What has happened to you? b. 我突然想到一个主意。 An idea suddenly struck me. c.我们没有听到任何声音。 Not a sound reached our ears. d. 他们欣喜若狂。 A great elation overcame them. e. 她终于明白了真相。 The truth finally dawned on her. f. 他开始变得惊恐万状。 Alarm began to take entire possession of him.
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人造材料通俗称为合成材料。许多人造材料正在代替某些天然材料， 这或者是由于天然材料的数量不能满足日益增长的需要，或者是由于 人们选择了合成材料的一些物理性质并加以突出而造成的。因此，合 成材料在其应用领域将具有极大的用途。
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b. I see advancing upon all this in hideous onslaught the Nazi war machine, with its clanking, heel-clicking, dandified Prussian offices, its crafty experts agents fresh from the cowing and tying down of a dozen countries. 我看见纳粹的战争机器向他们碾压过去，穷凶极恶地展开了屠杀。我 看见全副戎装的普鲁士军官，腰间的刀剑锵锵 有声，脚下的军靴咔咔 作响。还有那些刚刚威吓、压制过十多个国
g. 我兴奋的说不出话来。 Excitement deprived me of all power of utterance. h. 她独处时感到一种特别的安宁。 A strange peace came over her when she was alone. i. 我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声都没有。 The thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps. j. 一踏上中华人民共和国国土，我们就随时受到关怀和照顾。 From the moment we stepped into the People's Republic of China, care and kindness surrounded us on every side.
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7. Static vs. Dynamic 静态与动态
English is static, with agent nouns being repeatedly used to replace verbs, while Chinese is dynamic, with more verbs being used in a single sentence. For Example: a. 他能吃能睡。/ 他吃的饱，睡的香。 He is a good eater and a good sleeper. b.你一定不善于学习，要不然就是教你的人很不会教。 You must be a very bad learner; or else you must be going to a very bad teacher. c.计算机比人检查的更细心，更勤快。 The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human beings.
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6. Passive vs. Active被动与主动
As we have mentioned in the previous units, the passive voice is extensively used in English, while Chinese is prone to active structure. For example: a . A few years ago it was thought unusual that programs could ever be called up by viewers to be displayed on their TV screens at home.
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2. Compact vs. Diffusive紧凑与松散
English sentences are compact, i.e. tightly combined with connectives or prepositions, while Chinese is diffusive , i.e. loose in structure. a. Now the integrated circuit has reduced by many times the size of the computer of which it forms a part, thus creating a new generation of portable minicomputer. 现在集成电路成了计算机得组成部分，使计算机的体积大大缩小，从 而产生了新一代得便携式微型计算机。 b. A notion has taken hold in the U.S. to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.
几年前人们还以为，观众居然能够打电话要求在自己家里的电视屏幕 上播出某档节目是一种罕见的事情。
或：几年前，人们以为，观众打电话点播某档节目，然后就可以在自 家电视上观看是一桩非比寻常的事儿。
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b. Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store energy is termed capacitance. it is measured in farads. 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之 为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。
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4. Complex vs. Simplex繁复与简单
English sentences are long and complex, while Chinese sentences are short and simple. For example:
Many man-made substances are replacing certain natural materials because either the quality of the natural product can not meet our ever-increasing requirement,or, more often, because the physical properties of the synthetic substance, which is the common name for man-made materials, have been chosen, and even emphasized, so that it would be of the greatest use in the fields in which it is to be applied.