组织行为学英文讲义chp

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组织行为学英文organizationalbehavior

Different verbal and non-verbal communication styles can cause misunderstandings and frustrations that can potentially affect international business relationships. This is often due to the lack of knowledge or appreciation of cultural differences.
Long-Term Orientation (LTO)
EXERCISE
It refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by ambiguous, risky, or unstructured situations. It ultimately refers to man's search for truth.
that it entails.
Be prepared to actively participate in this program and take the chance to know better each other and establish common rules
and norms.
Cross-cultural Training V.I.P.
Very Important Project
V.I.P Training
GROUP 4 DDIM 2010-2011
WE ARE DIFFERENT: CULTURE BACKGROUND
WE ARE IN THE SAME TEAM: TEAM DYNAMICS

《组织行为学》PPT课件讲义

个体行为与管理
指人们在头脑中形成的对某种知觉对象的形象固定下来，并对以后有关该对象的知觉产生强烈影响的效应。人们在日常生活中，提起商人就会联想到奸诈，提起教师就会联想到文质彬彬，提起工人，总是以身强体壮，性情豪爽为其形象，一听说对方是农民，就就认为是大老粗，土包子等等。
定型效应
从众理论
个体行为与管理
你看到了什么？
个体行为与管理
知觉与行为
知觉
直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物的整体属性或各个部分在人脑中的反应
感觉
直接作用于人们感觉器官的客观事物的个别属性或个别部分在人脑中的反应
个体行为与管理
影响知觉准确性的因素
知觉对象的特征
知觉情景特征
知觉者主观因素
兴趣爱好需要和动机知识和经验个性特征
个性
本
是个人所具有的各种心理特征和意识倾向的较稳定的有机结合
个性倾向性
个性心理特征
1
2
个体行为与管理
个性心理特征是人的个性差异中比较经常的、稳定的、具有决定意义的部分，它表明一个典型心理活动和行为
个体行为与管理
气质是人典型的、稳定的、的心理特征，是人天生的、表现在心理活动动力方面的个性心理特征。
个人对某一对象所持的评价与行为倾向
态度
认知
主体对态度对象的认知和理解。基础
情感
行为
个体行为与管理
我的主管提升了一个能力不如我的人不公平
我讨厌我的主管！
我向任何愿意听我诉说的人抱怨我的主管！我要换工作！
认知、情感、行为密切相关
对主管的消极态度
案例
接近律图1 相似性图2 闭锁性连续性
适应性对比性敏感化感受性降低

罗宾斯组织行为学精要(英文版第14版)教学课件_ppt12

Charismatic Leadership
• Charismatic leadership theory: Attributions of heroic leadership abilities when followers observe certain behaviors – Vision and articulation – Personal risk taking – Sensitivity toward followers – Unconventional behaviors
• GLOBE Leadership Project Results: – Brazil – Leaders are participative and humane – France – Leaders are bureaucratic, task oriented, and
autocratic
– China – Initiating structuant:
Copyright © 2018, 2016, 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Fiedler Leadership Model
• Least-Preferred Co-worker (LPC) determines leadership style (fixed trait) – Relationship oriented – Task oriented
tasks are ambiguous or stressful
– Supportive leadership results in high performance and
satisfaction when tasks are structured

组织设计-组织行为学英文讲义chp8 精品

组织行为学英文PPT

14
Core Abilities of the Managing Ethics Competency
Identify and describe the principles of ethical decision making and behavior Assess the importance of ethical issues in actions Apply laws, regulations, and organizational rules in making decisions and taking action Demonstrate dignity and respect for others Demonstrate honest and open communication limited only by legal, privacy, and competitive considerations 15
8
Core Abilities of the Managing Communication Competency
Convey information, ideas, and emotions so they are received as intended Provide constructive feedback Engage in active listening Use and interpret nonverbal communication effectively Engage in effective verbal communication Engage in effective written communication Effectively use electronic communication resources 9

组织行为学英文版(第13版)ch01

1-8
*
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
LO 2
Effective Versus Successful Managerial Activities
1-9
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
LO 3
Define “Organizational Behavior” (OB)
1-15
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
*
LO 6
Demonstrate Why Few Absolutes Apply to OB
There are few, if any, simple and universal principles that explain organizational behavior. Contingency variables — situational factors are variables that moderate the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
1-14
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
*
LO 5
Identify the Major Behavioral Science Disciplines That Contribute to OB
Sociology Sociology studies people in relation to their social environment or culture. Anthropology Anthropology is the study of societies to learn about human beings and their activities.

组织行为学英文课件 (22)

Summary and Managerial Implications
– Diversity Management
• Must be an ongoing commitment at all levels of the organization.
• Policies must include multiple perspectives and be long term in their orientation to be effective.
intelligence. • Wonderlic Personnel Test: a quick measure of intelligence for
recruitment screening. • No correlation between intelligence and job satisfaction.
Diversity in Organizations
Chapter Learning Objectives
Ø After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
– Describe the two major forms of workforce diversity. – Define the key biographical characteristics and describe how
Ø Religion
– May impact the workplace in areas of dress, grooming and scheduling
Ø Sexual Orientation
– Federal law does not protect against discrimination (but state or local laws may).

组织行为学英文课件 (16)

Informal Groups
Ø Interest Group
– Members work together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned
Ø Friendship Group
– Those brought together because racteristics
Ø Role Conflict
– A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations
Zimbardo’s Prison Experiment
Ø Faked a prison using student volunteers
Defining and Classifying Groups
Ø Group:
– Two or more individuals interacting and interdependent, who have come together to achieve particular objectives
Temporary groups with deadlines don’t follow the fivestage model ØPunctuated-Equilibrium Model
– Temporary groups under deadlines go through transitions between inertia and activity—at the halfway point, they experience an increase in productivity.

组织行为学英文版

Motor reproduction processes
▪ Watching the model’s behavior must be converted to doing
Reinforcement processes
▪ Positive incentives motivate learners
Race
Contentious issue: differences exist; but could be more culturebased than racebased
Any difference in …
▪ Mental abilities or Mental ability tests ▪ Job performance or Job Performance
2
Job Performance + Job Satisfaction
Individual Differences
Job Performance Job Satisfaction
What are the reasons for these differences
Intellectual Abilities Physical Abilities
Unconditioned Response UR
UR
CR
▪ The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus CS
▪ An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation
17
Operant Conditioning
B F Skinner’s concept of Behaviorism: behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner

组织行为学英文PPT

Workplace
Individual Level
• Job Satisfaction • Empowerment • Behaving Ethically
Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education Canada Inc.
Effective Employees
• Absenteeism
– Failure to report to work
• Turnover
– Voluntary and involuntary permanent withdrawal from the organization
• Organizational citizenship behaviour
– Competition From the Global Environment – Managing and Working in a Global Village
Chapter 1, Stephen P. Robbins and Nancy Langton, Organizational Behaviour, Third Canadian Edition. Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education Canada Inc.

组织行为学英文版Ch_2_slides-up

A type of conditioning in which desired voluntary behavior leads to a reward or prevents a punishment.
Social-Learning Theory
People can learn through observation and direct experience.
A type of conditioning in which an individual responds to some stimulus that would not ordinarily produce such a response.
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Gender
Few differences between men and women that affect job performance.
Men or Women
More Aggressive Higher Expectation of Success Willing to conform to authority Higher Job Productivity More flexible work schedule Higher absence rates Higher turnover rates
Unconditioned Response (UR) UR
CR
The naturally occurring response to a natural stimulus.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
An artificial stimulus introduced into the situation.

组织行为学双语讲义_总2

四、瑞文标准推理测验（SPM）的构成
E组
12题
由易到难
D组 C组 B组系列关系图形整合
整合、互换抽象推理
1题
A组
比较、推理图形组合
类同、比较、图形组合
知觉辨别力图形比较图形想象
瑞文推理测验的优点：测验对象不受文化、种族、语言等条件限制，适用的年龄范围也很广：5岁半-70岁的人，既可采取团体测验的方式也可个别施测。

思考题

你认为严肃的工作氛围与轻松快乐的工作气氛相比，哪种气氛能够达到较高的工作效率？为什么？有效的领导在决策前是否应该征求下属的意见？
10
chapter01
补充内容：个体差异
chapter01
11
自尊测试：你的自尊水平如何？
指导语：请坦率回答下列问题，对于每个陈述，写出最符合你情况的数字：1=绝大多数情况如此； 2=常常如此；3=有时如此；4=偶尔如此；5=几乎从不如此。 1. 你是否常觉得自己无力做好每一件事 2. 你在同龄人中讲话时，是否常感到害怕和焦虑 3. 在社交场合，你能否很好地展示自己 4. 你是否常常觉得自己可以把所有事情做好
chapter01
12

5. 与陌生人交谈时，你是否感到很自然 6. 你是否觉得很难为情 7. 你否觉得自己是个成功者 8. 你是否总受害羞的干扰 9. 你是否总觉得自己不如你所认识的其他人 10. 你是否总觉得自己无足轻重
chapter01
13

11. 你是否总对未来的工作抱有信心 12. 在陌生人之中，你是否常常很肯定自己 13. 你是否有这样的信心，总有一天人们会尊重和仰慕你 14. 你是否常常对自己的能力很有信心 15. 你是否总对与别人相处的友好关系表示担忧

组织行为学罗宾斯英文版PPT整理

Chapter1 Introduction to organizational behavior✓Organizational Behavior:The systematic study of the actions and attitudes that people exhibit within organizations✓Systematic Study of Determinants of Employee Performance:➢Actions or Behaviors：Productivity, Absenteeism, Turnover , Organizational citizenship➢Attitudes– Job Satisfaction: a. Possible link between satisfaction and productivityb.Satisfaction appears to be negatively related to absenteeism andproductivityc.Humanistic responsibility to provide employees with challenging,intrinsically rewarding, and satisfying job✓Organization: a. Consciously coordinated social unitb. Composed of two or more peoplec. Functions to achieve a common goal or set of goalsd. Formal roles define and shape the behavior of its members✓OB Encompasses Behavior in Diverse Organizations: Manufacturing:Service firms Schools Hospitals Churches Military units Charitable organizations Local, state, and federal government agencies✓Contributing Disciplines(Level of Analysis):➢Micro (individual): Psychology➢Macro (group processes and organization) : Sociology, Social Psychology, Anthropology, Political Science✓Toward an OB discipline P4 1.1✓Goals of Organizational Behavior: explanation, prediction, control✓Challenges and Opportunities: a.Increasing age of typical workerb.More women and minorities in the workplacec.Requirements to meet global competitiond.Severed loyalty bonds between employees and employers ✓What is Quality Management?➢Intense focus on customer→Outsiders -- purchasers of products and services→Insiders -- interact with and serve others in the organization➢Concern for continual improvement→Commitment to never be satisfied→“Very good” is not good enough→Quality can always be improved➢Improvement in quality of everything the organization does“Quality” applies not only to the final product, but to→How organization handles deliveries→How rapidly it responds to complaints→How politely the phones are answered➢Accurate measurement→Uses statistical techniques to measure every critical performance variable in operations➢Empowerment of employees→Involves people on the line in the improvement process→Teams are widely used as empowerment vehicles for finding and solving problems ✓ A Managerial Perspective：a. Improving People Skills b. Managing Work Force Diversityc. Responding to Globalizationd. Empowering Peoplee.Stimulating Innovation andChange f. Coping with “Temporariness” g. Helping Employee Balance Work-Life Conflicts h. Declining Employee Loyalty i. Improving Ethical Behavior✓Levels of OB Analysis: Individual Level Group Level Organization System Level Chapter2 Job Attitudes✓What the fundamental values of the organizational development can be found in the general manager’s approach to management? Respect, Support, Trust, Innovation ✓What contribution to the organization can be found in those values?A good work environment will be benefit to employees’ self-realization and theestablishment of team and learning organization.✓Attitude:Attitudes are evaluative statements or judgments concerning objects, people, or events. They reflect how we feel about something. When I say I like my job, I am expressing my attitude about work.✓Three components of Attitudes : Cognitive, Affective, Behavioral✓What are the Major Job Attitudes?➢Job Satisfaction: A positive feeling about the job resulting from an evaluation of its characteristics➢Job Involvement: Degree of psychological identification with the job where perceived performance is important to self-worth. High level of both job involvement andpsychological employment are positively related to organizational citizenship and jobperformance. High job involvement is also related to reduced absences and lowerresignation rates.➢Psychological Empowerment (PE): a. Belief in the degree of influence over the job, competence, job meaningfulness, and autonomy. b. Good leaders empower theiremployees by involving them in decisions, making them feel their work is important,and giving them discretion to do their own thing. c. Higher level of Job Involvement andPE are positively related to Organizational citizenship and job performance.✓other Major Job Attitudes:➢Organizational Commitment: Identifying with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to remain a member.✧The three forms of OC:Affective – emotional attachment to organization (e.g. pro-environmental firms)Continuance Commitment – economic value of staying with an org (e.g. high salary)Normative -moral or ethical obligations with employers (e.g. personal promise) There appears to be a positive relationship between organizational commitment andjob productivity.---has strong relation to performance, especially for new employees.---In general, affective commitment is most likely to relate to organizational outcomes such as performance and turnover.➢Perceived Organizational Support (POS)a.Degree to which employees believe the organization values their contributionand cares about their well-being.b.People perceive OS is higher when rewards are fair, employees are involved indecision-making, and supervisors are seen as supportive.c.High POS is related to higher OB outcomes (performance).➢Employee Engagementa. The degree of an individual’s involvement with, satisfaction with, and enthusiasm for the job.b. Engaged employees are passionate about their work and company.c. According to researches, they contribute high customer satisfaction, highprofits, and lower level turnover and accidents.✓Is there cognitive dissonance?--Your friends or relatives won’t disagree with you because of the close relation.--People do seek consistency among their attitudes and between their attitudes and their behavior. (E.g. I don’t marry her because love her.)✓The relationship between attitudes and behavior:a.Important attitudes reflect our fundamental values, self-interest, or identification withindividuals or groups we value. These attitudes tend to show a strong relationship to our behavior.b.The more you talk about your attitude on a subject, the more likely you are toremember it, and the more likely it to shape your behavior. (e.g. changing a job)c.Discrepancies between attitudes and behavior tend to occur when social pressures tobehave in certain ways hold exceptional power.d.The attitude-behavior relationship is likely to be much stronger if an attitude refers tosomething with which we have direct personal experience.✓the closer the match between attitude and behavior, the stronger the relationship Chapter3 Moods, Emotions and Organizational Behavior✓Why Were Emotions Excluded from OB Study?➢Myth of rationality – emotions were the antithesis of rationality and should not be seen in the workplace➢Belief that emotions of any kind are disruptive in the workplace✓Emotional Terminology:➢affect: A generic term that encompasses a broad range of feelings that people experience➢emotion: Intense feelings that are directed at someone or somethingShort termed and action-oriented.➢Mood: Feelings that tend to be less intense and longer-lasting than emotions and often lack a contextual stimulusP27 3.1✓The Basic Emotions:➢positive emotions→positive affect: The mood dimension consisting of positive emotions such as excitement, self-assurance, and cheerfulness at the high end with boredom,sluggishness, and tiredness at the low end.→negative affect: At zero input, when no stimulus is provided, most people experience a mildly positive mood. In fact, positive moods tend to be morecommon than negative ones.➢negative emotions➢negative affect: The mood dimension consisting of nervousness, stress, and anxiety at the high end with relaxation, tranquility, and poise at the low end.✓The Functions of Emotions:➢Emotions and Rationality: Emotions are critical to rational thought: they help in understanding the world around us.➢Evolutionary Psychology : Theory that emotions serve an evolutionary purpose: helps in survival of the gene pool. The theory is not universally accepted✓Sources of Emotions and Moods:➢Personality➢Day of the week and time of the day: More positive interactions will likely occur mid-day and later in the week➢Weather: no impact according to the research➢Stress: Increased stress worsens moods➢Social Activities: Physical, informal, and epicurean activities increase positive mood ➢Sleep: Lack of sleep increases negative emotions and impairs decision making➢Exercise: Mildly enhances positive mood➢Age: Older people experience negative emotions less frequently➢Gender: Women show greater emotional expression, experience emotions more intensely and display more frequent expressions of emotions. Could be due tosocialization✓Emotional Labor: An employee’s expression of organizationally desired emotions during interpersonal transactions at workEmotional dissonance is when an employee has to project one emotion while simultaneously feeling anotherFelt vs. Displayed Emotions:➢Felt Emotions: the individual’s actual emotions➢Displayed Emotions: the learned emotions that the organization requires workers to show and considers appropriate in a given job→Surface Acting is hiding one’s true emotions→Deep Acting is trying to change one’s feelings based on display rules ✓Emotional Intelligence:A person’s ability to:1)Be self-aware (to recognize his or her own emotions as experienced), 2)Detectemotions in others, and 3)Manage emotional cues and information.Moderately associated with high job performanceEmotional Intelligence on Trial➢The case for: a. Intuitive appeal – it makes sense b. EI predicts criteria that matter –positively correlated to high job performance c. Study suggests that EI isneurologically based➢The case against: a. EI is too vague a concept b. EI can’t be measured c. EI is so closely related to intelligence and personality that it is not unique when thosefactors are controlled✓OB Applications of Emotions and Moods➢Selection – Employers should consider EI a factor in hiring for jobs that demand a high degree of social interaction➢Decision Making – Positive emotions can increase problem-solving skills and help us understand and analyze new information➢Creativity – Positive moods and feedback may increase creativity✓More OB Applications of Emotions and Moods➢Motivation – Promoting positive moods may give a more motivated workforce➢Leadership – Emotions help convey messages more effectively➢Negotiation – Emotions may impair negotiator performance➢Customer Service – Customers “catch” emotions from employees, called emotional contagion✓Even More OB Applications of Emotions and Moods➢Job Attitudes – Emotions at work get carried home but rarely carry over to the next day ➢Deviant Workplace Behaviors – Those who feel negative emotions are more likely to engage in deviant behavior at work✓How Can Managers Influence Moods?➢Use humor to lighten the moment➢Give small tokens of appreciation➢Stay in a good mood themselves – lead by example➢Hire positive people✓Does the degree to which people experience emotions vary across cultures?Do people’s interpretations of emotions vary across cultures?Do the norms for the expressions of emotions differ across cultures?“YES” to all of the above!Chapter 5 Perception and Decision-making✓Perception：The process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment✓Factors influencing perception：➢The perceiver：Attitudes，Motives，Interests，Experience，expectations➢The target：Novelty，Motion，Sound，Size，Background，proximity➢The Situation：Time，Work setting，Social setting✓Attribution Theory：trying to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.✓The three determining factors of attribution theory：➢Distinctiveness➢Consensus➢Consistency→Fundamental attribution error:1. When making judgments about the behavior of other people, we tend tounderestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence ofinternal or personal factors2.Individuals and organizations tend to attribute their own successes to internal factors such as ability or effort, while putting the blame for failure on external factors such as bad luck or unproductive workers.3. Individuals whose intellectural and interpersonal abilieties are weakest are mostlikely to overestimate their performance and abilty.✓The Link Between Perception and Individual Decision making：Who makes decisions? What decisions to make?All the decisions are closed related to perceptions. (data collection and analysis)✓The Six Steps of Rational Decision-making model：➢Define the problem➢Identify the decision criterria➢Allocate weithgts to teh criteria➢Develop the alternatives➢Evaluate teh alternatives➢Select the best alternative➢Example:bicycle parking problem➢Bounded Rationality➢Intuitive decision making✓Common Biases and Erorrs in Decision Making：anchoring bias, confirmation bias, availabe bias, escalation of commitment, risk aversion, hindsight bias✓Organizatioal Constraints on Decision making: performance evaluation, reward systems, formal regulations, system-imposed time constraints, historical precdidents✓Three Ethical Decision Criteria:➢Utilitarianism（providing the greatest benefits for the greatest number功利主义，实用主义）➢Rights(respecting and protecting the basic rights of individuals,eg.right to privacy, free speech ,and due process)➢Justice(imposing and enforceing rules afaily and impartially to ensure justice or an equitalbe distribution of benefits and costs.) Comment on the three choices.✓Three-component Model of Creativity:➢Expertise(abilities, knowledge, proficiencies, and similar expertise )➢Creative thinking skills(personality ——creativity, the ability to use analogies, and the talent ot see the familiar in a different light)➢Intrinsic task motivation (interesting , involving , exciting, satisfying,persionally challengfing jobs, etc.)Chapter8 Groups✓Group: Two or more individuals, interacting and interdependent, who come together to achieve particular objectives. Groups can be either formal or informal, and further subclassified into command, task, interest, or friendship categories.✓Four Types of Groups:Command group, Task group, Interest group, Friendship group✓Why People Join Groups: (benefits)➢Security Reduce the insecurity of “standing alone”; feel stronger, fewer self-doubts, and more resistant to threats➢Status Inclusion in a group viewed by outsiders as important; provides recognition and status➢Self-esteem Provides feelings of self-worth to group members, in addition to conveying status to outsiders➢Affiliation Fulfills social needs. Enjoys regular interaction; can be primary source for fulfilling need for affiliation➢Power What cannot be achieved individually often becomes possible; power in numbers➢Goal achievement Some tasks require more than one person; need to pool talents, knowledge, or power to complete the job. In such instances, management may rely onthe use of a formal group✓Basic Group Concepts:➢Roles→Role research conclusions: a.People play multiple roles b.People learn roles from stimuli around them c.People can shift roles rapidly when the situation demandsd.People experience major role conflict between roles➢Norms: Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are adopted and shared by the group’s members→The Hawthorne Studies→Conformity and the Asch Studies➢Cohesiveness: The degree to which members of the group are attracted to each other and motivated to stay in the group→Relationship of Cohesiveness to Productivity→Managers Can Encourage Cohesiveness: a.Make the group smaller b.Encourage agreement on group goals c.Increase the time spent together d.Increase thestatus and perceived difficulty of group membership→More Ways Managers Can Encourage Cohesiveness: a.Stimulate competition with other groups b.Give rewards to the group rather than members c.Physicallyisolate the group➢Size→How Size Effects a Group: a.Smaller groups are faster at completing tasks rge groups are consistently better at problem solving c.Social loafing - tendency toexpend less effort in a group than as an individual d.Increases in group size areinversely related to individual performance➢Composition: Diversity increases effectiveness due to the variety of viewpoints.Diversity promotes conflict, which stimulates creativity, which leads to improveddecision making. May take more time to work smoothly. May lead to turnover ➢Status: A prestige grading, position, or rank within the group. It may be formally imposed by the group, or informally acquired through characteristics such aseducation, age, gender, skill, or experience→Effects of High Status: a.Resist conformity or receive more freedom b.Do not need or care about social rewards c.Members must believe status hierarchy isequitable d.Inequities produce corrective behaviors and conflict✓Individual versus Group Decision Making:➢Individual: More efficient, Speed, No meetings, No discussion, Clear accountability, Consistent values➢Group: More effective, More information and knowledge, Diversity of views, Higher-quality decisions, Increased acceptance✓Symptoms of Group Think: a.Group members rationalize any resistance to their assumptionsb.Members pressure any doubters to support the alternative favored by the majorityc.Doubters keep silent about misgivings(doubts) and minimize their importanced.Groupinterprets members’ silence as a “yes” vote for the majorityVariables Influencing Group Think: Group’s cohesiveness, Leader’s behavior, Insulation from outsiders, Time pressures, Failure to follow methodical decision-making procedures✓GroupShift: A special case of groupthink. The decision of the group reflects the dominant decision-making norm that develops during the group discussion, whether shift is toward greater caution or more risk depends on the dominant prediscussion norm.✓Selecting the Best Decision-Making Technique:➢Brainstorming➢Nominal group technique➢Electronic meetingsChapter9 Teams✓Reasons for Team Popularity: a.Outperform on tasks requiring multiple skills, judgment, and experience b.Better utilization of employee talents c.More flexible and responsive to changing events d.Facilitate employee participation in operating decisions e.Effective in democratizing the organization and increasing employee motivation✓Work Group: A group who interacts primarily to share information and to make decisions to help one another perform within each member’s area of responsibility. Individuals work alone, not collectively, on a task. Performance is the summation of all of the group member’s individual contributions.✓Work Team:Generates positive synergy through coordinated effort. Their individual efforts result in a level of performance that is greater than the sum of those individual inputs.✓Comparing Work Groups and Work Teams P123 9.1✓Four Types of Teams P124 9.2➢Problem-Solving Teams: a.Share ideas or offer suggestions on how work processes and methods can be improved. b.Rarely given authority to unilaterally implement any oftheir suggested actions c.Typically composed of 5-12 hourly employees from thesame departmentExample: Quality Circles➢Self-Managed Work Teams: a.Collectively control pace of work b.Determine work assignments anize breaks d.Collectively choose inspection procedurese.Select their own members and evaluate each other’s performancef.Generallycomposed of 10-15 people➢Cross-Functional Teams: a.Members from diverse areas within and between organizations b.Exchange information c.Develop new ideas and solve problemsd.Coordinate complex projects f.Development is time-consuming due to complexity anddiversityExamples: Task Force and Committees➢Virtual Teams: Computer technology ties physically dispersed members together to achieve a common goal→Differentiating factors from other teams: Absence of para-verbal and non-verbal cues, Limited social context, Ability to overcome time and space constraints✓Creating Effective Teams:Effectiveness of teams is defined by:➢Objective measures of the team’s productivity➢Manager’s ratings of team performance➢Aggregate measures of member satisfactionA Team Effectiveness Model P126 9.3✓Turning Individuals into Team Players: To perform well as team members, individuals must be able to 1)Communicate openly and honestly 2)Confront differences and resolve conflicts 3)Sublimate personal goals for the good of the team✓The Challenge in Shaping Team Players:➢Greatest where... a.The national culture is highly individualistic b.Introduced into organizations that historically value c.individual achievement➢Less demanding... a.Where employees have strong collectivist values, such as Japan or Mexico b.In new organizations that use teams as their initial form for structuringwork✓Shaping Team Players:➢Selection: Ensure that candidates can fulfill their team roles in addition to having the technical skills required for the job➢Training: Provide workshops in problem-solving, communication, negotiation, conflict-management, coaching, and group-development skills➢Rewards: Rework reward systems to encourage cooperative efforts rather than competitive onesChapter 10 Communication✓Functions of Communication➢Control - both formal and informal➢Motivation - clarification and feedback➢Emotional expression - fulfillment of social needs➢Information - facilitating decision making✓The Communication ProcessSource, Encoding, Channel, decoding, Receiver✓Downward Communication：Assign goals，Provide job instructions，Inform employees of policies and procedures，Point out problems that need attention，Offer feedback about performance，Letters and email from leaders to members of the team✓Upward Communication：Provide feedback to higher-ups，Inform them of progress toward goals，Relay current problems，Keep managers aware of how employees feel，Ideas on how things can be improved✓Lateral Communication：Save time and facilitate coordination，Formally sanctioned or informally created，Enhance efficient and accurate transfer of information，Can create dysfunctional conflicts when formal vertical channels are breached✓Oral Communication：➢Advantage: Speed , Feedback➢Disadvantage: Potential for distorted message, Content at destination is different from the original✓Written Communication:➢Advantage: Provide a tangible and verifiable record, Can be stored for an indefinite period of time, Physically available for later reference, Well thought-out, logical, andclear➢Disadvantage: Time consuming, Lack of feedback, No guarantee how reader will interpret it✓Non-verbal Communication:➢Kinesics - Gestures, facial configurations, and other movements of the body➢Body movement -Body language adds to, and often complicates, verbal communication➢Intonations - Change the meaning of the message➢Facial expression -Characteristics that would never be communicated if you read a transcript of what is said➢Physical distance - Proper spacing is largely dependent cultural norms✓Formal Small-Group Networks P140 10.3✓Small-Group Networks and Effectiveness Criteria p140 10.4✓The Grapevine:Not controlled by management, Perceived as being more believable and reliable, Largely used to serve self-interest, Appear in response to situations: Important to us, Where there is ambiguity, Under conditions that arouse anxiety✓Computer-Aided Communication: Electronic mail (e-mail), Intranet and Extranet links, Videoconferencing✓Barriers to Effective Communication: Filtering, Selective Perception, Information Overload, Gender Styles, Emotions, Language✓ A Cultural Guide: Assume differences until similarity is proved, Emphasize description rather than interpretation or evaluation, Practice empathy, Treat your interpretation as a working hypothesis✓Improving Feedback Skills: 1. Focus on specific behaviors 2. Keep feedback impersonal 3.Keep feedback goal oriented 4. Make feedback well timed 5. Ensure understanding 6. Direct negative feedback toward behavior that is controllable by the recipient✓Improving Active Listening Skills: 1. Make eye contact 2. Exhibit affirmative head nods and appropriate facial expressions 3. Avoid distracting actions or gestures 4. Ask questions 5.Paraphrase 6. Avoid interrupting the speaker 7. Do not over talkChspter11 Leadership✓Leadership: Ability to influence a group toward the achievement of goals. The source of influence may be formal, provided by managerial rank in an organization. Non-sanctioned leadership(不具制裁力的领导) is the ability to influence that arises from outside of the formal structure of the organization.✓Trait Theories: Assumes that leaders are born, Characteristics that differentiate leaders from non-leaders, Personality traits in leaders that non-leaders do not possess, Characteristics of individuals who meet the definition of leader, Provides the basis of selecting the right person for leadership✓Traits Consistently Associated with Leadership:Drive and ambition, Desire to lead and influence others, Honesty and integrity, Self-confidence, Intelligence, In-depth technical knowledge✓Traits Alone Do Not Explain Leadership: Ignore situational factors. Leaders must take “the right actions”“The right actions” differ by situation✓Behavioral Theories: Assumes people can be trained to lead Researched the behaviors of specific leaders. Critical behavioral determinants of leadership. Specific behaviors identify leaders. Provides the basis of design for training programs✓Ohio State Studies:Sought to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior.Developed two categories of leadership behavior.:→Initiating structure - attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals.→Consideration - concern for followers’ comfort, well-being, status, and satisfaction ✓University of Michigan Studies: Locate behavioral characteristics of leaders that appear related to measures of performance effectivenessTwo dimensions:→Employee-oriented - emphasize interpersonal relations→Production-oriented - emphasize the technical or task aspects of the job✓Limitations of Behavioral Theories:Did not identify consistent relationships between leadership behavior and group performance. Missing consideration of the situational factors that influence success and failure. Could not clarify situational factors✓Contingency Theories:➢Fiedler Leadership Model -Proper match of leader’s style of interacting with subordinates➢Path-Goal Model -Leader assists followers in attaining goals and ensures goals are compatible with overall objectives➢Leader-Participation Model - Leader behavior must adjust to reflect the task structure ✓Least-Preferred Co-Worker (LPC) Questionnaire: Individual’s basic leadership style is a key factor in leadership success. Assumed that individual leadership style is fixed,。

组织行为学英文organizational behavior

It refers to a society's "time horizon," or the importance attached to the future versus the past and present.
WE ARE DIFFERENT: CULTURE BACKGROUND
oHofstede’s five o dimensions oHall’s context of culture oFour-fold model
often verbal communication..
Don't simply rely on emails to give information.
Here you find the resuultssoef fHuolfstede‘tso The useof emotion in communication should be seen as a sign of enthusiasm and emphasis rather than as anger or loss of control.
New is good. Change is ever present in American corporate life and therefore so is the easy acceptance of new ideas, new models etc.
WE ARE DIFFERENT: CULTURE BACKGROUND
two months.
A full commitment is required by all of you in order to successfully learn how to exploit the huge potential of multicultural teams and how, at the same time, avoid the traps

[管理学]组织行为学英文版Ch_6_tppt

6-3
Early Theories of Motivation
These early theories may not be valid, but they do form the basis for contemporary theories and are still used by practicing managers. 1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory
Theory Z workers
have a high need to be supported by the company highly value a working environment in which such things as family, cultures and traditions, and social institutions are regarded as equally important as the work itself have a very well developed sense of order, discipline, a moral obligation to work hard, and a sense of cohesion with their fellow workers.
春秋戰國 - 管仲
倉廪足而知禮節衣食足而知榮辱
Alderfer’s ERG Theory
A reworking of Maslow to fit empirical research.
Three groups of core needs: Existence (Maslow: physiological and safety) Relatedness (Maslow: social and status) Growth (Maslow: esteem and self-actualization)

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