非谓语动词主要的句法功能

非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表：

Ⅰ. 不定式与动名词作主语的用法比较：

⒈动词原形不能在句中作主语。如果某个动词在句中需作主语，我们可以把它变成动名词或动词不定式，有时它们的意思没多大区别。

⒉一般来讲，在表示比较抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词，在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来的动作时，多用不定式。

Smoking is bad for health.

To finish the job in two days is impossible.

⒊不定式作主语时，通常用形式主语it 于句首，把不定式置于句尾，使句子平稳，以避

免头重脚轻。动名词作主语用后置形式的情况远不及不定式那么普遍，常限于good, use, a waste of time 等词的后面。

It is impossible to finish the job in two days.

It is no good/ use having a car if you can’t drive.

⒋在There is no…句型中，常用动名词作主语。There is no use making an excuse for this.

Ⅱ. 不定式和动名词作宾语的用法比较：

⒈有些及物动词后面只能接动名词作宾语，不能接不定式，常见的有：finish, enjoy, admit, appreciate, avoid, mind(介意), delay, dislike, escape, excuse, miss (错过),risk, practise, imagine, suggest, stand (忍受)，deny, fancy, keep, get down to(着手干), put off (推迟), pay attention

to, look forward to, can’t help （不禁），feel like

I was afraid to let the boy risk climbing the tree.

I couldn’t help crying when I heard the news.

⒉有些动词后面既可以接动名词，也可以接不定式作宾语，其意义基本一样，如：begin, start, continue, hate, like, love, 但like, love 和would 或should 连用时，接不定式作宾语。

We began making /to make plans for the work.

Would you like to go shopping with me?

⒊有些动词后面既可接动名词又可接不定式作宾语，但意义不同。

⑴mean to do sth. 打算干某事mean doing 意味着…

⑵stop to do sth.停下来去做某事stop doing sth. 停止做某事

⑶go on to do sth. （做完一件事之后）接着做（另一件事）go on doing sth.继续做某事

⑷try to do sth. 试图做某事try doing sth.试试做某事（往往表示某种方法或方式）

⑸forget, regret, remember 后接不定式表示尚未发生的动作，接动名词表示已经发生的动作。

⑹be used to do sth. 被用来做…be used to doing sth. 习惯于做…

⑺can’t help（to）do sth. 不能帮助做某事can’t h elp doing sth. 不禁…

⑻有些动词后面直接跟动词作宾语时，要用动名词形式，如果后面有名词或代词宾语，然

后再跟动词作宾语补足语时，其宾语补足语用带to 的不定式。如：allow, permit, advise, forbid, consider

We don’t allow smoking here.We don’t allow them to smoke.

He advised having a rest. He advised me to have a rest.

⑼need, require, want 表示主语“需要（被作某种处置）”，其后接动名词的主动式或不定式

的被动式均可。

The bridge needs/ requires/ wants repairing. =The bridge needs/ requires/ wants to be repaired.

⒌有些动词后面只能跟不定式作宾语，不能接动名词，如：wish, hope, expect, offer, manage,

decide, refuse, agree, pretend, promise, seem, fail

⒍ “疑问词+不定式”结构，（what, where, whether, who, whom, how, when + 不定式），可

用作主语、宾语、表语等，这一结构一般可转换成该疑问词引导的从句。

It hasn’t been decided where to go.

Ⅲ动名词、不定式和分词作表语的用法比较：

⒈动名词和不定式都可以作表语，一般来讲，在表示比较抽象笼统的一般行为时多用动名词，在表示具体某次动作，特别是将来动作时，多用不定式，有时两者都可以用

My job is typing letters and papers.

The next step is to discuss the suggestion raised by him.

⒉当主语是动名词形式时，表语一般也用动名词形式，如果主语是不定式结构，表语一般也用不定式结构Saving is having. =To save is to have.

⒊现在分词作表语多表示主语所具有的特征，有时可译为“令人…的”；过去分词作表语多表示主语所处的状态，有时可译为“感到…的”。

interesting 令人有兴趣的interested 感兴趣的tiring 令人疲劳的tired 感到疲倦的moving 令人感动的moved 受到感动的exciting 令人激动的excited 感到激动的puzzling 令人迷惑的puzzled 感到迷惑的disappointing 令人失望的disappointed失望的⒋过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别：

被动语态表示一个动作，过去分词作表语表示主语的特点或所处的状态。

The window is broken. 窗户打破了。（分词作表语，表示现在窗户处于破碎的状态）

The window was broken by the boy. 窗户是被那个小男孩打破的。（被动语态）

Ⅳ不定式、动名词和分词作定语的用法比较：

⒈不定式作定语要放在被修饰的词的后面，与其构成逻辑上的动宾关系，表示将要发生的动作或状态

I have something important to tell you. (something important 是tell you 的逻辑宾语)

*若不定式是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的词是不定式的地点、工具等，不定式后面应

有必要的介词。

We are looking for a paper to write on.

It would be a comfortable room to live in.

* 序数词、最高级的后面，非谓语动词常用不定式作定语

They are the first to come, and the last to leave. 他们是最先来而最后离开。

⒊现在分词作定语，多表示“动作正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性”动作或状态；而过去分词作定语，则多表示分词动作“先于谓语动词表示的动作”，表“被动”

Did you see the boy dancing with the girl? = the boy who was dancing with the girl

He is a leader respected by the people. = who is respected by the people.

Ⅴ不定式和分词作状语的用法比较：

⒈现在分词作状语往往和逻辑主语之间存在主动关系，表示时间、原因、方式、结果、条件、伴随情况等。

Walking down the street, I met an old friend of mine.时间状语

Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out.原因状语

We sat by the window, talking about what had happened.伴随状语

Having brushed my teeth, I came downstairs for breakfast.

⒉现在分词一般不用作目的状语，通常用不定式作目的状语I studied hard to pass the exam. 为了强调目的，有时可把不定式放在句首，或在不定式前加in order 或so as。如：

In order to /To be there on time, we got up early.

⒊过去分词作状语表示被动或完成的动作，表示原因、时间、条件、伴随等。

⑴Encouraged by the teacher, we worked still harder than ever.