专业英语Unit-2
unit 2专业英语翻译第二单元
Rise of the information economy
Knowledge- and information-based economies
New products and services
Knowledge as a central productive and strategic asset
9
Agile sensing and responding to environmental changes
The internet and technology convergence One of the most frequently asked questions by Wall Street investors, journalists, and business entrepreneurs is, “What’s the next big thing?” As it turns out, the next big thing is in front of us:
10
We are in the midst of a networking and communications revolution driven by the growth of the Internet, Internet-based technologies, and new business models and processes that leverage the new technologies.
2
There are five factors to consider when assessing the growing impact of IT in business firms both today and over the next ten years. Internet growth and technology convergence Transformation of the business enterprise Growth of a globally connected economy Growth of knowledge and informationbased economies Emergence of the digital firm
机械工程专业英语Unit 2
the physical properties. 因为某些微量元素，尤其是碳，极大地影响物理性能，所以必须了
解对钢的分析。 ➢ Alloy steels owe their properties to the presence of one or more
elements other than carbon, namely nickel, chromium,
Control of this reaction, which arises due to the drastically different carbon solubility of austenite and ferrite, enables a wide range of properties to be achieved through heat treatment .
铁碳图中靠近铁素体区和含碳量高于2%的那些部分对工程师 而言不重要，因此将它们去掉。如图2.1所示的简化铁碳图将焦点 集中在共析区，这对理解钢的性能和处理是十分有用的。
1、be of sth. 拥有，具有 2、focus on 致力于，对…予以注意，把焦点集中于…，focus…on 把…集中/聚焦到…，be focused on 集中/聚焦到... 3、be useful in 在…方面有用
工商管理专业英语Unit 2 The Scope of Managem
整理课件
5
Glossary
• mission ['miʃən]
• n. 使命、任务、代表团 • v. 派遣、传教
• e.g. A starting point is to write a
mission statement that defines why
affordable transportation available to
every person. • 亨利· 福特设想制造出每个人都能负担得起
的交通工具。
整理课件
4
Glossary
• strive [straiv]
• v. 奋斗、努力 strive after/for为...奋 斗 strive toward 向...奋进
整理课件
10
Glossary
• interpersonal [.intə'pə:sənl]
• adj. 人与人之间的、人际关系的
• e.g. Managers also employ skills that
fall into three basic categories:
interpersonal,
Unit 2 The Scope of Management
整理课件tail [in'teil]
• v. 使必须、带来、伴随 • n. 限定继承权 • e.g. Management entails planning,
organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling resources to efficiently reach these goals. • 管理需要计划、组织、协调、领导和控制 资源来有效地达到这些目标。
汽车专业英语 Unit2(发动机部分)
11
活塞反复运动两次，曲轴转动两周， 四个冲程完成一个工作循环。
四冲程发动机
Four stroke engine
stroke
[strəʊk]
n. 冲程，行程；
12
水箱，通过水泵作用，水 通过水道流通整个汽缸体， 进行降温。
水冷却式发动机
Water coolet engine
13
风冷，通过空气气流与风扇 作用，空气/风通过发动机整 个汽缸体，进行降温。
进气系统
Cooling system
Intake system Exhaust system
28
排气系统
There are four basic components of the automobile : engine , chassis , body and electrical system . 译：汽车有四个基本组成部分，发动机， 底盘，车身和电气系统。 Engine system includes ： ignition system，lubrication system, cooling system, starting system. 译：发动机系统包括：点火系，润滑系， 冷却系，起动系。
1.发动机
electrical system
图示：The basic components of an automobile
4.电气系统
4
•例句分析：
• There are four basic components of the automobile : engine , chassis , body and electrical system . • 中文：basic component --- 基本组成； engine 发动机 • 问题：汽车共四个组成部分：_________、 chassis 底盘 body 车身 __________ 、_________ electrical system电气系统 ___________________ 。
通信工程专业英语Unit 2：Digital Communication System
专业英语的翻译
省略：根据汉语语法的修辞习惯，将原文中的某些词语略 去不译。（如英语中的冠词、代词和连词）
Air is a fluid but not a liquid.
空气是流体, 不是液体。（省略冠词） If you know the frequency, you can find the wave length. 如果知道频率，就能求出波长。（泛指的人称代词you 可省略不译）
TEXT
The use of digital methods for the transmission of analog signals is becoming increasingly common in telecommunication systems. There are two major reasons for this. digital :数字的, 数位的
Specialized English for Communication Engineering
专业英语的翻译
句子结构上有差异 词汇上很少对等
English
Chinese
死译 硬译 直译：基本上保留原文的表达形式及内容，不做大的改 动，同时译出的文字又明白易懂； 胡译 意译：在正确理解原意的基础上，重新遣词造句，把原 文的意思用通顺的汉语表达出来。
The reliability can be further improved by using errordetecting and error-correcting codes.
利用检错和纠错编码能进一步提高可靠性。（被动语态 转译为主动语态） Specialized English for Communication Engineering
汽车专业英语unit2
UNIT 2 AUTOMOTIVE ENGINE2.1 Purpose and Locations of EnginesThe purpose of an automotive engine is to supply the power needed to move the vehicle. The engine produces this power by burning fuel inside it. Because the engine burns fuel inside, or internally, the engine is known as an internal combustion engine （ICE）.汽车发动机的功用是汽车行驶提供必需的动力。
发动机通过它内部的燃料燃烧来产生动力。
由于发动机在其内部燃烧燃料，所以发动机被称作内燃机。
Engines may be fueled by gasoline, propane （LPG-liquefied petroleum gas）, or diesel fuel. Compressed natural gas （CNG）may also be used in some vehicles.发动机燃料可以是汽油、丙烷（液化石油汽体）或柴油。
压缩天燃气也可以用在一些车辆上。
be fueled by 通过…得到燃料Most automotive engines are located at the front of the vehicle. Many engines drive the rear wheels. This requires a long drive shaft extending form the front wheels to the rear wheels. Other engines drive the front wheels. In the rear-wheel-drive arrangement, the engine sits longitudinally. Its long dimension is from front to back.大多数汽车发动机位于汽车前方。
Unit 2 Academic Writing【研究生专业英语】
Academic Writing Skills.au/tldinfo/writingskills/podcasts/nursingwritingskills09.pptgenre: a style of expressingyourself in writingWhether you’re a studentsor supervisors, academic writing skills are significant in today’sworld.EssaysReports PresentationsResearch papers Final thesisare just some examples ofdocuments written in the academic style.an analytic or interpretive literary compositionAcademic writing, when used appropriately, presents a polished and professional image.Academic writing skillsencompass:¾strong composition ¾excellent grammar¾a consistent stylistic approach[in'k ʌmp əs]include in scope [stai'listik]perfected or made shiny and smoothof or relating to style(especially in the use oflanguage) It is a learnt skill, rather thana natural ability or quality.2. What is academic writing?Academic writing refers to a particular styleof expression in academia.3. Features of Academic WritingAcademic writing in English is linear, which means it has onecentral point or theme with every part contributing to the main lineof argument, without digressions or repetitions . [dai'gre ʃən]a message that departs from the main subject[.repi'ti ʃən]ComplexityWritten language is relatively more complex than spoken language.FormalityAcademic writing is relativelyformal. In general this means that you should avoid colloquial words.PrecisionIn academic writing, facts andfigures are given precisely .ObjectivityWritten language is in generalobjective. Academic writing tends to use nouns (and adjectives), rather than verbs (and adverbs).Exp’licitnessAcademic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text.AccuracyAcademic writing uses vocabulary accurately.HedgingIn academic writing, it is necessary to make decisions about your stance on a particular subject.ResponsibilityIn academic writing you must be responsible for, and must be able to provide evidence and justification for, any claims you make.[k ə’l əʊkwi:əl] [pri’si ʒən] [pr ɪ’sa ɪsli] [,ɔbd ʒek’tiv əti] Attitude or feeling Characteristics includeEmploying the formal academic style, avoiding jargon , slang , andabbreviations a way of regarding situationsor topics etc.：position , view[p ə'spektiv]Synonyms [t əun]a characteristic language of a particular groupinformal language consisting of words and expressionsA formal toneUse of the third-person rather than first-person perspective Clear focus on the issue or topic rather than the author’s opinion Precise word choiceinvestigate conduct examine verify demonstrate eliminateCharacteristics of informal writingz the use ofcolloquialisms andjargonz writing in the first person viewz making “I”statements, making direct personal statements, andimprecise word choices.[k ə’l əukwi əliz(ə)m] slang, dialect[.impri'sais]characteristic of informal spokenlanguage or conversationJust as you probably would wear shorts and flip-flops to a wedding, there’s a time and a place for informalwriting . Informal writing is fine for diary entries, blogs, personal writing, letters or emails to close friends.The most informal writingimaginable is:z the text message, full of abbreviations such as “R U here ?”toconvey quick questions and responses. z In comparison, the most formal writing of all can be found in legal documents .[i'mæd ʒin əbl][‘pai ərit]someone who uses another person's work or ideas as if they were his own‘plagiarism Writers working on papersfor school, college application essays , scientific papers,research papers , international conference presentations , and business proposals generally employ a more formal style akin to donning a suit or dressto attend a wedding.[ə'kin]similar or related in quality or characterput clothing on one's body['d ɔni ŋ]4. Tips on academic writing ExamplesInformal writing :I think he ’s a loser .Formal writing :Macbeth’s horrific choices cause him to lose everything he holds dear :children, wife, friends, crown and king.frightening colon [ 'k əʊl ən]？The first statement is informal. The writer speaks in the first person , using the word “I”, and states an opinion . The slang term “loser ”, is used, which is inappropriate in a formal context. They also uses the contraction “he’s ”. If this were in the middle of a paragraph, it may be easier to understand towhom the author is referring.Taken as a simple statement, however, it’simpossible to know whether the writer thinks his best friend, hisdog, or a rock star is a loser !The second example uses an academic, formal style . Written in the third-person view , the sentence omits references to the writer and focuses on the issue. Strong, specific adjectives like “horrific ”convey the author’s view clearly without resorting to slang . The use of the colon creates a strong, formal feeling when properly usedhere to introduce a list .[ 'k əʊl ən]Where’s the resource ??•Library•On-line•Data bases (turn on remote access)•Lectures•Text books•Tutorials•News•Newspapers•Everywhere!!!5. Referencing and plagiarismMost plagiarism is acci’dental; either the result of not understanding what actually amounts to plagiarism, or of being poorly organized, so that we use the ideas of others without realizing that’s what we have done.Whenever the author has given somethingdistinctive to the information or its organization,cite the source.Anything that is common knowledge you need not cite: in other words, anything that is not distinctiveof a particular author.distinguishing /skills4study/studyskills/reading/referencing.aspunintendedWhat is plagiarism?Copying ofpassages/text/work/ideas/data without aproperacknowledgement ofthe author. Thisincludes otherstudents’work.['pleidʒiərizəm]Getting started•Find your time•Find your space•Discipline, self & others•Brain storming, clustering, mind mapping•Free writingtry to solve a problemby thinking intensely about it6. Practice makes perfectIntroduction•What is the question?•Global view from the broad to the narrow •Introduce the :•Who•What•When •Where •Why •How 5W+HThe topic•Why is it being asked?•Is it multi layered?•Does it invite a largely factual response?•Is it looking for a particular stance such asargue or cri’tique?[stæns] positionposturereview, assessment, commentLiterature•Is it current?•Is the author a credible source?•Is the subject relevant?•Clustering•References/endnoteBeginning•A quotation –is it relevant•A question•An opinion•An interesting fact•An irony or paradox•An a’nalogy•And anecdote['ænikdəut]story, narrative(especially a biographical one)[‘aiərəni[‘pærədɔks][ə’nælədʒi](logic) a statementthat contradicts itselfirony witty language富于机智的,诙谐的similarityBodyYour paragraphs should flow naturally into oneanother andconnections shouldbe made.Paragraphs•7-8 sentences•Each should be topic specific, preferably with an introductory sentence•Each sentence states the content/context and then some supporting example which is where the references come in.•The last sentence concludes the paragraph and forwards to the next.Transitional words•Joining words»Also, and, again, etc•Comparing words»Also, in comparison•Contracting words»Although, but, conversely, despite, even though, however•Positioning words»Above, adjacent to, below•Situation words»Before, briefly, consequently, finally, first[træn'zi ʃən əl]Conclusions•Don’t introduce anything new •Draw in the introduction •Demonstrate a conclusion•Give the essay a sense of completeness •Leave a final impression7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writingRevision1.Is writing skills vital for students ofscience and technology ?2. What is academic writing?3. Features of Academic Writing4. Tips on academic writing5. Referencing and plagiarism6. Practice makes perfect7. A comparison between non-academicand academic writing。
中职英语教案：Unit2 Community Life(全6课时)
Ss read the text
together and
understand some
useful
expressions.
教
学
内
容
教
学
内
容
sentences .
A: Excuse me, madam. Could you tell me the way to the coffee shop?
Q:What facilities does the community have？
Ask the Ss to look at the pictures and predictthe listening content before listening. Then listen to the tape and choose the pictures that are most relevant to the conversation.
编号：
备课组别
英 语
课程名称
英语模块3
所在
年级
二年级
主备
教师
授课教师
授课系部
授课班级
授课
日期
课题
Unit2 Community LifeListening and Speaking
教学
目标
1.To master the important words &phrases.
2.Be able to introduce the community to different clients according to
supermarket
计算机专业英语Unit2
机专业 计 机专业 语
Unit 2 Section 2 Passage A
•
Motherboards The motherboard is heart of the computer, with all of its connections leading out from itself and into every device in the machine. When you open a PC you’ll see the Motherboard will more than likely cover the whole of one side of the PC. It is a very important part of the system since everything has to be connected to it, everything therefore has to be compatible with it. The speed of the connections that run from each component to the motherboard can also have a positive or negative effect on the system.
Unit 2 Computer Hardware
《计算机专业英语》
郭敏 徐莹 杨阳
Unit 2 Computer Hardware
• • • •
Section1 Situational Dialog
Shopping for a Computer
Section 2 Passages
Passage A. A Guide on The Main Components In a PC Passage B. Introducing Common Peripherals
社会工作专业英语 Unit 2
ˏɪrətəˋbɪlətɪ/ n [U]. irritably / -əblɪ; -əblɪ/ adv.
• scrutinize, scrutinise 1
[Tn, Tn.pr] ~ sb (against sth) make sb immune (to a disease or infection), esp by injecting him with a vaccine 使某人免疫 （尤指通过注射疫苗）: Have you been immunized (against smallpox) yet? 你接种过 （抗天花）疫苗没有?
此句为强调句，原来的语序为：The mundane events of everyday life build love in marriage.
• mundane / mʌnˈdeɪn; ˋmʌnden/ adj (often derog 常作贬义) ordinary and typically
• / ˈskruːtɪnaɪz; US -tənaɪz; ˋskrutnˏaɪz/ v [Tn]
look at or examine (sth) carefully or thoroughly 仔细或彻底检查（某事物）: scrutinize all the documents relating to the trial 仔细审阅与该案审判有关的所有文件.
• corrosive / kəˈrəstance) that corrodes 腐蚀性的（物 质）: Rust and acids are corrosive. 锈及酸类 都是腐蚀性物质.
Unit2SilicateStructures无机非金属专业英语
Unit2 Silicate StructuresAtomic arrangement in hundreds of silicates having complex chemical compositions have in their basic structures a beautiful simplicity and order. At the same time the details of many of the silicate structures are complex and difficult to illustrate without three-dimensional models, and we will not attempt to give precise structure information.The radius ratio for Si-O is 0.29, corresponding to tetrahedral coordination, and four oxygen ions are almost invariably arrayed around a central silicon. With a bond strength of 1, oxygen ions may be coordinated with only two silicon atoms in silica; this low coordination number makes close-packed structures impossible for SiO2, and in general silicates have more open structures than those discussed previously. The SiO4tetrahedra can be linked in compounds such as corners are shared in several ways. There are four general types. In orthosilicates, [SiO4]4-, tetrahedra are independent of one another; in pyrosilicates ,[Si2O7]6- ions are composed of two tetrahedra with one corner shared; in metasilicates, SiO3(SiO3)n, two corners are shared to form a variety of ring or chain structures; in layer structures,(Si2O5)n, layers are made up of tetrahedra with three shares corners; in the various forms of silica, SiO2, four corners are shared.silica. Crystalline silica, SiO2, exists in several different polymorphic forms corresponding to different ways of combining tetrahedral groups with all corners shared. Three basic structures—quartz、tridymite、cristobalite—each exists in two or three modifications . The most stable forms are low quartz , below 573C ;high quartz ,573 to 867C;high tridymite,867 to 1470C;high cristobalite ,1470 to 1710C;and liquid ,above 1710C;and liquid , above 1710C .The low temperature modifications are distorted derivative structures of the basic high—temperature forms .(A derivative structure in the sense is one that can be derived from a basic structure of greater symmetry by distorting the structure in space rather than substituting different chemical species) We confine our attention to the basic high—temperature forms .High quartz has a structure which can be viewed as composed of connected chains of silica tetrahedra. Compared to the close packed structures discussed in the last section ,this is a relatively open structure; for example ,the density of quartz is 2.65g/cm3,compared with 3.59 for MgO and 3.96 for Al2O3 .However ,quartz has a greater density and closer packing than either of the high—temperature forms, tridymites(p=2.26)and cristobalite(p=2.32)Orthosilicates. This group includes the olivine minerals (forsterite,Mg2SiO4, and solid solutions with Fe2SiO4), the garnets, zircon, and the aluminosilicates-kyanite, silimanite, andalusite, and mullite. The structure of forsterite, Mg2SiO4, is similar to that found for chrysoberyl, Al2BeO4.The oxygen ions are nearly in a hexagonal close-packed structure with Mg2+ in octahedral and Si4+ in tetrahedral sites. (From a coordination point of view this assembly can also be considered an array of SiO4 tetrahedra with Mg2+ ions in the octahedral holes) .Each oxygen ion is coordinated with one Si4+ and three Mg2+ or with two Si4+.The structure of kyanite, Al2SiO5, consists of nearly cubic close-packed oxygen ions with Si4+ in tetrahedrl and Al3+ in octahedral sites. However, in the polmorphic forms andalusite and sillimanite have much more open structures, with SiO4tetrahedra coordinated with AlO6octahedral. Mullite, Al6Si2O13 , a common constituent of fired clay, has a structure similar to that of sillimanite (compare Al16Si8O40 and Al18Si6O39) .Pyrosilicate. Crystalline silicates containing Si2O76- ions are rare.Metasilicates. Silicates containing (SiO3)n2n-ions are of two types-cyclic or chain arrangements of the silica tetrahedra. Some of the discrete cyclic ions observed are the Si3O96- (such as in wollastonite, CaSiO3) and Si6O1812- (in bery1,BeAl2Si6O18) ions. Minerals with chain structures comprise a large group. Those with compositions corresponding to singlechain,(SiO3)n2n-, are the pyroxenes , and those with double chains,(Si4O11)n6n-,the amphiboles. The pyroxenes include enstatite, MgSiO3 ; dropsied ,MgCa(SiO3)2; spodumene,LiAl(SiO3)2; and jadeite .The amphiboles include tremolite ,(OH)2CaMg5(Si4O11)2, in which isomorhic substitution is widespread. The asbestos minerals are amphiboles. Framework Structures. Many important silicate structures are based on an infinite three dimensional silica framework. Among these are the feldspars and the zeolites. The feldspars are characterized by a framework formed with Al3+ replacing some of the Si4+ to make a framework with a net negative charge that is balanced by large ions in interstitial positions, that is,albite,NaAlSi3O8;anorthite,CaAl2Si2O8;orthoclase,KalSi3O8;celsian,BaAl2S i2O8; and the like .The network structures are similar in nature to the cristobalite structure ,with the alkali or alkaline earth ions fitting into interstices. Only the large positive ions are from feldspars; smaller ones that enjoy octahedral coordination are from chains or layer silicates.Much more open alumina-silica frameworks occur in the zeolites and ultramarines. In these compounds the framework is sufficiently open for there to be relatively large channels in the structure .The alkali and alkaline earth ions present can be exchanged in aqueous solutions, leading to there use as water softeners. In addition ,these channels can be used as molecularsieves for filtering mixtures on the basis of molecular size. The size of the channels in the network depends on the composition.硅酸盐结构单元原子排列在数以百计的硅酸盐有复杂的化学成分的基本结构一个美丽的简单性和秩序。
计算机专业英语第3版unit2
1
2.1 C Language
C is a general-purpose, structured programming language. C was developed in the early 1970s. C might best be described as a “mediumlevel language.” unlike most high-level language, C lets you easily do chores additionally performed by assembly language.
2013-7-8
计算机专业英语（第3版）
5
Three ways of creating a global variable
Create a variable at the top-level with the extern storage class specifier. Create a variable at the head-of block with the extern storage class specifier. Create a variable at the top-level and omit a storage class specifier.
译文：每当程序进入变量说明块时，一个动态持续 变量就会建立。
2013-7-8 计算机专业英语（第3版） 13
Notes
[3] The run-time system initializes fixed variables only once, whereas dynamic variables, if they are declared with an initializer, are reinitialized each time their block is entered. 本句中if引导了一个条件状语从句。“whereas”是一连词， 含义是“反之；而”。 译文：实时系统只初始化一次固定变量，而对于动态变量， 若用初始程序说明，则每当进入动态变量块时，就重新初始 化。
汽车服务工程专业英语unit 2
The main troubles characteristic of the valve gear are improper seating or incomplete opening of the valves.
What is most important to keep engine in a good shape? —Change oil regularly. —Avoid overheating the engine. —Changing spark plugs, air filter, timing belt and other items from maintenance schedule may save you from costly repairs. —Fix any small problem right away before it causes a serious damage.
Lesson 10
The Check Engine Light
This lesson tried to get a basic idea about what is behind the “ check engine ” light, rather than the directions for a repair. Quality repair is only possible by a skilled mechanic.
Transmission fluid. Check transmission fluid monthly with engine warm and running, and the parking brake on. Washer fluid. Keep the windshield washer fluid reservoir full. Wiper blades. Inspect the windscreen wiper blades whenever you clean your windshield.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
信息管理专业英语翻译Unit2
信息系统与信息机构
信息系统，组织与战略
信息技术创新加上国内及全球商业环境的不断变化，使得IT在商业中的作用对管理者来说显得比几年前更为重要。
互联网的改革不是一时和突然发生的，而是拥有一定的持续发展起来的，在本世纪，强大力量来源的新技术具有重大的商业影响。
在今天和未来十年里在评论企业不断增长的影响力上需要考虑五大因素：互联网的发展和技术收敛性
转型的商务企业
全球经济增长的链接
知识的增长和信息化经济
数字化公司的出现
这些商业环境的改变，都总结在表2.1中，对于企业和企业管理出现了一批新的挑战和机会。
互联网技术收敛性
其中最经常被问道的问题是由华尔街的投资者，记者，商业企业家提出的：是“什么是下一个大的事物？”事实证明，下个大的事物就在我们眼前：我们正处于一个网络和通信革命以及英特网的发展，网络技术和新的商业模式和新技术这个杠杆。
虽然“数字融合”在十年期进行了预测，但是现在是个不可否认的事实。
在美国四个巨大的产业正在向一个通用平台过度：1万亿美元计算机硬件和软件产业,2500亿美元的消费电子产业、通信行业1.6万亿美元（传统和无线电话网络)，以及9000亿美金内容产业(从好莱坞电影、音乐、文本、研究产业)。
尽管每个产业具有偏向平台，所以未来的轮廓也是很清楚的：在这世界附近通用，在线，需求,和从短信手机、游戏、教育和娱乐上得到的个性化信息服务。
在整个行业以及企业的过程中互联网是一个技术带来的收敛的，浑浊的市场。
互联网正如新的春天打破传统的边界和商业关系。
电话网络融入网络和手
机成为互联网接入设备。
手持存储设备，就像苹果开始成为潜在的便携式游戏和娱乐中心。
个人计算机与互联网连接的正向作用,比如家里娱乐控制中心。
传统的市场和分销渠道弱化和被挖掘出来的新市场。
例如，市场和视频 DVD 音乐CD、音乐和视频商店行业正在快速变化。
在线流媒体的新市场和音乐和视频下载已经实体化。
现在，网络和互联网几乎等同于做生意。
公司与顾客、员工、供应商、和物流的友谊关系变得更加数字化。
作为供应商，你不能做沃尔玛、西尔斯、或多数国家的零售商，除非你采取他们明确的数字技术。
作为一个消费者,在一个数字化的环境下你会越来越在乎你和卖主的互动。
作为雇主，你会与你的员工增加彼此相互作用并给他们新的数码工具来完成他们的工作。
现在如此多的生意是由数字化网络实现的或基于数字化网络的，我们在整篇的文章中把它叫做电子业务或者电子商务。
电子政务或电子商务，指使用网络和数字技术去执行所有的活动的企业。
电子商务活动，包括内部管理，为配合公司和供应商和其他商业伙伴。
它也包括电子商务。
电子商务是电子商务的部分处理的买卖和商品的服务，电子商务交易的电脑使用互联网，网络，和其他数字技术。
还包括支持那些市场交易活动，如广告、市场营销、客户服务、交货和支付。
相关的技术的电子政务和电子商务带来类似的变化也在公共领域。
各级政府利用因特网技术传输信息、服务市民、员工的业务工作。
电子政务是互联网的相关技术和运用,以数字使政府和公共部门的机构与公民、企业和其他相关的政府紧密的联系起来。
另外，还可以提高政府服务交付，电子政务可以使政府运作更有效率，也赋予了公民更容易获得信息和网络电子德能力。
例如，公民在一些州能够看到他们的驾驶执照或申请失业救济金的网络，互联网已成为一个强大的工具，可以动员利益集团的政治行动和筹款活动。
转型的商务企业
随着迅速变化的市场和竞争优势的扩大，公司也进行自我的发生转变。
互联网和新的市场正在改变着传统的成本和收益结构，加速企业传统的经营模式的死亡。
例如，在美国，20%的销售是在线预订旅行，专家认为在十年之内有50% - 70%
的销售额将在线订购旅行。
因为因特网房地产网站的竞争，房地产商不得不减少房屋销售佣金, 传统的商业模式下的本地电话公司和他们的同基网络使数百万消费者对移动电话和网路电话的使用迅速下降。
按目前的每年大约15%的速度下降，将到2010年使用传统的本地电话的用户将要降低50%(布朗和拉图，2004)。
互联网和相关技术的使用使其公司的电子商务能达到企业边界，更高效的使业务遍布全国。
这意味着公司无论在如何设计、开发、生产产品和服务上不再受制于传统组织的界域，或物理地点。
而在于如何使得与距离最远的供应商和其他的业务伙伴保持亲密的关系，以及将自己原来做的外包工作给其他的公司。
例如，思科系统公司不生产销售网络产品，它是利用其他公司进行生产，如伟创力, 为了达到这个目的。
思科利用互联网传输命令和监控伟创力的地位，作为他们的运输;吉凯恩北美航空，是飞机和宇航飞行器生产发动机的一个公司，使用一种叫做哨兵并带有网络接口的系统来检测波音公司生产系统的关键指示器。
指示器自动反应波音公司的各部分的信息，并逐渐减少或关闭GKN的使用系统部件(马约尔 2004)。
除了这些变化，企业的经营也得到了一个很大的转变。
传统的商业公司是一个层次性，集中性，结构性的排列，专家通常依赖于一组固定的标准操作规程并且提供大量生产的产品(或服务)。
这个新款式的商务企业是一个平稳(较低层次)、分散、灵活的企业。
并安排专员依靠即时的信息传递通过独特的产品和服务来适应特定市场或特定的客户。
传统的管理集团作为任然是以正式的计划，严格的分工，正式的制度为规则。
新的管理者依靠非正式的承诺和网络建立为目标(而不是正式的规划)，灵活安排工作团队和个人的特遣部队和一名顾客导向的协调员工实现协调。
新的管理者向下传播知识、学习新技术和吸收员工的意见，以保证公司正常的使用功能。
再说，信息技术使得这种风格的管理成为可能。
经济全球化
越来越多的原因--美国经济和其他先进的工业经济体在欧洲和亚洲进口和出口。
对外贸易，包扩进口和出口，在美国，甚至更多的国家,如日本和德国，进口和出口占25%以上的商品和劳务。
公司的核心业务功能分布为产品设计、制造、
金融、和客户支持，尤其在其他国家的工作可以进行更有效降低货物运输成本。
成功的企业现在和将来要取决于他们的能力是否能进行全球化经营。
今天，信息系统提供信息和强大的分析功能，为这些公司在全球的制度下进行贸易和管理。
控制那遥远的全球公司与经销商及供应商交流，并在不同国家的环境下一天24小时不停的运作，对于协调工作的团队和服务本地及国际的报告需求-是的一个主要业务的挑战，需要强大的信息系统的反应.
信息经济的兴起
在20世纪年代知识的进步和信息革命的开始逐渐的加快。
到1976年为止，白领工人数量超过了在办公室劳动的人数，服务人员，蓝领工人不是在农场或者工厂，而是在销售，教育，卫生保健，银行，保险公司和律师事务所；他们还提供商业服务，如复印，计算机编程或者递送物品。
这些工作主要涉及处理和创造新知识和信息。
事实上。
知识和信息的都是一个很重要的工作。
现在占美国国民生产总值的60%和近55%的劳动力。
在知识和信息化时代，许多公司的市场价值的主要基于无形资产。
例如专有知识信息，独特的经营方式，品牌和其他的“智力资本”的有形资产，例如建筑物，设备工具和库存。
现在占不到20%的市场价值，在美国有许多这样的公共公司（利 2001）。
知识和信息的价值是基于会提供新产品和新服务，比如信用卡，隔夜的包裹递送或者世界范围的预订系统，知识和信息化的产品。
如电脑游戏就需要大量的知识生产。
在汽车行业知识是生产传统产品的必须之一。
例如，现在依赖于知识和信息技术的设计和生产。
数字公司的出现
所有这些的变化都是我们获得的优势再加上同样重要的组织设计，创造了全数字化的壁垒。
数码公司是沿着不同纬度所定义的，数码公司提供一种几乎所有的组织所需要的重要业务关系的客户，提供商，员工。
数字启用和调解的核心业物流程是通过数字网络完成跨越整个组织或多个组织的一种数字化流程。
业务流程指的是组织长期以来发展的一组逻辑的任务和行为，用来产生特定
的业务成果和组织,协调这些活动的特有的方式。
这些活动的组织和协调是开发新的产品并完成一份完整的订单，写出营销计划，和雇佣相关的员工是业务流程的方法之一。
并且完成业务流程是竞争力的一个来源之一。
关键的资产产权，核心竞争力，财务和人力资源管理都是通过数字化方式来实现的。
在数字公司，任何一条信息都是重新考虑商业决策在任何时间任何地点实施的重要依据。
数码公司对他们的环境意识考虑永远比传统的公司迅速，在动荡的年代给他们更多的适应性去适应。
数码公司对全球组织和管理提供非凡的机遇。
通过数码会更方便对于她们的设计，数码公司在盈利能力和市场竞争力上有可能达到前所未有的水平。
参考文献
“Chapter1 Bus iness Information Systems in Y our Career．”/wps/media/objects/5528/5661380/_LearningTr acks/laudon_ch01_lt1.pdf，February 8,2010．。