英语写作教程及训练--第1章：句子

2) Faulty: Improved:
I was born in a small town, in the town there was only one school, I studied there for six years.
• I was born in a small town. In it there was only one school. I studied there for six years. • In a small town where I was born, there was only one school, and I studied there for six years. • I was born in a small town, where there was only one school. I studied there for six years. • I studied for six years at the only school in the small town where I was born.
• It is hard to hear a new voice, as hard as it is to listen to an unknown language… • Why? –Out of fear(由于害怕). The world fears a new experience more than it fears anything. Because a new experience displaces so many old experiences. And it is like trying to use muscles stiff for ages. It hurts horribly.
一个完整的句子
predicate verb For example:
intransitive verb(不及物) + / transitive verb(及物) + object link verb(系动词) + predicative (complement)
- He came. - She wrote a letter. - Dr. Smith is a professor.
Revised the follow百度文库ng sentences:
- Have done it. - Raining. - How to use it?
Attributes and adverbials
Though attributes and adverbials are not essential elements of a sentence, they help to make the meaning clear or complete: e.g. - He came to the classroom very early. - She wrote a long letter to her parents. - Dr. Smith is a well-known professor of physics.
2.2 Compound Sentence • A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses(or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a coordinating conjunction(and, but, or, etc.) or by a semicolon without a conjunction. • Coordinated ideas should be compatible and roughly equal in importance, or take shape one by one in orderly sequence. 并列句含有两个或两个以上的独立从句或简单句， 他们在意思上相互关联，这些并列的句子重要性相同， 并且按顺序一个接一个地呈现出来。 并列连词(and, but, yet, or, as well as, 并列句由并列连词 并列连词 either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, etc.)或 分号相连接。 分号
2. The use of punctuation
A complete sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period(句号). The use of a comma(逗号) in place of a period, a semicolon(分号), a colon(冒号), or a dash(破折 号) in English writing is called the comma fault. e.g. 1) Faulty: It was raining hard, they could not work in the fields. Improved: • It was raining hard; they could not work in the fields. • It was raining hard. They could not work in the fields. • It was raining so hard that they could not work in the fields. • They could not work in the fields because it was raining hard. • It was raining hard, so they could not work in the fields. • As it was raining hard, they could not work in the fields.
2. According to their structure, sentences are simple(简单句 compound(并列句 complex(复杂 简单句), 并列句), 简单句 并列句 复杂 并列+复杂句 句), compound-complex(并列 复杂句 并列 复杂句).
2.1 Simple Sentence • A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate verb, but it may contain more than one object, attribute or adverbial. • Short simple sentences are usually emphatic; they have special clarity, and provide variety when used with longer sentences.
Lecture 1 The Sentence
Ⅰ. Complete Sentences and Sentence Fragments
1. Basic structure of a sentence: A Complete Sentence subject + predicate(finite verb) 动词) 主语 + 谓语 (动词 动词
• An imperative sentence expresses a command or a request； e.g. Open the door please. No scribbling on the wall!
• An exclamatory sentence expresses a strong feeling or emotion, such as surprise, pain, or joy. e.g. What a wonderful time we ever had together! How few books she has!
此段文章中，有三个句子在结构上是不完整的： “Why?” “Out of fear.” and “Because a new experience…”。 这些句子会给读者一种强有力的感觉，因为在句子中，没有 其他的成分则更能凸现出了句子的主要意思。 但是，在使用这些句子时要小心，一般对于写作经验 较丰富的作者才建议使用。
3. Exceptions
In fiction, two short sentences closely connected in meaning are occasionally joined by a comma; in expository writing, however, the general rule is to use a period at the end of a complete sentence, whether it is long or short. It has been said that students should make sentences that are grammatically complete and avoid making sentences without a subject or a predicate verb. But sometimes experienced writers use incomplete sentences for special effect.
• Five basic simple sentence patterns:
Sentence pattern subject + predicate(intr. V) subject + predicate(tr. V) +object Example Sentences Birds fly. The early bird catches the worm. subject + predicate(link V) +predicative They are Chinese students. subject + predicate +object +complement I heard the birds singing merrily. subject + predicate +object 1 +object 2 She bought the bird a cage.
3) Faulty:
The essay is poorly organized, there is no central idea.
Improved: • The essay is poorly organized: there is no central idea. • The essay is poorly organized; there is no central idea. 4) Faulty: Improved: • There were people who would be glad to see him leave the place, and he knew it. • There were people who would be glad to see him leave the place – and he knew it. There were people who would be glad to see him leave the place, he knew it.
Ⅱ. Types of Sentences
1. According to their use，sentences are ， declarative(陈述句 interrogative(疑问句 陈述句), 疑问句), 陈述句 疑问句 imperative(祈使句 or exclamatory(感叹句 祈使句), 感叹句). 祈使句 感叹句
• A declarative sentence makes an assertion or a statement； e.g. He is talking with his students.
• An interrogative sentence asks a question; e.g. Do you have any ideas about this topic?