国际大宗商品价格上涨及其对人类的影响【外文翻译】

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外文翻译
原文
Increase in Commodity Prices and It’s Impacting on Gender Material Source: Gender and trade Author: Parthapratim Pal International commodity prices are on a major upswing since the last few years. IMF index of crude oil prices (base 2005=100) increased from a value of around 36 in January 2002 to more than 230 in May 2008. Non-fuel price index (which include food and industrial input price indices) and the …Food and Beverages‟ price index have also increased quite significantly over the same period (Figure 1). What is
notable from the figure is that the current increase has come after a period of low and sometimes declining international commodity prices.
Closer inspection of international commodity prices data reveal that the current commodity price boom has been broad based as prices of three major commodity groups—metals, foods, and agricultural raw materials—have been jointly booming since early 2005. A recent IMF study indicates that the current boom is likely to be sustained. I t says: “In sum, the comparison of the current commodity price boom with earlier ones suggests that the current boom has been more broad-based and longer lasting and that prices have risen by more than usual.” (IMF 2008, pp 9)2.
A number of factors have contributed to this increase in commodity prices. The increase in fuel prices has been triggered by large increases in demand for fuel from both developed and developing countries. Apart from that, there are usual suspicions that issues like OPEC not increasing oil production, speculation with oil prices and some countries hoarding oil, may be having an upward pressure on oil prices. Increase in fuel prices has led to an increased demand for alternative fuels and as a result, over the past few years, there has been a significant increase in bio-fuel production in the world. According to figures quoted by the World Bank, global Ethanol production has increased from about 4,500 million Gallons in 2000 to
around 13,500 million gallons in 2007. Increase in bio-fuel production has eaten into food-grains production in some countries. Coupled with this, poor weather in a number of major food exporters like Australia and Ukraine has led to a production shortfall of food3. As there has been increased demand for food from high growth in a number of developing countries, a major supply demand mismatch has happened in the international market.
To make matters more complicated, commodities have emerged as a new form of speculative asset. Over the past few years, the US financial markets are not performing well. Weakening US dollar, a falling rate of interest and a declining real estate market have made commodities attractive speculative assets. Confluence of these real and speculative factors has led to the unprecedented increased in commodity prices that we are observing nowadays.
This increase in food and commodity prices can have significant implications for the international economy. There will be certain beneficiaries from this increase in commodity prices. For example, World Bank projections indicate that at a regional level, the Middle East and North Africa and, to a somewhat lesser extent, sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America may emerge as the main beneficiaries of the current commodity price boom. However, due to increase in food and fuel prices, inflation is up in many countries and the external balances of most net commodity importers have deteriorated. These developments are affecting the net food importing developing countries very badly. Even within the countries which are expected to benefit, the poorer segment of the society or the net food buyers are likely to suffer from such rising food prices. On balance, poverty is expected to rise in the poorer countries. A recent paper, which attempted to find out the impact of food price rise on poverty, show that the short-run impacts of higher staple food prices on poverty may differ considerably by commodity and by country, but, poverty increases are much more frequent, and larger, than poverty reductions. The
authors conclude that the recent large increases in food prices appear likely to raise overall poverty in low income countries substantially5.
World Bank estimate suggests that a doubling of food prices over the last three years could potentially push 100 million people in low-income countries deeper into poverty. Here it is notable that the 2006 edition of the Annual publication of FAO called …State of Food Insecurity in the World‟ shows that for the years 2001-2003, there were more than 854 million undernourished people in developing countries. This figure is approximately about 17 percent of the total population of the developing countries. The geographical distribution of undernourished people across the world is shown in Figure 2. The World Bank estimates probably indicate that 100 million more people will be added to this 850 million undernourished people. The World Food Program estimates are even more serious. It projects that 130 million people will be pushed to poverty because of the increase in food prices6. It is also suggested that the increase in food prices will be catastrophic for food and nutrition level of the poor. According to estimates by International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI), poor people spend around 75 percent of their income on food products and a 50 percent increases in all food prices across the board (holding income constant) will result in a 30 percent decline in iron intake; this, in turn, will result in a significant increase in the prevalence rate of iron deficiency among women and children7. The real impact is likely to be more severe, as there has been a near doubling of food prices over the past one year.
One worrying fact is that the increase in food prices is likely to hit hard the women and children among the poor. In developing countries across the world, the price rise means that less real income to be spent on food. As a result, families are cutting meals and substituting less nutritious foods. For example, they are substituting more expensive foods such as meat, fruit and vegetables by basic staples such as rice or maize A nutritionist for WFP, Thorne-Lyman says that his has serious implications for child development as without sufficient vitamins and minerals, children are at greater risk of disease and stunted growth8. The move towards inferior food is also expected to negatively affect the nutrition level available to young mothers and pregnant women in these countries. Also, the price crunch means that less purchasing power will be available to fulfill health, education and other non-food requirements of these people. It is only likely that the rise in food prices.
译文
国际大宗商品价格上涨及其对人类的影响
资料来源: 贸易与人类作者:Parthapratim Pal 在过去几年国际大宗商品价格出现了大幅度的攀升。

国际货币基金组织的原油价格指数(基地2005 = 100)从2002年1月的36上升至2008年5月的230以上。

非燃料价格指数(包括食品和工业投入价格指数)以及食品和饮料
'价格指数也在同一时期(图1)出现了相当显着的上升。

值得注意的是,图中所示目前国际大宗商品指数的增长是出现于前期长期的低水平以及间歇性下降的。

更紧密的国际商品价格数据检测显示,目前商品价格高涨是以三个主要商品类别价格为基础的,他们分别是金属、食品和农业原材料,三者在2005年初就已经出现了增长的高度相关。

国际货币基金组织最近的研究表明,目前国际大宗商品价格的高增长很可能持续下去。

”总之,与先前的商品价格上涨比较显示,目前的繁荣已经更加广泛和更持久,价格已经上涨了已经超过了往年。

”(国际货币基金组织2008年,第9页)2。

有许多因素促成了这种商品价格的上涨。

发达国家和发展中国家对燃料的需求大幅增加导致了燃料价格的暴涨。

此外,最普遍的猜测像欧佩克不增加石油产量,石油价格的投机和一些国家的石油囤积行为,有可能对石油价格造成上涨的压力。

燃油价格的持续增长导致了对替代燃料需求的增加,因此,在过去数年,全球的生物燃料产量已经出现了非常显著的增长。

根据世界银行的数据显示,全球乙醇产量已经从2000年的4500万加仑,上升到2007年的约13,500万加仑。

在一些国家,生物燃料的增产已经消耗掉了粮食作物产量。

与此同时,恶劣的天气导致了像澳大利亚和乌克兰这样的主要粮食出口国的粮食减产。

由于一些发展中国家对粮食需求大增,国际市场上已经出现了主要的供需矛盾。

更复杂的问题是,大宗商品已成为投机性资产的新形式。

在过去的几年中,
美国金融市场效果不理想。

美元转弱,利率的持续下跌以及房地产市场的不景气已经吸引了投机性资产转向大宗商品。

这些真实和投机因素的综合作用导致了现行商品价格的空前上升。

食品和大宗商品价格的增长对全球经济有非同寻常的警示作用。

不可否认,将有一批人从大宗商品价格的上涨中受益。

例如,世界银行的预测表明,在区域一级,中东和北非,在有些较小的程度上,撒哈拉以南非洲和拉丁美洲可能成为当前商品价格高涨的主要受益者。

然而,由于食品和燃料价格的上涨,通货膨胀率将使许多国家和大多数商品净进口国的国际收支平衡状况出现恶化。

即便如此,其中一些预期受益的贫困国家和食品净进口国很可能遭受食品价格上涨的冲击。

总的来说,贫困是出现在较穷的国家。

最近一份旨在得出食品价格上涨对贫困的影响的报告显示,高物价对贫穷的短期影响与商品和国家对贫穷的影响相比可能有很大的差异。

但是,贫困的增加比贫穷的减少来得更为频繁强度更强。

作者认为,在近期食品价格出现大幅增加可能会大幅度提高低收入国家的整体贫穷。

世界银行的估计表明,食品价格在过去三年翻了一番,这可能潜在地使1亿低收入者陷入贫困。

这里值得注意的是,粮农组织2006年出版的年度出版物'世界粮食危机'显示,在2001-2003年,发展中国家共有超过854万人营养不良。

这个数字大约占到了发展中国家总人口的17%。

在世界各地的营养不良人口的地域分布情况如图2所示。

据世界银行估计,可能还将有1亿人将被添加到这个8.50亿人营养不良的行列。

世界粮食计划署的估计更为严峻。

它预测将有1.3亿人因为食品价格上涨而致贫。

它还暗示,食品价格上涨将对于穷人的食品和营养水平来说是灾难性的。

据国际粮食政策研究所(IFPRI)的估计,穷人用于购买食品的支出大约占到其收入的75%。

食品价格每上涨50%(收入不变),将导致铁的摄入量下降百分之三十,这反过来将导致妇女和儿童缺铁症患病率显着增加。

真正的影响
可能会更为严重,因为已经在过去的一年食品价格上涨近一倍。

一个令人担忧的事实是,食品价格上涨可能使穷人当中的妇女和儿童遭受更大的打击。

在世界各地的发展中国家,物价上涨意味着实际收入所能购买的食品数量的减少。

因此,很多家庭减少了肉类的购买取而代之的是一些低营养的实物。

例如,他们将肉类、水果、蔬菜等较昂贵的食品替换成像大米、玉米等基本主食。

WFP的一位营养学家莱曼给出了非常严肃的警示,他认为维生素和矿物质的缺乏已经给孩子的发展造成严重的影响,儿童还面临着疾病和发育不良的风险。

针对劣质食品问题,它将对一些国家的年轻母亲和孕妇的营养水平造成不利影响。

此外,价格紧缩意味着人们在健康、教育以及非食品类购买能力的降低。

食品价格的上涨很可能使对于民生至关重要的医疗和教育难问题雪上加霜。

国际粮食政策研究所(2008年)确定了以下几种案例的三个效应,分别是:(1)孕妇和哺乳妇女以及学龄前儿童营养状况的恶化;(2)退学的孩子,尤其是女童;(3)出售生产性资产的痛苦。

国际粮食政策研究所表示,这三个因素将造成潜在的不可逆转的后果,它可能会损害未来个人和家庭摆脱贫困的能力。

总之,食品和商品价格的上升不仅是增加贫困发生率,同时也将在普通老百姓当中产生非常广泛的基础性的影响。

由于食品是至少6个千年发展目标的基础,因此人们担心最近这次危机会侵蚀7年来这些实现千年发展目标做出的成果。

食品价格上涨也导致了社会紧张,粮食骚乱至少在全球25个国家爆发,其中包括海地,布基纳法索,科特迪瓦,喀麦隆,加蓬,埃及,塞内加尔,印度尼西亚,孟加拉国,印度和菲律宾。

更糟糕的是,这场危机显示教唆的迹象。

一些主要机构组织(经合组织,粮农组织,美国农业部和世界银行)的预测表明,粮食价格将在2008年和2009年保持高位。

如果出现供应充足和需求稍减的情况,那么,粮食价格可能会从他们的最高位开始下降,但是一般情况下,食品价格高价的现状将维持到2015年。

因此,除非出台一些改善穷人和弱势群体的收入水平的重大政策措施,否则食品价格上涨引起的后果将是极为有害的。

对生物燃料生产的需求的增加对发展中国家和最不发达国家的农民来说可能成为另一种可能的威胁。

石油价格的上升可能会导致全球范围内对生物燃料需求的增加。

世界银行的数据显示,今年美国玉米总产量的四分之一(全球作物产量的11%)被用于生物燃料的生产,而美国供应超过60%的世界玉米出口量。

报告还强调,到2015年美国还将增加一倍的生物燃料的任务。

有一种担心,对生物燃料的高需求将导致贫穷国家的大型生物燃料种植园的趋势的出现,特别是在非洲,亚洲和拉丁美洲。

由此产生的土地需求将对小而贫瘠的土地造成压力,而这些土地对农村贫困人口的生活起着至关重要的作用。

还有一个强有力的性别影响,因为在世界各地的一些穷国一直是“农业女性化”。

一些诸如内
战之类的因素,使农村的男人们因为工作而迁居城市,再加上男性艾滋病毒流行率较高的因素导致了发展中国家以女性为户主的家庭数目激增。

在一个像刚果,莫桑比克,马拉维,扎伊尔和津巴布韦等非洲国家有更多的妇女从事农业。

这导致了在以妇女为户主的家庭的比例增加。

如果生物燃料生产取代了这些农民,这将是继食品价格上涨之后对弱势群体的另一个冲击。

总之,接下来的几年对社会中的弱势群体来说将会是异常艰难的日子。

当前价格的上涨已经使物价水平达到了其历史最高位,预计高物价水平将会持续很长一段时间。

还有其他一些因素使物价上涨更具危害。

首先,按照一些经济学家的说法是,这是一次认为的危机。

对农业的长期忽视改变了全球农产品价格和产品模式,这些因素极大的打击了农民的生产积极性。

发达国家的贸易壁垒和农业补贴已经使许多发展中国家的农民丧失了竞争力。

供应和物价的高度相关性已经是不争的事实。

早在2005年粮农组织就已经在其粮农组织进口激增项目中发表了一系列文章。

文章表明发展中国家在加入WTO后农产品进口量激增。

同一项目下,夏尔马在2005年写的文章中列出了一些关于进口激增对国内生产的负面影响的研究案例。

如,他指出了海地和洪都拉斯两国均受到了因进口激增而导致对水稻生产的永久性的损害。

据夏尔马的理论,这种情况被称为“实质阻碍”,它使进口阻止了该的行业复苏。

值得注意的是,这些案例让人们可以假设,如果一旦出现价格上涨,供应将不会反映。

如果发生这种情况,商品价格的稳定在未来数年将更为困难。

其次,众所周知,大宗商品投机对食品价格上涨起着主要作用。

不幸的是,纯粹的投机活动使富人更富,而广大穷人和弱势群体尤其是妇女和儿童将被迫失去最基本的生活必需品。

在一个公允机制下,获得实物的权利比获得利润来的重要的多。

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