Stylistics 中文 文体学课件
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Stylistics中文文体学课件
Expectoration Is Forbidden! Please don’t spit!
3. I ‘m finding out that a lot of what I thought had been bonfired, Oxfam-ed, used for land-fill, has in fact been tidied away in sound archives, stills libraries, image banks, memorabilia mausoleums, tat troves, mug morgues.
Cf. A. The police are investigating the case of
murder. B. The police are looking into the case of
murder. (Lexically, Latin, French, Greek words are generally used in formal style; Words from old English are mostly used in informal style.)
F: He left early in order not to miss the train.
F: He left early in order that he would not miss the train.
6. 问句：
F: When are you going to do it?
IF: When
place all the same.
F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语：
3. I ‘m finding out that a lot of what I thought had been bonfired, Oxfam-ed, used for land-fill, has in fact been tidied away in sound archives, stills libraries, image banks, memorabilia mausoleums, tat troves, mug morgues.
Cf. A. The police are investigating the case of
murder. B. The police are looking into the case of
murder. (Lexically, Latin, French, Greek words are generally used in formal style; Words from old English are mostly used in informal style.)
F: He left early in order not to miss the train.
F: He left early in order that he would not miss the train.
6. 问句：
F: When are you going to do it?
IF: When
place all the same.
F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语：
文体学3(3)PPT课件
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Metaphor
➢ A metaphor, like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated.
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Feminine:
➢ Nature—Mother Nature
➢ Earth--- Mother Earth
➢ morning– Aurora; daughter of the dawn;
➢ evening– the pale child, Eve
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➢ night– empress of silence, and the queen sleep; leading her mother
arms: part of the body; weapons.
row: to row a boat; a row of houses
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➢ There are also words which have more than one basic meaning, or have developed figurative meanings:
We stuck, nor breath nor
motion;
As idle as a painted ship
Upon a painted ocean.
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➢ And then the whining schoolboy, with his satchel and shining morning face, creeping like snail unwillingly to school… (W. Shakespeare: As You Like It)
Chapter 12 stylistics
Definition （2）
❖ Stylistics is the (linguistic) study of style, simply as an exercise in describing what use is made of language. Literary stylistics has, implicitly or explicitly, the goal of explaining the relation between language and artistic function.
❖ Aspects of style: the Text – style as Linguistic sameness （是语言统一的风格）
❖ Aspects of style: the Text – style as linguistic difference（是语言差异的风格）
1. Introduction:
❖ From the linguist’s angle, it is ‘why does the author here choose to express himself in this particular way?’
❖ From the critic’s viewpoint, it is ‘how is such-and-such an aesthetic effect achieved through language?’
To archaeologists
❖ A means of tracing relationships between schools of art; a manifestation of the culture To historians as a whole
文体学1-绪论
❖ we choose a polite form to greet a stranger or a senior, and familiar form for an intimate friend.
❖ However, we may deviate from the convention to convey a special meaning.
❖ The stylistic features of language choices can be illustrated by greetings and farewells.
1.2 Concepts of Style
Greetings
Farewells
Good morning Good morning
1.2 Concepts of Style
❖ 2) Style may refer to the language habits of a group of people, e.g.
❖ styles of public speaking ❖ style of advertising ❖ style of legal documents
1.2 Concepts of Style
❖ Meanings of style: ❖ 1) Style may refer to the language
habits of one person, e.g. ❖ Dickens’ style ❖ Hemingway’s style ❖ Samual Johnson’s style
❖
“That's fine,” he said. “Good afternoon.”
❖
“Good-bye.”
❖ However, we may deviate from the convention to convey a special meaning.
❖ The stylistic features of language choices can be illustrated by greetings and farewells.
1.2 Concepts of Style
Greetings
Farewells
Good morning Good morning
1.2 Concepts of Style
❖ 2) Style may refer to the language habits of a group of people, e.g.
❖ styles of public speaking ❖ style of advertising ❖ style of legal documents
1.2 Concepts of Style
❖ Meanings of style: ❖ 1) Style may refer to the language
habits of one person, e.g. ❖ Dickens’ style ❖ Hemingway’s style ❖ Samual Johnson’s style
❖
“That's fine,” he said. “Good afternoon.”
❖
“Good-bye.”
Stylistics 中文
些）等。
IF: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises. F: A wolf, after all, is a wolf in spite of (despite) it has artful disguises.
3. IF: He tried to prevent the marriage but it took place all the same. F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语： IF: He spoke confidently. F: He spoke in a confident manner. F: He spoke with confidence.
Syntactically, more verb phrases are used in
informal style while single verbs of equivalent meaning are used in formal style. IF : The criminals finally turned themselves in. F: The criminals finally surrendered. IF: I can’t put up with your bad manners. F: I cannot tolerate your bad manners. IF: He tried to make good use of his abilities in the new job. F: He endeavoured to utilize his abilities in the new position.
Stylistics 1 文体学课件
English stylistics has developed on the basis of traditional rhetoric which may be traced back to Aristotle’s time. Nevertheless, it was the ‘three revolutions’ in social sciences (Lott, 1988) that brought it to the right track and brought about its present status.
Stylistics is an area of study which straddles two disciplines: literary criticism and linguistics. It takes literary discourse (text) as its object of study and uses linguistics as a means to that end.
One of the revolutions is the modernist movement in art and literature, lasting from 1890 to the beginning of World War II. To a great extent, the revolution was a break with tradition in the ways it influenced both the content and language of literature. From this movement onwards, creative writers exercise no restraints on the sort of language they use in their writings. In modernist literature, readers could find much to surprise them in respect of content as well as language.
Chapter 9 Stylistics
the way rhyme can give pleasure) (Thornborrow & Wareing, 2000: 4) • More specifically, stylistics is concerned with the choices available to a writer or speaker and the reasons why particular forms and expressions are used rather than others, especially the effect of the particular choices on the reader or hearer.
• Style was first presumably involved in classical rhetoric (McArthur, 1992), the art of good speaking in the time of Aristotle. Style in classical rhetoric is mainly concerned with how the arguments in persuasion or public speaking can be dressed up into effective language.
• Widdowson (1975: 3): “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation”.
• Baldick(1991) a branch of modern linguistics devoted to the detailed analysis of literary style, or of linguistic choices made by speakers and writers in non-literary contexts.
• Style was first presumably involved in classical rhetoric (McArthur, 1992), the art of good speaking in the time of Aristotle. Style in classical rhetoric is mainly concerned with how the arguments in persuasion or public speaking can be dressed up into effective language.
• Widdowson (1975: 3): “the study of literary discourse from a linguistic orientation”.
• Baldick(1991) a branch of modern linguistics devoted to the detailed analysis of literary style, or of linguistic choices made by speakers and writers in non-literary contexts.
1文体学与翻译PPT课件
1) register analysis (语域分析);
2) rhetorical and discourse analysis (修辞及篇 章分析);
3) functional and stylistic analysis (功能文体 分析);
4) genre analysis (体裁分析).
Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction of Stylistics and Translation
文体学与翻译概论
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1.1 What is Stylistics about?
Considering different communicative
environment, methods, objectives and purposes,
2) explaining the reason that a certain style has its own characteristics;
3) classifying these characters according to their language functiact, different writings have different linguistic characteristics in the aspect of vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, structure, etc.
体或语体).
There are some diverse meanings of “style”. The origin of the world is stylus, Latin for “pen”. From this the word extended is meaning to mean “a way of writing”, and then became further refined to mean “a good way of writing”.
2) rhetorical and discourse analysis (修辞及篇 章分析);
3) functional and stylistic analysis (功能文体 分析);
4) genre analysis (体裁分析).
Chapter 1
A Brief Introduction of Stylistics and Translation
文体学与翻译概论
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1
1.1 What is Stylistics about?
Considering different communicative
environment, methods, objectives and purposes,
2) explaining the reason that a certain style has its own characteristics;
3) classifying these characters according to their language functiact, different writings have different linguistic characteristics in the aspect of vocabulary, syntax, rhetoric, structure, etc.
体或语体).
There are some diverse meanings of “style”. The origin of the world is stylus, Latin for “pen”. From this the word extended is meaning to mean “a way of writing”, and then became further refined to mean “a good way of writing”.
文体学课件2
Lexical analysis, lexicology
Semantics
Pragmatics, discourse analysis
These basic levels of language can be identified and obtained in the stylistic analysis of text, and they in turn make the analysis itself more organized and principled. What is absolutely central to our understanding of language (and style) is that these levels are interconnected: they interpenetrate and depend upon one another, and they represent multiple and simultaneous linguistic operations in the planning and production of an utterance.
Illustration of levels of language
Activity 1: analyze the following simple sentence.
E.g. That puppy’s knocking over those potplants!
Task: Try to see what linguistic operations are included in the production and delivery of such a simple sentence.
文体学批评(课堂PPT)
• 大致来看，出现了主要倾向于西方文体学研究 与中国传统文体学研究各胜擅场的局面。
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三、西方古代的文体学批评
• 古希腊时期：
• 古希腊智者派、柏拉图、亚里士多德
• 2、具有一定的整体性和开放性，注重文体 的文化功能和语言风格的必要联系，注重文 体研究在语体、风格、体裁多个层面的展开；
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中国古代文体学批评的特色
• 3、更侧重于写作层面的讨论。与当下文体 学批评侧重阅读和批评的视野之间正可以达 成某种互为补充的作用。中国古代文体学的 珍贵遗产值得我们不断深入研究和总结。
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内容导航
第一节、文体学批评概述 第二节、文体学批评的理论特征 第三节、文体学批评的操作方法 第四节、文体学批评评述
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第一节、文体学批评概述
一、中国古代的文体学批评 二、中国现代文体学的兴起与发展 三、西方古代的文体学批评 四、西方现代文体学批评的兴起与发展
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一、中国古代的文体学批评
先秦
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王世贞论文体
首尾开阖，繁简奇正，各极其度，篇 法也：抑扬顿挫，长短节奏，各极其 致，句法也；点缀关键，金石绮彩， 各极其造。字法也。篇有百尺之锦， 句有千钧之驽，字有百炼之金。
--徐师曾：《文体明辨序说·文章纲领》
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夫文章之有体裁，犹宫室之有制度， 器皿之有法式也。
---（明）徐师曾
文章之有体也，此陶冶之型范，而方 圆之规矩也。 ---（明）顾尔行
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中国古代文体学批评的主要内容
• 一、对语言或修辞的研究 • 二、文体辨析 • 1、文体类别辨析 • 2、文体风格辨析 • 3、文体源流辨析
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三、西方古代的文体学批评
• 古希腊时期：
• 古希腊智者派、柏拉图、亚里士多德
• 2、具有一定的整体性和开放性，注重文体 的文化功能和语言风格的必要联系，注重文 体研究在语体、风格、体裁多个层面的展开；
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中国古代文体学批评的特色
• 3、更侧重于写作层面的讨论。与当下文体 学批评侧重阅读和批评的视野之间正可以达 成某种互为补充的作用。中国古代文体学的 珍贵遗产值得我们不断深入研究和总结。
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6
内容导航
第一节、文体学批评概述 第二节、文体学批评的理论特征 第三节、文体学批评的操作方法 第四节、文体学批评评述
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7
第一节、文体学批评概述
一、中国古代的文体学批评 二、中国现代文体学的兴起与发展 三、西方古代的文体学批评 四、西方现代文体学批评的兴起与发展
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一、中国古代的文体学批评
先秦
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15
王世贞论文体
首尾开阖，繁简奇正，各极其度，篇 法也：抑扬顿挫，长短节奏，各极其 致，句法也；点缀关键，金石绮彩， 各极其造。字法也。篇有百尺之锦， 句有千钧之驽，字有百炼之金。
--徐师曾：《文体明辨序说·文章纲领》
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夫文章之有体裁，犹宫室之有制度， 器皿之有法式也。
---（明）徐师曾
文章之有体也，此陶冶之型范，而方 圆之规矩也。 ---（明）顾尔行
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中国古代文体学批评的主要内容
• 一、对语言或修辞的研究 • 二、文体辨析 • 1、文体类别辨析 • 2、文体风格辨析 • 3、文体源流辨析
Stylistics
Page 3
Procedure of stylistic analysis:
• The components and the procedure of stylistic analysis. A stylistic analysis involves description, interpretation and evaluation. When discussing components of literary criticism, Short has pointed out: "the three parts are logically ordered: Description ← Interpretation ← Evaluation"
Page 6
• a grief ago • The phrase violates two rules of English: a)
the indefinite article clashes syntactically with the uncountable noun grief, because it normally modifies a countable one; b) the postmodifying adverb ago clashes semantically with the head word grief, for it usually is able to modify a noun to do with time. But grief is a word which expresses emotion. The highly deviant nature of the phrase
process which includes silent pause --- silent breaks between words, and filled pause, e.g. um, er, ah Caesura )
Procedure of stylistic analysis:
• The components and the procedure of stylistic analysis. A stylistic analysis involves description, interpretation and evaluation. When discussing components of literary criticism, Short has pointed out: "the three parts are logically ordered: Description ← Interpretation ← Evaluation"
Page 6
• a grief ago • The phrase violates two rules of English: a)
the indefinite article clashes syntactically with the uncountable noun grief, because it normally modifies a countable one; b) the postmodifying adverb ago clashes semantically with the head word grief, for it usually is able to modify a noun to do with time. But grief is a word which expresses emotion. The highly deviant nature of the phrase
process which includes silent pause --- silent breaks between words, and filled pause, e.g. um, er, ah Caesura )
stylistics文体学课堂展示
1.2Mixed use of direct and indirect speech
Such kind of mixed use of DS and IS can gives a feeling of authenticity ,vitality and objectivity.
1.2Mixed use of direct and indirect speech
Least important
Example
Five people have been found dead after a shooting in a town in northern Switzerland, including the suspected gunman, police said Sunday.Residents heard shots in the town of Wuerenlingen shortly after 11 pm Saturday, police said. Officers then found five bodies in a quiet residential neighborhood.The shooting appears to have been a "relationship crime," or the result of domestic dispute, Aargau canton (state) police chief Michael Leupold said at a news conference. Police "were able to rule out a terrorist background" or any other danger, he added.The suspected gunman first killed three people _ a 58-year-old man, a 57year-old woman and a 32-year-old man _ in a house,criminal police official Markus Gisin said. He is then believed to have killed a 46-year-old neighbor outside the house before shooting himself.The victims in the house were the parents-in-law and brother-in-law of the suspected gunman, a 36-year-old who lived in Schwyz canton (state), south of Zurich. (China Daily)
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体：
IF: The number of books in the library has been going down.
F: It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.
F: He left early in order not to miss the train.
F: He left early in order that he would not mF: When are you going to do it?
IF: When
F: Whom are you talking about? IF: Who are you talking about? F: With what did you write it? IF: What did you write it with? 7. 虚拟语气： IF: If he was my friend, I would ask him for help. F: If were my friend, AI would ask him for help. IF: If it was to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. F: If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. IF: I wish I was ten years younger.
Expectoration Is Forbidden! Please don’t spit!
3. I ‘m finding out that a lot of what I thought had been bonfired, Oxfam-ed, used for land-fill, has in fact been tidied away in sound archives, stills libraries, image banks, memorabilia mausoleums, tat troves, mug morgues.
3. Identify the prepositions in the following text and consider their purpose.
Already it was deep summer on roadhouse roofs
and in front of wayside garages, where new red petrol-pumps sat out in pools of light and when I reached my estate of West egg I ran the car under its shed and sat for a while on an abandoned grass roller in the yard. The wind had blown off, leaving a loud, bright night, with wings beating in the trees and a persistent organ sound as the full bellows of the earth blew the frogs full of life. The silhouette of a moving cat wavered across the moonlight, and, turning my head to watch it, I saw that I was not alone-fifty
代词、连词、介词等多见于非正式文体。
IF: I took no notice of him so he flew into a rage. F: I took no notice of him so that he flew into a rage.
IF: She cooks turkey the way her sister does.
F: A wolf, after all, is a wolf in spite of (despite) it has artful disguises.
3. IF: He tried to prevent the marriage but it took
place all the same.
F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语：
It’s an odd experience to find yourself catalogued, card-indexed, museumised, a speck
of data for the information professionals to bounce around
It seems that as long as you’re in print or on film or a name on a buff envelope in an archive somewhere, you’re never truly dead now. You can be electonically colourised, emulsified, embellished, enhanced, coaxed towards some state of virtual reality.
The spare-parts that make this possible are housed in a proliferating number of noninvasive environments in London, where they may be viewed (fingered, sniffed, listened to ) by appointment.
You can be reactivated reembodied;simulated and hologrammed. In just the last two years my
voice has been artificially reprocessed for stereo effect and reincarnated in half-speed remasterings and on digital compact-disc.
F: Being a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments.
5. 构成目的状语时，用so as to 一般具有非正式色 彩；用in order to 则显得正式些，而 in order that …出现于正式文体中。
IF: He left early so as not to miss the train.
1. Hale knew, before he had been in Brighton three hours, that they meant to murder him. (Brighton rock , Graham Green)
2. 1. My old man has kicked the bucket. 2. My dear father has passed away. 3. My father has died. 4. My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.
F: I wish I were ten years younger. IF: If I had known, I would have told you earlier. F: Had I known before, I would have told you earlier. IF: He looks as if he was (is) ill. F: He looks as if he were ill. 8. It 起始的句子（It is said that …)多见于正式文
(despite), notwithstanding 表让步概念时，常 用于正式文体。 But, anyway，all the same, though, although (although 比 though 更正式 些）等。
IF: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises.
9. 表请求某人做某事时， 被动语态多具有正式文 体色彩。
IF: Please gather at the gate of school. F: The students are requested to gather at the gate of
the school. 10. 不定代词 IF: Everybody should look after themselves. F: Everybody should look after himself.
IF: He spoke confidently.
F: He spoke in a confident manner.
F: He spoke with confidence.
4. 表达因果关系时， 正式文体常用on account of , accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to ( the fact that…)等词或词组，且较经常地运用 分词短语、独立主格结构等；非正式文体 常用 so , because 或其他形式的表示原因的重句。
F: She cooks turkey in the way her sister does .
IF: The number of books in the library has been going down.
F: It has been noted with concern that the stock of books in the library has been declining alarmingly.
F: He left early in order not to miss the train.
F: He left early in order that he would not mF: When are you going to do it?
IF: When
F: Whom are you talking about? IF: Who are you talking about? F: With what did you write it? IF: What did you write it with? 7. 虚拟语气： IF: If he was my friend, I would ask him for help. F: If were my friend, AI would ask him for help. IF: If it was to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. F: If it were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. IF: I wish I was ten years younger.
Expectoration Is Forbidden! Please don’t spit!
3. I ‘m finding out that a lot of what I thought had been bonfired, Oxfam-ed, used for land-fill, has in fact been tidied away in sound archives, stills libraries, image banks, memorabilia mausoleums, tat troves, mug morgues.
3. Identify the prepositions in the following text and consider their purpose.
Already it was deep summer on roadhouse roofs
and in front of wayside garages, where new red petrol-pumps sat out in pools of light and when I reached my estate of West egg I ran the car under its shed and sat for a while on an abandoned grass roller in the yard. The wind had blown off, leaving a loud, bright night, with wings beating in the trees and a persistent organ sound as the full bellows of the earth blew the frogs full of life. The silhouette of a moving cat wavered across the moonlight, and, turning my head to watch it, I saw that I was not alone-fifty
代词、连词、介词等多见于非正式文体。
IF: I took no notice of him so he flew into a rage. F: I took no notice of him so that he flew into a rage.
IF: She cooks turkey the way her sister does.
F: A wolf, after all, is a wolf in spite of (despite) it has artful disguises.
3. IF: He tried to prevent the marriage but it took
place all the same.
F: He endeavoured to prevent the marriage ; however, they married notwithstanding. 3. 非正式文体常用副词做状语；而正式文体常 用由介词和与该副词同根的词够成的介词短 语：
It’s an odd experience to find yourself catalogued, card-indexed, museumised, a speck
of data for the information professionals to bounce around
It seems that as long as you’re in print or on film or a name on a buff envelope in an archive somewhere, you’re never truly dead now. You can be electonically colourised, emulsified, embellished, enhanced, coaxed towards some state of virtual reality.
The spare-parts that make this possible are housed in a proliferating number of noninvasive environments in London, where they may be viewed (fingered, sniffed, listened to ) by appointment.
You can be reactivated reembodied;simulated and hologrammed. In just the last two years my
voice has been artificially reprocessed for stereo effect and reincarnated in half-speed remasterings and on digital compact-disc.
F: Being a man of fixed views, he refused to listen to our arguments.
5. 构成目的状语时，用so as to 一般具有非正式色 彩；用in order to 则显得正式些，而 in order that …出现于正式文体中。
IF: He left early so as not to miss the train.
1. Hale knew, before he had been in Brighton three hours, that they meant to murder him. (Brighton rock , Graham Green)
2. 1. My old man has kicked the bucket. 2. My dear father has passed away. 3. My father has died. 4. My beloved parent has joined the heavenly choir.
F: I wish I were ten years younger. IF: If I had known, I would have told you earlier. F: Had I known before, I would have told you earlier. IF: He looks as if he was (is) ill. F: He looks as if he were ill. 8. It 起始的句子（It is said that …)多见于正式文
(despite), notwithstanding 表让步概念时，常 用于正式文体。 But, anyway，all the same, though, although (although 比 though 更正式 些）等。
IF: A wolf, after all, is a wolf though it has artful disguises.
9. 表请求某人做某事时， 被动语态多具有正式文 体色彩。
IF: Please gather at the gate of school. F: The students are requested to gather at the gate of
the school. 10. 不定代词 IF: Everybody should look after themselves. F: Everybody should look after himself.
IF: He spoke confidently.
F: He spoke in a confident manner.
F: He spoke with confidence.
4. 表达因果关系时， 正式文体常用on account of , accordingly, thus, hence, consequently, owing to ( the fact that…)等词或词组，且较经常地运用 分词短语、独立主格结构等；非正式文体 常用 so , because 或其他形式的表示原因的重句。
F: She cooks turkey in the way her sister does .