一英汉词汇现象的对比(20200919211119)

第一节英汉词汇现象的对比

一、词的意义方面

二、词的搭配能力方面

三、词序方面

一、词的意义方面

（一）（英语中有些词与汉语）完全对应——主要是一些专用名词、

术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称。如：

The Pacific Ocean 太平洋

helicopter 直升飞机

minibus 面包车

（二）部分对应，

如：

marriage 娶，嫁

枪，炮

gun

sister 姐，妹

（三）新词，没有汉语对应词。如：

overkill （核弹的）过度杀伤力，（宣传活动的）过度行为plumber 水管工，美国调查政府雇员泄密事件的特工

（四）英语词义灵活，突出表现为一词多义polysemy，英语的词义

主要视词的语境（上下文联系和词在句中的搭配关系）而定。相比之下，汉语词义的稳定性就大得多。

英语中许多词一词多义，与汉语中几个不同词、词组对应。

如soft,除了“软的”、“柔的”，还有：

1）无坚固掩护工事的，可攻破的：

The record has bee n con sidered soft ever since it was set last May. 2）宇宙飞船的着陆飞行速度在32公里/小时左右，软着陆：

The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour.

3）毒性较轻的，软性的：

Marijuana（大麻）is usually regarded as a soft drug..

4）非百分之百可靠的：

At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not take acti on.

作业：soft pillow soft cushion soft music soft wood

Soft breeze soft drink soft m oney soft light

Soft voice soft fire soft hat soft an swer

Soft heart soft words soft g oods soft water

又如total，除了“总数达…”、“合

计”外，还有

1) 彻底撞毁

A POW returnee was given a new Ford by a Denver dealer and totaled it the n ext mon th.

2) 向…报复

Did you at least total the guy that hit you?

如story

(1) 事件、事情、情况、情形：

1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation.

2) It is quite ano ther story now.

(2) 报导、消息、电讯：

Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made

in each of those cities, but officials refused to con firm the story.

⑶内容、内情、真相：

Some reporters who were not in cluded in the sessi on broke the story.

⑷传说、说法：

He' ll be very happy if that story holds up.

(5) 热门、谎言、有意的渲染：

The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the America n televisi on.

(6) 身世、遭遇：

The story of Rita Hayworth is one of the saddest.

(7) 情节、案情：

A young man came to Scotti ' s office with a story.

作业：

1. He is the last man to come.

2. He is the last man to do it.

3. He is the last person for such a job.

4. He should be the last man to blame.

5. He is the last man to consult.

6. This is the last place where I expected to meet you.

2．英汉词义辨析法任何一个词都可能有三个词义：一是结构词义，二是涉指词义，三是情景词义。因此，辨析词义也必须从这三个范畴入手。

（一）从词形结构析出词义

1. 大批英语词都是以合成法构成的，可根据其词义构成模式分析出其词义。例如：

Overwork rollerhockey lightyear lightweek

lightmonth pickpocket

2. 英语中有极多的词是以词缀法构成的。例如：

Legality superpower supermarket superstar superspeed supersecret