论文英文摘要常用句型
英文论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及书写格式
论文英文摘要撰写论文摘要的种类、结构与文体要求及要素一篇论文的摘要在本质上就是一篇浓缩的论文，它是作者对研究过程、研究目的、研究方法和研究结果的简要陈述和概括，其结构与论文的主体结构相对应。
论文的英文摘要存在的问题有涉及结构内容方面的，有涉及句法词法方面的，也有涉及时态语态方面的。
下面我们首先对论文英文摘要的种类、功能与结构和英文摘要撰写的一般原则和基本步骤做以介绍；接下来对论文英文摘要撰写中的常见问题做出归纳并进行实例分析和提出相应解决方法。
1、摘要的种类与结构摘要一般分为两类：信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
当今绝大部分的科技期刊和会议论文都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
1）信息性（报道性）摘要（Informative Abstract）信息性摘要即报道性摘要，也称资料性摘要，它是原文内容要点的具体总结，主要由四个部分组成：（1）研究的目的（Objective or Purpose）；（2）研究的过程与采用的方法（Process and Method）；（3）主要成果或发现（Results or Findings）；（4）主要结论和推论（Conclusion）。
有的摘要的第一部分还包括背景介绍（Background）。
实际上，信息性摘要是论文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要。
本科毕业论文的摘要按其种类来讲应当属于信息性摘要。
（信息性摘要范文请见第6-7页：第二部分；二；至1、摘要的要素）2）指示性摘要（Indicative Abstract，Descriptive Abstract）指示性摘要即介绍性摘要，也称陈述性摘要。
它主要介绍论文的论题，或者概括表述研究的目的，用简单几句话使读者对论文所研究的主要内容有一个概括的了解，不需要介绍方法、结果、结论等具体内容，也不需要用数据进行定量描述。
指示性摘要只讲述论文的主题思想，不涉及或很少涉及细节问题，但要指明文献的论题和所取得的成果的性质及所达到的水平。
下面就是一篇题目为《英语写作教学与大学生综合素质培养》论文的英文题目及其指示性摘要的范文。
毕业论文英语摘要翻译技巧
例1：（茂名学院，茂名 广东 525000） (Maoming College, Maoming , Guangdong 525000，China)
例2：（茂名学院化学与生命科学学院，茂名 广东 525000） （College of Chemistry and Life Science, Maoming University, Maoming 525000,
语言结构：
语态一般为被动语态 时态：一般目的、方法和结果用过去时或过去完成时，结论 用 一般现在时。
另外，正确的翻译还包括标点符号 其中：中文中顿号“、”，英文时改为“，”；
中文句号“。”，英文时改为“.”
常用的句型及词语
在英语论文中，常使用一些较为固定句型和表达方式，从而形 成一些独特的表达习惯。 1.表示研究目的、过程、结果等的常用句型 purpose of this study (investigation,report,etc.) is to….
与实词的要求一样。
二 、 作 者 姓 名 及 工 作 单 位 (signature and department)
按照国家科技期刊翻译标准，本部分的翻译需用统一格 式。
作者：姓，全部大写；名，首字母大写，其余小写，双 名在中间加连字符，不缩写。
例：毛泽东为 MAO Ze-dong ；张仲景为 ZHANG Zhongjing
（四）关键词（key words） 关键词指那些出现在论文标题以及摘要、正文
中，能够表现论文主题内容特征、具有实质意义 的语言词汇。
关键词可以是名词、动词、形容词或词组。 一般3～8个词为宜。多个关键词之间用“，”或
“；”分隔,以便于计算机自动切分。
论文英文摘要常用句型
学论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。
用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。
结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。
（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。
2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。
3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。
（2）常用句型1)表达论文内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。
B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report…本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。
C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective）of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal（aim）of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied…为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study…为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。
英语 论文 Abstract
摘要的分类1．陈述性摘要(descriptive abstract)只说明（陈述）论文的主题，不介绍论文的具体内容Sample 1Translation is not only a linguistic transference, but also an intercultural communication. For quite a long time, translation studies have been concentrated on the prescription of translation methods, with scant attention paid to the description of macro-cultural factors involved in the translating. In this paper, the writer contends that the study of the macro-cultural factors will surely enlarge the scope and enrich the content of the translation studies. The paper is largely a rudimentary step, both in theory and in practice, to expose some of the factors influencing Mr. Fu’s translation of Gone with the Wind, with a historic and descriptive approach employed.Sample 2To the general public, China English is a relatively new and serious concept, while in the fields of linguistics and translation a group of scholars have already make a study on it. Now most scholars hold that China English, based on the standard English, is a kind of variant of English to express things and concepts with Chinese characteristic. It is the product of the English language used in English-speaking countries combined with the unique Chineseness. Then, in the nation of China with a thousand-long history and civilization, how has China English come into being, grown and developed? This paper mainly focuses on the factors involved in the emergence and development of China English and it also explores people’s attitude toward China English, and analyzes the trend and role of China English in China and the world.2．资料性/信息性摘要(informative abstract)除了说明论文的主题外，还要介绍论文的主要观点、主要内容和研究成果Sample 3This paper, based on the theories and principles of psycholinguistics and cognitive psychology, deals with definitions and functions of emotional quotient, revealing some of the learners’ emotional characteristics, which affect the outcome of language learning. The author insists that language learning is a very sophisticated psychological process, and aspects of emotional quotient influence the learner’s cognitive process in which knowledge of the target language is internalized as language competence or skills. Results of experiments prove that positive and rich emotions are the motives needed for language learning. It is vital for language teachers to motivate their students to acquire the target language by developing their emotions and helping them internalize what they are learning. The author also mentions that language teachers should recognize the potential for creating a warm and friendly environment for language learning so that language teaching and learning process will be more effective in improving the learner’s IQ, EQ, and language creative ability.Sample 4In order to help students with their translation and assist teachers to find students’main problems with translation, this paper studies an English to Chinesetranslation exercise of the second year English majors in a university. The author studies in by collecting and sorting out the typical errors made by students and analyzing the causes of the errors guided by error analysis theory. The research adopts the basic translation criteria of TEM-8 in sorting out student s’translation errors. According to the research, students’errors fall into these categories: confusion in denotative and connotative meaning of a word, unnatural Chinese expressions, problems in dealing with proper nouns, misinterpretation of sentence structures of the source text, etc. Then the thesis analyzes the underlying causes: students’ lack of both translation theories and practice, and poor Chinese competence. It is hoped that more of this kind of research in both Chinese and English translation be done to guide translation teaching and practice.Sample 5As a limitation of cultural transmission, culture absence prevents Chinese readers from fully appreciating the original text. This thesis takes the translating of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter as an example, aiming at discussing the culture translation approach in the practice of translation. As one of Hawthorne’s best-known novel, The Scarlet Letter has its distinctive culture feature and the problem of culture absence commonly exists in translating it into Chinese. This thesis compares three different Chinese translation versions of the novel based on the analysis of its culture connotation, and discusses the culture absence of historical background, religious belief, mythological elements, metaphorical expressions, color images, etc. In the thesis, examples are given to illustrate how culture absence presents in its Chinese translations. Also, different compensative means for the culture absence are compared in the thesis, such as transliteration and semantic translation, literal translation and free translation, domestication and foreignization; the proper translation strategy should depend on different situations from the perspective of culture preservation.英文摘要常用的句型表达主要有：This paper argues (demonstrates) …This paper explores (probes into) …This paper elaborates on (expounds) …This paper includes (covers, touches on) …This paper aims to (aims at) …This paper focuses on …This paper makes a comparison of …This paper makes an attempt to touch on …This paper offers a discussion of (an overview of, an analysis of ) …This paper develops the theory of …This paper is a criticism of the theory of …This paper, on the basis of …, reveals (illustrates) …Based on …, this paper first categorizes … and then tentatively sets out …The purpose (objective) of this paper is to review …The author (writer) of this paper holds (considers, deems, contends) …The author tries to give an account of …In this paper, the author proposes …It is pointed out …In light of … theory, discussion is made about … in this paper.This thesis aims at a better understanding of English to Chinese (E to C) translation of adverbial clauses in business contracts. The author first describes the general theories and criteria for translation, and those specifics for the translation of international business contracts, which are theoretical guidelines for the whole thesis. Then the writer discusses and analyzes the four categories of adverbial clauses in international business contracts in translation. Finally, the author explores the major problems involved in translating adverbial clauses in business contracts from English to Chinese and proposes compensative strategies.。
英文摘要写作指南英文摘要中的常用句型及词汇
英文摘要写作指南——英文摘要中的常用句型及词汇1 介绍文章作者观点和研讨课题内容1.1 文章内容与作者观点present, describe, report, introduce, explain, illustrate, deal with1.2 文章研究课题study, consider, discuss, investigate, analyze, state, develop1.3 文章涉及范围contain, cover, include1.4 综述与概括review, summary, outline, abstract1.5 文章重点concentrate, place, give, be, pay,attention is concentrated on, there is a focus on, attention is paid to, the emphasis is on1.6 文章目的动词: seem to do sth, be aimed at; 名词: purpose for/of, aim of, objective of2 介绍文章成果2.1 成果的获取和开发provide for, develop, establish, give, be designed to do sth, solve, record, furnish, realize, achieve, produce, construct, improve, be deduced from, be derived from, be obtained for2.2 观察和证明show, observe, monitor, find, note, demonstrate, indicate, exhibit, point out2.3 运算和计量calculate, estimate, measure, determine2.4 应用与用途be used to, be applied to2.5 评估与比较evaluate, assess, compare, agree with2.6 试验与实验test, experiment on, be carried out, be designed to do sth2.7 论证与依据be based on, based on, be taken as reference2.8 推荐与建议be proposed for, suggest, suggestions be made for, recommend, recommendations are made2.9 结论It was concluded that, be arrived at3 介绍进一步研究的必要性、方向和关键问题need for, necessity to do sth, require, necessary, describe, expect, important。
英文摘要常见句型
英文摘要常见句型1）This paper deals with...2）This article focuses on the topics of (that, having, etc)...3）This eassy presents knowledge that...4）This thesis discusses...5）This thesis analyzes...6）This paper provides an overview of...7)This paper elaborates on ...8）This article gives an overview of...9）This article compares...and summarizes key findings.10）This paper includes discussions concerning...11)This paper presents up to date information on...12)This article covers the role of chemicals in...13)This paper addresses important topics including...14)This paper touches upon...15)This paper strongly emphasizes...16)This eassy represents the preceedings of ...17)This article not only describes...but also suggests...18)This paper considers...19)This paper provides a method of ...20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze...摘要题型写作要点：① 动笔之前，考生一定要认真仔细地阅读所给原文，弄懂原文大意，掌握原文要点。
摘要常用句型及其翻译
摘要常用句型及其翻译四、摘要常用句型（Sentence Patterns Used in English Abstracts）论文摘要作为一种比较严肃的文本，在内容的安排上有一定的规律，结构有比较固定的格式。
例如温哥华格式（Vancouver Format）是撰写医学英语论文摘要的基本格式，撰写其他研究领域的英语论文摘要时也可以参照。
█Basic Sentence PatternsPart I To state the purpose of the experimentsIt is the purpose of this article to …The primary purpose of this review/investigation is to …The objectives of this study were to …This report is intended to …In this study, an attempt w as made to …In order to exploreevaluatecompareinvestigate…, we/the authorsanalyzedstudiedperformedsurveyedin/among…Part ⅡTo state the background of the experimentsWe/The authors have confirmed the previous observation that …It has been reported that …Previous studies have shown that …… has/have been associated with …A few comparisons have been made between… and …Part ⅢTo state the methods of the experiments… was/were isolated…analyzedmeasuredby using…… was/were investigateddiagnosedperformedby the method of/the use of/measurement of… /with the… test/by… techniquesUsing…, we demonstrated…Using…, we found that…A recent Study by X showsindicatesdemonstratesprovesprovides information concerning…that…Part ⅣTo state the re sults of the experimentsIt was found that …… failed to show…… was/were significantly associated with/related to/correlated with…… was/were in inverse proportion to…directly proportional to…There was no strong/inverse relationship between… and…associationcorrelationThe results showed/revealed/indicated/presented that…The detailsresultsof… are presented.Part V To state the discussion and conclusion We suggest/believe/conclude/recommend that…We propose… to do …Our/These/The resultsfindingsobservationsdataresearchinvestigationsindicate that…demonstrate that…prove that…support that…provide information concerning…It is suggested/recommended/advised…On the basis of… we conclude that…From these results, it is concluded that…Recent research indicates that…六、摘要英译（Abstract Translation）在翻译英文摘要时，有以下几个问题应加以注意。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型1. Introduction （引言）- This paper aims to...- The purpose of this study is to...- The objective of this research is to...- This paper addresses the issue/problem of...2. Background （背景）- In recent years, there has been increasing interest in...- With the growing importance of...- Despite the extensive research on...- The existing literature has largely focused on...3. Methods （方法）- This study utilized a quantitative/qualitative research design.- Data was collected through surveys/interviews/observations.- The sample consisted of...- Statistical analysis was conducted using...4. Results （结果）- The findings of this study indicate that...- The results suggest that...- The analysis revealed that...- There is a significant correlation between...5. Discussion （讨论）- These results provide insights into...- The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of...- The present study contributes to the understanding of...- These findings are consistent with previous research in the field of...6. Conclusion （结论）- In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of...- Based on the findings, it can be concluded that...- This study provides valuable information for...- Further research is needed to explore...7. Limitations （限制）- Although this study has provided significant insights, it is not without limitations.- One limitation of this study is the small sample size.- Another limitation is the reliance on self-reported data.- Future research should address these limitations by...8. Implications （意义）- The findings of this study have practical implications for...- These results have important implications for policymakers/practitioners.- The implications of this study extend beyond the specific context of...- This research contributes to the theoretical understanding of...9. Future Directions （未来方向）- Future research should explore...- Further investigation is needed to determine...- Future studies could examine...- This research sets the stage for future research on...。
毕业论文英文摘要(9篇)
毕业论文英文摘要（9篇）First and foremost, I would like to give my sinceregratitude to my distinguished andrespectable supervisor, Prof. Qi Yuanfang, for his all-along supports during not only theresearch process, but the whole post-graduate year. He is the one who gives me inspiration ofthe thesis topic, enlightens me empirical method helps me conduct teaching e某periment, andinstructs me analyzing approaches. I have to say that this thesis is born from his insightfulinstructions and warm encouragement.Secondly, I also own my appreciation to Prof, Gongrong who gives me a lot ofinspiration, insightful advice and instructions.Last but not least, I would like to e某tend my thanks to the students participating in thisresearch for their patient corporation.Secondly, I will also e某press my sincere gratitude toother professor and teacherswho had give me constructive suggestion to my thesis and thanks to them forinstructing me to construct my knowledge in English teaching in the past two and a halfyears.Thirdly, I want to thank all my affectionate classmates and friends. During the twoa half years' study and the writing ofthis thesis, they have given me a lot of support andencouragement in their own ways.At last, I will give the deepest gratitude to my family for their regretless supportand love to me.Thanks to my parents and girlfriend bear, giving unlimited love in life, especially the cubs, and when she did not cherish the love, her love, lost her life and perhaps even too late to regret, for there is no chance, when approaching graduation, deeply regret to say to you: "you love let me grow up and know how to love, and I let you scarred, and you have to flee, if there is any chance, if there is the afterlife, I will put you in the palm of care".Thank you for working life in the prevention center colleagues, Dr. Zhang Dehua, Dr. Liu Xiangning, Dr. Mao Jian, Zhao Honghao, Jia Suping, Li Haibao, Sun Pengpeng, Yang Xiaoyan, Huang Dandan, Wang Ruo某in, Yang Ni, Yu Junsong, because you have a wonderful and fulfilling life.论文题目：On the Title of EST and Aesthetic Effect in Its TranslationKey words: EST; title; translation; artistic effects论文题目：On Advertisement Translation from English to Chinese in Light of Functional EquivalenceIn our daily life, we live with different advertisements, some of which are translated works. These advertisements are aimed at giving the potential customers a lasting impression and persuading them to buy their product. Therefore, in order to e某press the ideas of the original works and realize the goalfor sale, the translators should take account of the cultural elements and social elements in order to achieve functional equivalence.Key words: functional equivalence; advertisement translation; cultural elementsFirst and foremost, I would like to e某press my heartfelt gratitude to mysupervisor, Professor Jia Aiwu. I have benefited tremendously from her criticalthinking and insightful viewpoint. Through his patient instruction,I finally focusedon the object studied in this thesis, and obtained valuable advice on aspects rangingfrom frame work constructing and data collection to elaborated analysis.Secondly, I'm profusely grateful to my respected predecessors and teachers.Moreover, I owe my thanks to my family and friends, who have always supportedme with their generous encouragements and praises.Last but not least, I sincerely thank my fellow classmates. We share joys andan某ieties, which propels us forward together throughout the arduous journey.During the three years of study, Wang Xu, Liu Qianjun, Tan Chengrong, Li Zongquan, Ho, Fan Juan, Kong Fangong, Wang Jian, Ma Minjiang, Wang Xiwen, Huang Youhe, Xu Lili, Mo Jialin, Guo Sanchuan, Li Jianwen, Zhong Zehui, Yang Qifeng, Liu Mengru, Yin Tanwei, Zhang Chun, Liu Ruiheng, Tu Qiliang, Hui, Zhuo Yu, Zhang Chengfeng, Xue Bing, Jiang Shoule Zhang Xiaochao, He Zhuoya, Liang Dongmei, Li Qiang, Liu Hao, Liu Chuanfu, Yu Dongmei, Lai Yurong, Chi Congcong, Cheng Xiaolian, Shi Haiqiang, Wang Shaoguang, and younger brother of care and help, to e某press deep gratitude. Without their help and support, there is no way to finish my Ph. D. Thesis. Friendship between students willlast forever.论文题目：On Cultural Gaps and Untranslatability in Chinese Version of The Life and Strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe from Perspective of FunctionalismAbstract:This thesis is an attempt to apply functionalism to literary translation and prove its feasibility by analyzing the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe causing by cultural gaps. Functionalism is a broad term for various theories that approach translation by focusing on the function or functions of te某ts and translations. And the four importantrepresentatives of functionalism are Katharina Reiss, Hans J. Vermeer, Justa Holz-Mnttri and Christiane Nord. This thesis attempts to apply the core rules of Skopostheorie –？to analyze the untranslatability of the Adventures of Robinson Crusoe which is caused by cultural gaps, in the hope of gaining a better understanding of literary translation from the perspective of functionalism.ABSTRACTKey words: Anna; Jane Eyre; female doctrine。
英语摘要十大万能模板
由于英语摘要是新题型，相对来讲比较难，但是大家摸清基本的套路和方法，就不会无从下笔了，下面的十个模板是从《MBA联考英语写作分册》摘录的，模板很简单，大家把模板背熟，到考试是直接套用就行了，不过最好先找几篇文章练练笔，熟悉一下流程。
英文摘要的基本方法就是：首先，写出中文摘要；其次，把它用简单的英文翻译过来并加以修改。
英文摘要的写作注意事项：1、英文摘要结构严谨，表达简明，语义确切。
尽量使用短句，慎用长句。
2、应采用第三人称表达方式，谓语动词用一般现在时、现在完成时或一般过去时。
进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。
3、英文摘要的语态既可采用主动，也可采用被动。
英语摘要十大万能模板框架一In the first paragraph of the dissertation, the author highlights that due attention has to be paid to__. Several fundamental factors have contributed to such a tendency. First and foremost, among the most convincing causes identified by people, one should be stressed, that is __. In addition, as far as the author is concerned, __ is of utmost significance to our society. The last but not the least, as is illustrated in the last paragraph of the essay, the writer also takes __into consideration. Given all the above argument, we can draw the conclusion that __ is indeed crucial.在本段的第一段，作者强调我们必须充分重视＿（中心词）。
论文的英文摘要范文
论文的英文摘要范文
1.Background(背景)∶介绍论文研究的背景，描述前者研究存在哪些问题，为自己进行这个研究是为了尝试解决前者存在的这些问题做好铺垫。
2.Method(方法)︰介绍研究中所使用了哪些研究方法，需要注意的是∶因为摘要字数有限，所以Method只是需要简单介绍一下即可，不要花太多篇幅介绍。
3.Results(结果)∶这部分直接写实验得到了什么结果，如果没有实验的就只需要阐述文章研究目的和结果。
4.Conclusion(结论)∶论文相对前者的研究有什么创新或独到见解都要阐述在这里。
Abstract其实就是对整篇英文论文浓缩之后的精华部分。
其目的就要让读者就算没有阅读全文，也能从Abstract中知道这篇论文的核心内容。
所以，摘要的写作一定要在论文的开始就把整篇论文的研究目的或要解决的问题呈现给读者。
说完了Abstract的主要写作内容之后，那么我们来看看好的摘要到底该怎么写:
这里EasyEssay告诉大家一个写摘要的'万能模板——PARI。
对于留学新生们来说特别适用，当大家在国外写英文论文多了之后就会有自己的写作方法，但是在不会写之前，可以先参考一下下面这个写作方法︰
PARI摘要写作方法∶
P=Problem:提出文章需要解决哪些问题
A=Approach:解决提出的问题是用的什么方法
R=Results:解决了提出的问题之后得到了什么结果l=lmpacts:这些结果有什么具体或者实际的影响。
医学论文英文摘要部分的常用句型
01
Sleep disorder heredity
02
hormone level receptor levels
03
Sleep disorder is related to heredity, hormone level, central neurotransmitter and receptor levels, etc. By exploring the basic and clinical research of sleep and sleep disorder, this paper aims to study its causes and prevention and treatment.
Results: Delivery pain was markedly relieved in the laughing gas group; mild adverse reactions such as dizziness and drowsiness were reported in individual patients, but they subsided with(消失) the discontinuation of laughing gas inhalation.
疗效好：good therapeutic/curative effect
5）研究结果的表达
01
结果表明：The result showed that…
03
我们观察到：It was observed that/ we observed that…
02
（我们）发现：It was found that …/we found that…
摘要部分的常用句型
英文摘要常用句型集
It is known that…我们、大家知道……
It is well known that…众所周之……
It is said that…人们说,据说……
It is reported that …据报道……
It is believed that …据信……
It can be seen that …可以看出……
the graph/plot of the dependence of A on B
the graph/plot of the variation of A with B
4、这个理论来源于……
The theory comes/stems/emerges/originates from …
The theory is obtained/provided/furnished from …
2、已知……,我们就能求出……
Given …, we can find out …
Knowing …, we can find out …
3、现有的数据
the data available
the data we have/possess
the existing data
the current data
A comparison of A with/and B shows that…
4、我们必须……
It is necessary for us to do …
We must do …
5、我们能够……
It is possible for us to do …
We can do …
We are able to do …
These data enable us/lead us to conclude that …
英文论文摘要参考词汇和句型
6. This paper is concerned with the analysis of…
7. This article looks at…
8. This paper presents a mathematical model of a circuit breaker with random variation of parameters.
英文论文摘要参考词汇和句型
摘要层次
常用的词汇和句型
课题
consider, discuss, investigate, study, etc.
1. This article discusses the reasons for… and offers an insight into…
2. This paper analyzes some important characteristics of…
3. Recommendations are made regarding…
4. Suggestions were made for further study of…
5. The author proposes an approach to…
1. It is shown that…
2. Studies have shown that…
3. New evidence indicates that…
4. In this paper, the authors show how…
5. In this paper, it is demonstrated that…
1. One of the purposes of this study is …
英文摘要写作技巧四种固定句型
4、检测句
在A样本中对B参数的检测，可套用： “Detection of B parameter in A sample”。 例如，在抽动障碍儿童中对A蔟溶血性链球菌抗 体的测定，可译作： “Detection of group A streptococcal antibody in childre n with tic disorders”。
3、相关句
在C组中A参数与B参数之间有显著正相关、负相关或无 相关，可套用：“There was a significantly positive or negative correlation between parameter A and parameter B in group C”。
例如，在38例精神分裂症病人中脑脊液多巴胺水平与5 羟色胺水平之间有显著正相关，译作There was a significantly positive correlation between CSF Dopamine level and CSF 5-hydroxytryptamine level in 38 patients with schizophrenia”。
分析: ① 词语搭配不当：effect 应与on 连用; ② 选词不当：轻病区用mild 一词。
修改为: Effects of different iodine content in salt on the children in severe and mild iodine deficiency areas in Guizhou , China
二、英文摘要
1、目的（Objective)
在目的中，因为是反映将要做什么，故用不定式。格式为 “探索（调查或研究）+文题”
(完整word版)写英文摘要常用句型
1.句型归纳扩展1.1 总述文章的论点及研究内容1）This paper is mainly devoted to an automatic frequency tuning system which is one of the most important parts of the buncher.本文主要研究频率自动调谐系统，这是聚束器最重要的组成部分之一。
2）This study investigates/ discusses/ examines/ reviews/ outlines/ presents/ reports/ surveys/ measures the fitting of a class of generalized proportional hazards models, termed linear transformation models, to interval-censored data.本研究调查（探讨、审查、复查、简述、呈现、报道、观察、测量）了一种广义比例风险模型，线性变换模型和区间截断数据的关系。
3）In this paper we focus on the classification of colour texture images.本文中我们着眼于彩色纹理图像的分类。
4）This paper deals with the history of the use of hydrogen as a combustible or shielding gas in welding.本文研究焊接中使用的氢气作为易燃保护气体的历史。
5）In this paper，mathematical models for calculation and prediction of melting rate in arc welding with a triple-wire electrode are described.本文描述了计算和预测三丝电极弧焊接融化率的数学模型。
论文摘要中的英语句型
英语学术论文常用句型Beginning1. In this paper, we focus on the need for2. This paper proceeds as follow.3. The structure of the paper is as follows.4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on theIntroduction1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem anda detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.Review1. This review is followed by an introduction.2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.Body1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the followingsections.6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xxSummary1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.Chapter 0. Abstract1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.14. This paper analyses problems in15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedureChapter 1. IntroductionTime1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the4. The development of ... is explored5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems.Objective / Goal / Purpose1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.3. The paper concerns the development of a xx4. The scope of this research lies in5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide10. The main objective of such a ... system is to11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:13. In order to take advantage of their similarity14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods20. This illustration points out the need to specify21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.22. Chapter 2. Literature Review23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well inmethodological aspects as in concrete applications.29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.34. The central issue in all these studies is to35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.36. Applied ... techniques to37. Characterized the ... system as38. Developed an algorithm to39. Developed a system called ... which40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce41. Emphasized the need to42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights46. Point out that the problem of47. A study on ...was done / developed by []48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with49. The approach taken by [] is50. The system developed by [] consists51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []52. []'s model requires consideration of...53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development54. []'s model focuses on...55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to56. The published information that is relevant to this research...57. This study further shows that58. Their work is based on the principle of59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].60. Studies have been completed to established61. The ...studies indicated that62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.Problem / Issue / Question63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed69. An unanswered question70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed73. The three prime issues can be summarized:74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...75. There have been many attempts to76. It is expected to be serious barrier to77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex。
英文Summary写作方法、范例及常用句式
摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。
它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。
写摘要主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。
第一步：阅读A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。
如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。
阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。
B．给摘要起一个标题。
用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。
也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。
主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。
一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。
C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。
对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。
D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。
第二步：动手写作A. 摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。
因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三，得到一个数字。
摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。
B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。
不要引用原文的句子。
C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。
这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。
D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。
E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：1) 删除细节。
只保留主要观点。
2) 选择一至两个例子。
原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。
3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。
如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。
4) 避免重复。
在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。
但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。
应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。
5) 压缩长的句子。
如下列两例：“His courage in battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like.”可以概括为：”He was very brave in battle.”“He was hard up for money and was being pressed by his creditor.”可以概括为：“He was in financial difficulties.”6) 你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型
学术论文写作格式要求英文摘要常用句型英文摘要虽然不像公文文体那样程序化,但由于它在语法结构上有较强的倾向性,因此英文摘要许多句型模式出现的频率很高,熟练掌握这些常用句型模式,有助于提高英文摘要写作质量和速度,进而能保证其可读性。
下面举一些有代表性和常用的句式供参考。
1)常用于摘要开头部分的有4类。
A.(In this paper,…)The results ofA simple method for...cases ofThe...approach forAn attempt to (do)...presenteddescribed (through…)is(are) reported (under...)discussed (along with...)analyzed例如:The results of analyses carried out on the process waters generated during the hydrolysis of oil shale from Rundle, Australia via the Fischer assay retorting process are presented.对用费希尔试料蒸馏法热解澳大利亚鲁德尔页岩所产生的工业废水提出了分析结果。
B.The chief aimpurposeobjectobjective the present studyof this investigationthe researchthese studiesto obtain…to evaluate…is (was/has been/will be) to find out…to establish…to asses…例如:The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and utility of tread ill exercise testing prior to the discharge of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction.研究旨在对因急性心肌梗塞住院的患者在出院前进行踏旋器运动试验的安全性与效用做出评价。
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学术论文英文摘要常用句型英文摘要一般须以第三人称、过去式叙述。
用词准确，逻辑性强，结构严谨。
结果和结论一般用句子表达；而目的、方法（设计、地点和对象）等，则常用短语表达。
（1）英文摘要的时态与语态1)说明研究目的，通常用一般现在时或一般过去时。
2)说明方法和结果，一般用一般过去时、第三人称的被动语态表达。
3）结论通常用一般现在时、被动语态表达，也可用主动语态表达。
（2）常用句型1)表达论文主题内容的常用句型A 第三人称主动态①This paper(article，report)describes…本文叙述…②This paper (article)reports…本文报告…③This report(paper，article)presents…本文介绍…④This paper(article，report)discusses…本文讨论…常用的动词还有analyze(分析)，evaluate(评价)，compare(比较)，describe（描述）等。
B 第一人称主动态⑤We report(on)…我们报告…⑥We describe a case of…我们描述1例…⑦In this paper，we present…本文介绍…⑧In this paper，we report…本文报告…主语除we之外，还可用the authors(作者)等。
C 一般现在时被动语态⑨A case is reported in which…本文报告1例…⑩A study of…is reported本文报告…的研究⑧…is(are)described．本文描述…⑥In this paper．…is(are)presented．本文介绍…2)表达目的常用句型A 一般过去时、被动语态①The purpose（aim，objective） of this study was to…本研究旨在…②The goal（aim） of this investigation was to…本研究旨在…③This study was designed to…本研究旨在…④This study was undertaken to…本研究旨在…⑤This prospective study was performed to…本前瞻性研究的目的是…⑥A study to…was carried out(during) (在…期间)所作研究的目的是…⑦An attempt has been made to…为了…而作试验B 动词不定式短语To evaluate，report，investigate，study，analyze…C 一般过去时、主动语态⑧We（the authors）conducted a study to…为了…我们进行了研究⑨To determine…，we studied…为了确定…，我们研究了…⑩In an attempt to…，in an effort to…或in order to…，we carried out a pilot study…为了…，我们进行了…的初步研究表示目的的常用动词有：evaluate(评价)，examine(检查，观察)，determine(确定，查明)，elucidate(阐明)，explore(探索)，test(测试)，compare(比较)，estimate(评估)，assess(估价)，investigate(调查)等。
3)表达方法的常用句型A 方法表达研究类型 Prospective, Retrospective, Cohort，Case-control，in vivo, in vitro①Using…(technique)，we studied…我们用…(技术)研究了…②Using…，it was found that… (我们)用…发现了…③…was(were)measured using… (我们)用…测定了…④…was(were)analyzed （reviewed） by… (我们)用…分析（回顾）了…⑤…was(were)treated with… (我们)用…治疗了…⑥…measurements were made of…测定了…常用的动词还有：study，measure，determine， investigate，isolate，demonstrate，examine，identify等。
B 分组（主语通常为patients，subjects，animals）⑦…were randomly divided （grouped） into…groups …被随机分成…组⑧…were separated into…groups based on…根据…，将…分成…组⑨The groups were as follows：分组如下：C 治疗或检查方法⑩… was performed（used） in (on)…patients 我们对…患者施行（应用）了…(patients) underwent…endoscopy (患者)进行了…内镜检查Surgical procedures, assay(immunohistochemistry, molecular biology…) 手术方法，测试方法…C 统计学方法Statistical methods: Student’s t test, χ2 … was used for4)表达结果的常用句型A 一般句型①The results showed （demonstrated） that…结果表明…②It was found that… (我们)发现…③It was observed that… (我们)观察到…第②和③句也可改为第一人称：We found that…和We observed that…。
B 增加或减少④…decreased by(40％)…降低(40％)…⑤…(a 70％) reduction in…was observed …观察到…降低(70％)⑥There was a(15％) elevation in……增高(15％)⑦…resulted in (a marked) increase in……导致…(明显)增高⑧…was lowered from…to……从…下降到…表达增加或减少的常用动词还有rise，raise，decline，drop，fall，lower等。
可用by表示是净增减的数或倍数，例如“…increase by 40％”，表示“增加40％”；而to表示增加或减少到某个具体数值。
C 相关与差别⑨There was a significant linear correlation between…and……与…有显著的线性相关性⑩…showed no strong correlation between…and……显示…与…无密切相关性⑩…correlated positively with……与…呈正相关⑥A negative correlation was found between…and…发现…与…呈负相关⑩There was （were）（no）significant difference（s）or （No）significant difference （s）was found（observed） between…and……与…之间…（无）有显著差别P value P值（需写出具体数字）⑩…was closely related to……与…密切相关表示相互关系的常用词还有relationship(关系)，association(联系)，regression(回归)。
D 表示改善或保持⑩…demonstrated a significant improvement in……方面呈明显改善⑩…values returned to (preoperative)levels …值恢复到(手术前)水平⑩…remained at a mean of……保持在…平均值水平5)表达结论的常用句型A 常用提示句型①These results suggest that…结果提示…②These findings indicate that…这些发现表明…③The data （study）show the need for…数据（研究）表明需要…④The results support the concept that…结果支持…的概念⑤Our observations confirm that…我们的观察证实…imply(提示)，demonstrate(证明)和illustrate(说明)B 做出结论或建议⑥We conclude that…我们的结论是…⑦We suggest that…我们建议…⑧We believe that…我们认为…⑨We postulate that…我们设想…⑩It is concluded that…结论是…⑩It is suggested （proposed）that…结果提示…，建议…（虚拟语气）⑥It is recommended that…建议…⑩It is estimated that…估计……is(are)suggested(recommended)…propose …asC 表示一致性⑩These results accord with…结果与…一致⑩The results are concordant with…结果与…一致⑧The results agree well with…结果与…一致be consistent with，in accordance with(…与…一致)to parallel(与…相平行)D 结果转向结论⑥Thus，therefore，hence …因此，…⑥In conclusion．…最后，…⑩From this study，we conclude that…根据本项研究，我们的结论是…⑧These findings，coupled with the observation that…，suggest that…这些发现连同对…的观察结果一起，提示…⑨In the light of this experience we therefore conclude that…根据这个经验，我们得出…的结论E 表达今后方向The mechanisms by which…remain to be investigated关于…的机制仍需研究Further studies are necessary to (evaluate)…有必要进一步研究，以(评价)…（注：专业文档是经验性极强的领域，无法思考和涵盖全面，素材和资料部分来自网络，供参考。