几种动词不定式主动表被动的情况

几种动词不定式主动表被动的情况

一、在某些固定句型中, 动词不定式作定语, 用主动形式表被动意义。

1）have（give, show）sth. to do

在这种句型中的不定式与前边的名词有动宾关系, 又和句中另一名词或代词构成主谓关系。例如: I have a lot of things to do this afternoon. to do 与things是动宾关系, 与I是主谓关系。否则, 在表示被动意义时, 仍需要被动式。试比较:

Have you anything to do this afternoon?

（to do是由you发出的）

Have you anything to be taken to your parents?如:

Please get me something to read.

He'll show you the right path to take.

2）It（This, That）＋be＋a／an＋adj. ＋ n. ＋to do

在这种句型中, 不定式与前面的名词有动宾关系。动词不定式可改为动词不定式复合结构。例如: This is a difficult question to answer. 这是个难答的问题。

question与to answer为动宾关系。to answer可改为 for me to answer。再如:

It is an easy sentence to translate.

3）There ＋be ＋n. ＋to do

在此句型中, 用来修饰主语的不定式, 可用主动式, 也可用被动式, 只是侧重点不同。用主动式作定语, 重点在人, 用被动式作定语, 重点在物。例如:

没有时间可以耽误。可译成:

There is no time to lose（to be lost）. 用 to lose可看成for us to lose; 用to be lost, 谁 lost time不明确。

但下述两句用主动不定式与被动不定式意义不同:

a. There is nothing to do now.（＝We have nothing to do now. ）

b. There is nothing to be done.（＝We can do nothing now.

a. There is nothing to see.（nothing worth seeing）。

b. There is nothing to be seen.（nothing there at all）

二、在某些“形容词＋不定式”的结构中, 不定式有被动意义, 与句子主语构成动宾关系。其句型有:

1）n. ＋be＋adj. ＋to do

The question was very difficult to answer.

The job is very easy to do.2）n. ＋be＋too＋adj. ＋to do

The thing is too small to see.

I was too excited to say a word.

3）n. ＋be ＋adj. ＋enough to do

The box is light enough to carry.

The book is cheap enough to buy.

但下列两句可用不定式的主动式, 也可用被动式:

This plant is fit to eat／to be eaten.

The cake is ready to eat／to be eaten.

三、某些动词, 如to let, to blame （责备）, to seek（寻找）用主动式表被动意义。

例如:

The house is to let.

Who is to blame for it?

The reason is not far to seek.