倒装 强调 省略

倒装、强调、省略
一． 倒装
部分倒装
定义：部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。
引起部分倒装的情况：
1． 在以never， little， hardly， not only， few， not， seldom, in no way, no sooner...than等否定副词开头的句子中，采用部分倒装。
Eg: little _____about her own safety, though she herself was in great danger. (09年真题第59题)
A. she cared B. she may care C. may she care D. did she care

解析：Little为否定词，置于句首句子需用部分倒装,所以仅将助动词提前即可。排除A和B,C虽然是部分倒装，但情态动词may用在句中语气错误，排除。故该题答案为D

2. 用于以only所修饰的副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子中。
Eg: ______both sides accept the agreement ______ a lasting peace be established in this region.（04年真题第60题）
A. Only if, will B. If only, would C. Should, will D. Unless, would

解析：only if意为“只有...才”，放在句首时句子要倒装；if only意为“只要，要是...多好”。该句意思是：只有双方都接纳合约，永久的和平才有可能建立起来。故根据句意可知答案为A
　注意：如果only后的词组不是状语，不需倒装。
　Eg: Only Wang Lili knows this.

3. So + 形容词、副词及such 置于句首时要倒装。
Eg: So happy did he feel.
Such was me.

4. as ，although引导让步状语从句时要倒装(形容词/ 副词/ 名词/ 动词 + as + 主语 + 谓语)。
Eg: Fool ____ Jane is, she could out of her wages to help her mother. (02年真题第58题)
A. who B. as C. that D. like

解析：as引出让步状语从句时，要求句子部分倒装。故答案为B
______native to America, the plant now can be seen all around the world.
(02年真题第78题)
A. Although B. Since C. Despite D. Because

解析：此句为although引导的让步状语从句。另外，本句中状语从句和主语从句的主语相同，因而省略了从句中的主语和be动词。故答案为A
5.在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if省略，把were, had, should移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。
Eg: _____for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (02年真题第60题)
A. Had it not been B. Hadn’t it been C. Was it not D. Were it not

解析：在正式文体中，有时可把虚拟条件句中的连词省去，而将助动词提到主语前面。A项符合上述规则和句意。虚拟条件句倒装只需将助动词提到主语前，不提前行为动词及

其修饰成分，故B项错误。C和D都是对现在情况的假设，而骨折已是事实，故不符合题意排除。故答案为A
______I’ll marry him all the same. (04年真题第52题)
A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or poor
C. Were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or poor

解析：此句为对将来事实的虚拟且省略了连词，应用部分倒装。故答案为D,相当于whether he is rich or poor.

6. 在某些表示祝愿的句型中
如：May you all be happy.

完全倒装
定义：全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。
引起完全倒装的情况：
1. here there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。
如：There goes the bell.

2. 为了表达生动，有时把表地点、方位的副词，如 up， down， out， away， in等放在句首，同时把谓语动词放在主语之前。若主语为人称代词，主语和谓语动词的位置不变，只将副词放在句首。
e.g. Away hurried the boy.
Out rushed the girl.
注意上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。
如：Here he comes.

3. so…that句型中的so位于句首时，需倒装。
如：So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

4.重复倒装句型
用在以so， nor， neither开头，表示谓语所述的情况也适用于另一个人或一事物的肯定或否定句中。so用于肯定句，表示“也一样”“也这样”;nor， neither用于否定句，表示“同样也不，也不这样”。
Eg: It is going to be fine tomorrow. ______(09年真题第58题)
A. So is it. B. So it is. C. So it does. D. So does it.
解析：答案为B“so+主语+be动词/助词/情态动词”用来表示赞成前一说话者所说的内容，可译为“是的”、“的确如此”。本句就是这一用法。选项A是so的另一用法，即“so + be动词/助动词/情态动词+主语”这一结构用来表示前面所述的情况也适用于另一个人，意为“……也一样”。

5. 直接引语的全部或一部分放在句首时，主句中的主谓也常直接倒装。
e.g. "Very well，" said the French student.


二．省略
在英语语言中，为了使语言简洁明了，重点突出或上下文紧密相连，可以省去某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变，这种语言现象称之为省略。
并列复合句中的省略
在并列句中后边的分句可以省略与前边分句中相同的成分。
如：a) The boy picked up a coin in the road and (the boy ) handed it to a policeman.
b)

Your advice made me happy but(your advice made) Tom angry .
c) Tom must have been playing basketball and Mary (must have been)doing her homework.

主从复合句中的省略

1.状语从句中的省略
一般说来省略现象多出现在下列五种状语从句中：
1)由 when ,while ,as ,before, after , till, until, once等引导的时间状语从句;
2)由whether ,if , unless 等引导的条件状语从句;
3)由though , although ,even if ,whatever等引导的让步状语从句;
4)由 as ,than 等引导的比较状语从句
5)由as, as if , as though 等引导的方式状语从句。上述状语从句在省略时应遵循下面原则：
1) 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：
(1) 连词(as, as if , once)+ 名词;
(2) 连词( though, whether , when)+形容词;
(3) 连词(whether, as if ,while )+介词短语;
(4) 连词(when , while , though )+ 现在分词;
(5) 连词(when ,if ,even if ,unless ,once ,until, than , as ) + 过去分词;
(6) 连词(as if ,as though ) + 不定式。
如：a) Once (he was)a worker ,Pang Long now becomes a famous singer .
b) Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.
c) He looked everywhere as if (he was)in search of something . d) While (he was) holding talks with President Hu Jintao ,US President George W. Bush thanked China for its important role in the Six-Party Talks.
e) The exhibition is more interesting than (it was) expected.
f) Olympic gold medal list hurdler Liu Xiang opened his lips as if (he were) to speak。
注意：
1) 当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略,如：
Her father told her to be careful when (she was)crossing the street.当她过马路时父亲告诉她要当心。
2) 当从句的主语是 it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be 时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(if , unless ,when , whenever)+形容词的结构。如：
Unless (it is) necessary ,you'd better not refer to the dictionary.
　
2.定语从句中的省略
1) 一般说来，在限制性定语从句中，作宾语的关系代词 that ,which , whom 可以省略;
如：Is this reason (that) he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?

而在非限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词 which , whom 不可以省略。
试比较：Tom (whom) you saw yesterday fell ill.( whom可以省) 你昨天见到的汤姆病倒了。
Tom , whom you saw yesterday ,fell ill. ( whom不可以省) 汤姆病倒了，你昨天见到他了。

2)在口语和非正式用语中，关系副词when ,where , 和 why 经常用that 来代替，甚至还可省略。
如：a) This is the firs

t time (when/that)he had trouble with the boss.这是他第一次麻烦老板。
b) He wants to find a good place (where/that) we can have a picnic during the “golden week ”holiday .
c) Could you tell us the reason (why/that) he was so unhappy ?

3)当先行词为表示方式的 the way 时 ，从句不能用 how 来引导 ，应该用that 或 in which ，或将它们全部省略。
如：I don't like the way (that/in which) you laugh at her.

3.宾语从句中的省略
1)在及物动词后面所接的宾语从句中，连词that 一般可以省略;但如果及物动词后面是由that引导的两个或两个以上的并列的宾语从句 ，那么只有第一个that可以省略。
如： a) I think (that) the reform of the renminbi's exchange rate is necessary. 我认为人民币兑换率的改革是必要的。
b) He said (that)the Anti-secession law had been passed and that President Hu Jintao had signed a presidential order 他说《 反分裂国家法》已被通过，而且胡锦涛主席已签署了主席令。

2)由 which , when ,where , how,和 why 引导的 宾语从句，可以全部或部分省略。如：a) I know that NBA star Yao Ming will come to our city but I don’t know when (he will come to our city).
b) He wants to move abroad but his parents wonders why (he wants to move abroad)

4.在与suggest ,request ,order ,advise 等词相关的名词性从句中，须用虚拟语气形式“should +动词原形”，should可以省略。
如：Chirac, President of the Republic of France suggested that the China-France Culture Year (should) last long in various forms.法国总统希拉克建议中法文化年以各种各样的形式长期持续。

　5.主句省略多用于句首。
如：(It is a ) Pity that I didn’t’ go to Mary's birthday party yesterday.很遗憾，

　6.在答语中，主句可全部省略。
如：　—Why were you absent from school last Friday ?
—(I was absent from school)Because my mother was ill.

简单句中的省略
1.省略主语
1)祈使句中的主语通常被省略
如：(You) Open the door,　please. 请开一下门。

2) 其它省略主语多限于现成的说法
如：a) (I) Thank you for your help 谢谢你的帮助。
b) (It)Doesn’t matter.没关系。

2.省略主谓语或主谓语的一部分
如：a) (There is) No smoking.　
b) (Is there) anything else?
c) (You come) this way please.
d) (Will you) Have a smoke?
3.省略宾语
Eg: The follow are all correct responses to” who told the news to the teacher? ”EXCEPT_______(08年真题第61题)
A. Jim did this B. Jim did so C. Jim did that D. Jim did
解析：答案为A对该句的标准回答

是Jim did. 即Jim did it 的省略。此外，还可以用其他代词指代问句中出现的内容，so和that都可以指代前文中提到的内容，而this通常用于指代下文内容，故A项不正确
4.省略表语
如：—Are you thirsty ?
—Yes , I am (thirsty).
5.同时省略几个成分
如：a) —Are you feeling better now?
—(I am feeling ) Much better (now)
b) (I wish) Good luck (to you) .祝你好运/祝你顺利。
　
动词不定式省略，只保留to 的场合
1.不定式作某些动词的宾语时，这些动词常见的有：love, like, care, wish, hope, expect, prefer, refuse, mean , try , oblige , advise , persuade , agree , want , afford , forget , remember , try , manage等。如：
a)— You should have thanked her before you left .
—I meant to ,but when I was leaving I couldn’t find her anywhere　
　b) You can do it this way if you like to .

2.不定式作某些动词的宾语补足语或主语补足语时，这些动词常见的有：ask , tell ,advise, force, persuade, wish, allow, permit , forbid ,expect, order ,warn 等。如 ：
a) The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in the street, but his mother told him not to.
b) She wants to come but her parents won’t allow her to (come).　

3.不定式在句中作某些形容词的状语时，常见的形容词有：happy, glad ,eager , anxious , willing , ready 等。如：
— I will be away on a business trip .Could you mind looking after my cat ?
— Not at all.I would be happy to (look after your cat).

4.不定式作某些复合谓语时，常见结构如：be able to, be going to, have to, ought to, used to等。如：
He doesn’t like fish but he used to

动词不定式to 的省略
1. 主语部分有to do ,系动词 is 或 was 时 ，作表语的不定式通常省去to。
如：The only thing you have to do is press the button.

2.作介词but ,expect ,besides 的宾语，前面又有实意动词 do时，不定式通常省去to.
如： He said that Chen Shuibian had nothing to do except push a pro-“independence” timetable.

3.主语部分暗含to do，表语中的不定式通常省去to。
如：All I want (to do) is go to school and study hard .

4.当两个或多个不定式并列时，其后的不定式符号可以省略，但有对比关系时不可省略。
如：It is easier to say than to do .

5.在would rather…than… 等结构中，不定式符号常常要省略.
如：I would rather stay at home than go to see a film.
6.在see ,watch ,notice ,hear, listen to ,look at ,feel ,have, make, let ,observe 等词后作宾语补足语时省略不定式符号to; why (not) do 结构 中, 不定式不带to。
如：a) I saw her enter the room.
b) W

hy not join us?

其他一些省略结构
1.名词所有格修饰的名词，若表示住宅、店铺、教堂或上下文已暗示或明确指出过的事物时，常常可以省略。如：
We spent the weekend at the Mary's.

2.What和 how引导的感叹句中，常可省略主语 it 和be动词 如：
a) What a wonderful victory (it is) for Tom!
b) How beautiful (it is ) to be treated like a normal child.


三．强调
　1. 陈述句的强调句型：It is/ was + 被强调部分(通常是主语、宾语或状语)+ that/ who(当强调主语且主语指人)+ 其他部分。
e.g. It was yesterday that he met Li Ping.
　2. 一般疑问句的强调句型：同上，只是把is/ was提到it前面。
e.g. Was it yesterday that he met Li Ping?
　3. 特殊疑问句的强调句型：被强调部分(通常是疑问代词或疑问副词)+ is/ was + it + that/ who + 其他部分?
e.g. When and where was it that you were born?
　4. 强调句例句：针对I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.句子进行强调。
强调主语：It was I that (who) met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.
强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.
强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.
强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.
注意：构成强调句的it本身没有词义;强调句中的连接词一般只用that， who，即使在强调时间状语和地点状语时也如此，that， who不可省略;强调句中的时态只用两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时、过去完成时和过去进行时，用It was …… ，其余的时态用It is …… .
　5.not … until … 句型的强调句
句型为：It is/ was not until + 被强调部分 + that + 其他部分
e.g. 普通句：He didn't go to bed until/ till his wife came back.
强调句：It was not until his wife came back that he went to bed.
注意：此句型只用until，不用till.但如果不是强调句型，till， until可通用;因为句型中It is/ was not …… 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
　6.谓语动词的强调
It is/ was …… that …… 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用助动词do/ does或did.
e.g. Do sit down. 务必请坐。
He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。
Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必(千万)要小心啊!
注意：此种强调只用do/ does和did，没有别的形式;过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。