新概念英语第三册语法

第一章英语从句
Subordination
英语从句主要有定语从句，状语从句和名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句）
一．定语从句
定语从句：由关系代词who, whom, whose, that, which; 关系副词when, where, why 引导。

（下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出！）
1. The death notices tell us about people who have died during the week.
2. The man (whom) you spoke to just now is my friend.
3. The building whose lights are on is beautiful.
4. Please find a place which we can have a private talk in.
5. The knee is the joint where the thighbone meets the large bone of the lower leg.
6. He still remembers the day when he went to school.
7. It is no need telling us the reason why you didn't finish it in time.
8. He has three sons, two of whom died in the war.
9. Mr. Smith, whose wife is a clerk, teaches us English.
10. In the Sunday paper there are comics, which children enjoy.
只能用that和who引导的定语从句
A．all, nothing, anything, a few, one做先行词指物时
B．先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时，后面常跟that而不是which.
C．先行词前有the only, the first, the last, the next, the very等词修饰时，引导词只能用that。

D．当先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody时，后面要用who或whom；
●All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的并非都是金子。

as 引导定语从句
as 引导的定语从句有两种形式：
A．引导限制性语从句。

在此类定语从句中，as常与主语中作为其先行词的such, the same或as联用构成，“such... as”，“the same... as”和“as ...as”句型，可代替先行词。

例如：We hope to get such a tool as he is using. 我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。

B．as 引导非限制性定语从句时，作用与which相同，as作为关系代词代替整个主句。

（这是语法考试的一个考点。

）
［注意区别］：
as 引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后，而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。

例如：As is reported, a foreign delegation will visit the city.
据报道，一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。

二．状语从句
超级作文联接词及词组，全部拿下！
①原因：because, since, now that（既然）as, for, this reason....
②结果：so that, so, therefore, consequently, so as to, as a result ....
③时间：after, before, when, while, as, until, as soon as, since, by the time, once, lately, presently, shortly after, currently, at present, nowadays ...
④条件：if, only if., once, unless, in the event (that), in case (that), provided that, on the condition that, etc.
⑤让步：though, although, even though(if), no matter what / how / when→whatever / however / whenever ....
⑥目的：in order that, in order to, to,
⑦比较：than, as ... as, by comparison（相比较），by contrast（相对照）....
三．名词性从句
王牌要点：通常由that或疑问词导出。

1. How some mammals came to live in the sea is not know.（主语从句）
2. The attorney told his client that they had little chance of winning the case.（宾语从句）
3. The problem is what we'll do next.（表语从句）
4. We have no idea that he has come back.（同位语从句）
同位语（Appositive）:
同位语是英语语法的重点内容，也是各类考试中的一个考点，同时，在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。

《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子：When reports came into London zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously.
（当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。

）
在这里，a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London就是同位语从句，它本来应该放在“reports”后面，这里却被放在了谓语成分came into London zoo的后面，目的是让句型显得更为稳重。

I．简单记忆：同位语从句，就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。

I was greatly shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday.
（that 引导的句子解释了news的内容，注意：that不做任何成分）
We have to face the fact that the weather is unexpectedly bad.
（that 引导的句子解释了fact的内容）
II．联想记忆：
能接同位词从句的名词有：belief（信仰），fact，idea，doubt，rumor（谣言），evidence（证据），conclusion （结论），suggestion（建议），problem，order，answer，discovery（发现）explanation（解释），principle（原则），possibility（可能性），truth，promise（承诺），report（报告），statement（声明），knowledge（知识），opinion（观点），likelihood（可能性）
［大声朗读三遍，背下即可。

］
III．王牌要点：
●同位语一般由that引导，但也可以用关系代词which, who, what和关系副词when, where, why, how或whether 引导。

There arouse the question whether we could win the game.
I have no idea howto explain it.
●一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。

（非常经典之功能句式，可用于四六级和托福作文，不妨一试！）：
on the assumption（在……前提下），
on the ground（由于……原因），
on the condition that（在……条件下），
with the exception（有……例外）
owing to the fact（由于……事实）；
on the understanding（基于……理解）；
The young lady promised to marry the old man on the condition that he bought her a villa.
那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头，条件是他给她买一幢别墅。

IV．分隔式同位语从句
为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻，有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾，（读两遍此定义，然后看倒句：）An idea came to him that he might write to her to ask more information about the matter.
I got information from my friend that there will be a marvelous American movie "Titanic".
V. 同位语从句与定语从句之区别
简单记忆：定语从句的引导词that 或which在句子中用作主语或宾语，而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用，不用作任何成分。

示例：I've got an answer that A is right. (同位语从句，that 不做成分)
I've got an answer that surprised me a lot.（定语从句，that做定语从句的主语）
VI．王牌重点：可以充当同位语的词组或短语。

1）名词短语。

（使句型更为简洁）
Bill Clinton, the president of America, came to China to pay an official visit in 1998.
Lu Xun, one of the greatest essayists in China, played an overwhelmingly important role in Chinese literature history.
2）动名词词组亦可用作同位语：别忘了加逗号。

（使句型更为流畅）
I'm crazy about the game, playing baseball.
Going to concert, that sounds a great idea.
3）不定式短语。

（陌生只是掌握的开始）
The problem what to do next remains unsolved.
Her claim to have finished his work is nothing but a white lie.
4）形容词词组。

（有逗号隔开）
All the workers, young or old, should be treated equally.
Young man, short or tall, should have the right to take the opportunity.
VII. 同位语的引导词。

（重要！这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分）
引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系：
1．namely, that it is, that is to say（也就是说）, in other words（换句话说）, or, for short 表示等同关系。

2．such as, say, so to speak（譬如说）, including（包括）, for instance（或for example (e.g. / eg），表示举例和列举关系。

3．especially, mostly, chiefly, or better, in particular, particularly表示突出重点，（在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分，是出题的关键点。

）
第二章虚拟语气
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
虚拟语气用来表达不可能或难以实现的愿望，与事实相反的假设，通常分为基本的三种形式。

1. 与现在事实相反的虚拟：
If + did / were + ..., ... would
should
could + do （动词原形）
might
If I were you, I would go abroad at once. (I am not you.)
If he knew it now, he could help me. (He doesn't know it now.)
2. 与过去事实相反的虚拟：
If + had done + ..., ... would (might) have done ...
If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I would have phoned you.
(I didn't know your telephone number.)
If you had come here a littleearlier just now, you might have met her.
(You didn't come here earlier.)
3. 与将来事实相反的虚拟：
(1) If + should + v., ... would + v.
（可能性很小）（译作“万一”）
If it should rain tomorrow, you could stay at home.
If I should fail, what should Ido?
(2) If + did / were to + v ..., would + v.
（完全不可能）
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would lend you the money.
If you finished it in 3 minutes, I would give you my car.
4. 金牌特殊重点：！！
［简单联想记忆］：
●下列动词后的“宾语从句”中需要用虚拟形式，即should + 动词原形，shoud在美国英语中要省略（TOEFL 语法考点）。

此类常见的动词有：order, ask, decide, demand, require, recommend, suggest（建议）insist（坚决要求），advise, etc.
例句：He suggested that we (should) help them with English.
The teacher ordered that the homework (should) be finished within half an hour.
●下列名词后的同位语从句中要用“should + 动词原形”（should可省去）的虚拟。

suggestion, order, request, demand, importance, proposal.
He made a suggestion that we (should) have a fancy dress party.
I think it is a thing of importance that it (should) be done soon.
●It is / was important / necessary / natural / essential / advisable / strange / surprising, ect. + that +主语+ should + v.
It is strange that you should say such a thing.
It was important that you should tell me all the information.
●wish后的宾语从句中，as if 后的状语从句中，须用下列的虚拟形式：
主+ wish+ (that) + 主+ did / were（指现在）
haddone（指过去）
would+ v.（指将来）
Iwishthat I met my uncle now.
IwishI had met my uncle yesterday.
IwishI could meet my uncle tomorrow.
●It is (high) time that ... + did / were ...
It is time that you went to bed.
●would rather that ... + did / were ...
I would rather that you were not here now.
●would sooner that ... + did / were ...
I would sooner that you got up earlier.
I would sooner that you were not my brother.
第三章代替与省略
SUBSTITUTIONAND OMISSION
英语中，为了避免不必要的重复，经常用so, not, to, do, does 代替前面出现的动词或相关内容。

如：He translated the article better than I did. (did代替wrote it)
—Doyou think she isclever?
—I think so. (so代替she is clever)
(1) 从上两例中看出，do / does / did 代替动词。

(2) "so 与not" 代替某个词、短语、句子等，通常用于hope, think, believe, expect, suppose, be afraid, fear, imagine, etc后作宾语。

E.g. —Is it correct?
—I'm afraid not. (not correct)
(3) "to" 用作不定式，常跟随下列动词：want, mean, hope, expect, refuse, seem, intend, be, afraid, etc.
E.g. I asked him to go to the party, but he refused to. (go to the party)
(4) "do so, do that, do it" 用来代替动态动词，而不能代静态动词。

Eg. —He gave up studying English.
—Why did he do so? (= give up studying English)
—The dish tastes nice.
—Yes, so it does. (tastes nice)
(此句不能用it does it 或it does so, 因taste属静态动词。

）
(5) 为使语言精炼，避免不必要的重复，对话中常用省略形式。

E.g. —He is thinking of buying a car?
—Is he?（这里，“thinking of buying a car”被省略了。

）
—Will he come back in time?
—Perhaps.（省略了he will come back in time.)
第四章倒装
INVERSION
1．副词如：in, out, down, there, here, off, over, away, etc. 句子倒装。

（完全倒装，但主语不能是代词）Down jumped the murderer from the tenth floor.
In came Miss Green.
（特别注意：当主语是人称代词时不倒装。

）
Away she went!（她走了！）
Here you are!（你在这儿！）
2．only + 副词（介词短语）位于句首，句子要倒装。

Only then did he realize that he was mistaken.
Only by working hard can we succeed in doing anything.
3．well, so, often, such, few, little 放于句首，句子形成倒装。

So fine was the weather that we all went out lying in the sun.
Well did I know him and well did he know me.
4．否定词或具有否定意义的词及词组用在句首时，句子须倒装。

此类词有：neither，nor，hardly，scarcely，rarely，seldom，not，never，not only，barely，at no time，nowhere等。

e.g. —Jack could not swim.
—Neither could Tom.
Never have I seen such a good movie.
5．as引导让步状语从句，须倒装。

（准确地说，是将需要强调的词提到as的前面。

）
Rich as he is, he spends a cent on charity.
Try as he does, he never seems able to do the work beautifully.
6．在表示祝愿的句子中。

May you make greater progress! （愿你取得更大进步！）
7．在虚拟条件句中，连词if省略时，句型要倒装，即将were, had, should等词提到句首。

Were I you, I would go abroad to take advanced study.
我要是你，就出国进修了。

Should he come tomorrow, he would help us to settle the problem.
他要是明天来的话，他会帮我们解决这个问题的。

8．百分特例重点：
Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want.
（NCE Book III Lesson 26）
尽管我们为自己的绝好鉴赏力感到自豪，但我们已经无法自由地选择我们所需要的东西了。

第五章形容词
ADJECTIVES
定义：形容词是用来修饰名词的词，描述名词的性质、外观、特点等。

功能：形容词可以做定语、表语或补助语。

分类：主要分为两类：描绘性形容词和限定性形容词。

●描绘性形容词主要用来描绘大、小、新旧、颜色、质量等。

●限定性形容词主要用来限定所修饰词的数量、距离及范围所属等。

1．当形容词修饰单数可数名词时，必须与冠词连用：
a lovely girl, the naughty boy
2．形容词可与系动词连用，做表语，说明主语的性状。

常用系动词有：be，become，seem，appear，feel，look，taste，smell，sound，remain，go，turn，keep，stay, etc.
The dish tastes delicious.
The music sounds sweet.
The milk went bad.
feel，smell，taste，look，keep有时可以用作实义动词，并可以用副词修饰。

He looked me up and down carefully.
I tasted the soup slowly to see whether it was salty.
3．形容词用作后置定语。

（简单理解：一般的形容词修饰名词时放在名词前面，但有些形容词修饰名词时放在名词的后面）
a river navigable（一条可通航的河）
sight visible可见的景象
person responsible（负责人）注意：responsible person（有责任心的人）
the best way possible（尽可能好的办法）
the number necessary（必要的数量）
the people present（在场的人）
4．只能作表语的形容词
1．某些表示健康状况的形容词。

well（身体好的），ill（病的），faint（虚弱的），poorly（身体不好的）
示例：His mother has been ill for a long time.
特别注意：sick是个特例。

它既可做表语，又可做定语。

He is sick for a couple of days.（他病两三天了）
He is a sick person.（他是个病人。

）
2．某些以a-开头的形容词。

如：afraid（害怕的），alone（独自的），alive（活着的），asleep（睡着的），awake（醒着的），aware（意识到的）
The old man is alone in the house.（老人一个人在家。

）
The teacher is alive with enthusiasm.（这位老师热情洋溢。

）
He is asleep in his mother's arms.（他在母亲的怀抱中睡着了。

）
I have been aware of the difficulty.（我已经意识到了困难。

）
5．当一系列形容词修饰名词时，须注意排列顺序：代明形容词+ 数量形容词+ 性状形容词+ 名词。

（下图
Eg. a broken small old gray stone bridge.
such a good yellow pen.
第六章副词
ADVERBS
定义：副词用来修饰动词（系动词除外），形容词，其它副词或整个句子。

功能：表示时间、方式、程度、范围等。

分类：
●时间及频度副词：before，frequently，always，usually 等
●地点副词：here，northward，anywhere，above，below等
●方式副词：rapidly，quickly，clearly，hard，well等
●程度副词：quite，much，nearly，just，enough，perfectly，only 等
●疑问副词：how，why，when，where 等
例：He walked out of the room slowly.
She looks very beautiful.
We study English very carefully.
Even a child can do it better.
Perhaps she will telephone you tomorrow.
金牌要点：几个重要副词的使用：
1. enough：修饰形容词或副词，须置于被修饰词后；而修饰名词时放在修饰词的前面。

He is old enough to go to school.
I have enough money to buy this type of bicycle.
2. too：位于形容词或副词前。

She is too eager to see me.
3. very：置于所修饰的形容词、副词前。

He is very handsome and many girls like to speak with him.
4. much：修饰动词，形容词及副词比较级。

The subject has beentalked too much.
Her dress is much more beautiful than mine.
5. still:“依旧，仍然”用于肯定句、否定句中。

He still remembers the days they spent together.
I still can not catch his words.
6. yet: 位于疑问句末尾时意思是“已经”；用于否定句时意思是“还”。

Have you emptied the dustbin yet?
I haven't done that yet.
7. only: 根据句意灵活运用。

（请翻译下面三个句子！）
Only he can tell you how to do it.
He can only tell you how to do it.
He can tell you how to do it only today.
8. hardly, scarcely, seldom, never本身为否定意义副词，注意使用。

Hardly had we left the station when it began to rain.
你知道吗？
几个易混淆的副词：
1. easy: stand easy (= comfortably)
easily: It can't be solved easily.
2. clear: The bullet went clear through the window
(= directly)
clearly: Clearly, he doesn't know anything about it.
(= obviously)
3. high: He can jump very high.（高地）
highly: We think highly of the good teacher.（高度地）
4. just: We have just know the news.（刚刚）
justly: He was justly punished.（公正地）
5. hard: You must think hard.（努力地）
hardly: He hardly knows about it.（几乎不）
6. pretty: He is not pretty sure about it.（非常）
prettily: The girl is prettily dressed.（漂亮地）
7. near: He lives near the school.（附近）
nearly: I nearly missed the bus.（几乎）
8. late: Don't come late next time.（迟到）
lately: I haven't read novels lately.（最近）
9. formally: You should be dressed formally at the meeting.（正式地）
formerly: Formerly, he was the manager of the company.（以前）
10. free（免费地）
freely（自由地）
11. most（最）
mostly（大部分）
12. sharp（准时地）
sharply（严厉地）
第七章冠词
ARTICLES
不定冠词“a”用来表示可数名词的单数形式，用于辅音音素前，an用于元音音素前。

如：a person, a day; an hour, anold man...
I
（英语刚启蒙时你就知道冠词了，可你真正掌握了吗？再背一遍又何妨？！）
1．用于双方都知道的名词前：Please cleanthe classroom．
2．用于单数名词前，表示一类人或物：
The horseis a useful animal.（马是有用的动物）
This is a very hardjob for theteacher.（对于老师这是一项很难的工作。

）
3．用于世界上独一无二的东西前：the sun, the spring.
4．用于方位名词前：People in the west like coffee very much.
5．用于乐器名词前：play the violin.
6．用于计量单位前：Gasoline is soldby the gallon.
7．形容词最高级和序数词前：This is the easiest way to work out the problem.
He came to see me for first time.
8．用于江河湖海山脉名称前：the Pacific，the Thames，the Rocky Mountains
9．杂志、报刊名称前：the Times，the Overseas Digest
10．用于建筑物、和组织前：the White House, theMinistry of Education
11．用于姓氏复数前，表“某某夫妇，某某一家人”the Smiths，the Greens
12．用于形容词前，表一类人/ 物：the rich, theblind
13．用于English，Chinese，French等名词前，表“全体国民”the English，the Chinese
II．以下情况不用冠词：
1．三餐前breakfast，lunch，supper，... Have you had lunch？
2．体育运动项目前playchess，... I have nointerest intennis.
3．在由by引出的交通工具前by air（乘飞机），by car
4．在称呼或职位前He has been elected president of the committee.
5．习惯用语前at school，day by day，at table（在吃饭），go to church（做礼拜）...
第八章介词
Prepositions
金牌要点：
“英语是介词和动词的语言”，由此可见，掌握介词的用法何其重要。

学习介词的最好方法是要弄清楚介词与介词之间位置上的关系，请参考下图：
above
over
to →on ↑→from
into↗↓↘out of by
under
below
I．分类：
1．常用简单介词：
about，across，against，among，after，at，behind，besides，beyond，by，concerning，beneath，between，despite，except，during，down，for，from，past，than，under，until 等。

2．合成介词：
inside，outside，onto，out of，within等。

3．短语介词：
according to，ahead of，along with，as for，because of，be means of，due to，in spite of，on behalf of，owing to，with regard to等。

II．介词与“……的”之关系：
在英语学习中，一遇到“……的”，大家就会立刻想到’s 所有格或者of，实际上，在很多情况下，“……的”必须借助于介词才能准确表达。

以下请学员重复记忆：
●美国的冬天→the winter in America
●停车场的入口→the entrance to the parking lot
●穿过森林的小路→the path through the forest
●鲁迅的著作→the works by Lu Xun
●水中的月亮→the moon reflected in water
●历史的见证→the witness to history
●对爱的渴望→ a longing for love
●对我们不利的证据→the evidence against us
●阳光下的漫步→a walk in the sunlight
●追求名誉的女人→ a lady after fame
●两人之间的争论→an argument between the two persons
重要介词的重要用法：
（1）from：此介词表示“to”相反的方向。

He came from London.
Hewent to London.
二词常搭配使用“from ... to...”
WestudiedEnglish from morningtoafternoon
He'll start fromBeijingto Shanghai.
经典用法：
●由于→The girl is trembling from fear.
●免除→Tramps are always free from care. 流浪汉们总是无忧无虑。

●分开→The couple parted from each other at the airport.
●由……制成→The red wine is made from grapes. 红葡萄酒是由葡萄制成的
由from引导的惯用法：
from far 从远处
from now / then on从现在/ 那时起
from bad to worse 每况愈下
from time to time（occasionally 时而）
习语：
She comes to visit me from time to time
（2）out of ：表示与“into”相反的语意
He will be out of town.
I stepped out of the dark room.
out of+ 名词(= lack, to be without 用完，用光）
He went to the shop because he was out of paper.
out of date (= old-fashioned 过时的）
The book has been out of date.
out of work (= jobless 失业的)
He needs money because be is out of work.
out of the question (= impossible 不可能的)
Finishing the hard work is out of the question.
out of question (= doubtless 毫无疑问的）
That hecan doit well is out of question.
out of order（= not functioning 失灵的）
Her radio is out of order, so she can't listen to it.
（3）by: 表示从旁经过或在……附近。

经典用法：
●通过→This is the nearest road by which they came.
●在……时候→The young man works by day and steals money by night.
●由……所生→He has two sons by her second wife.
●抓住→She caught her child by his coat in the flood.
●按……计算→The farmers sell their apples by the pound.
●就（气质，特征）而言→He is an artist by temperament（气质）。

He passed by me without saying hello.
He lives by the sea.
用于被动语意，导出动作执行者
The glass was broken by the boy.
by + 具体时间：
They usually have dinner by 8 o'clock.
by + 交通工具(bus, train, plan...)
He travelled to Paris by air / plane.
by the end of + 时间名词：到……末为止。

By the end of last year, they had learnt 100 texts.
By the end of this term, they will have learnt 100 texts.
by then: 到那时
He will graduate in 1999, by then he will leave Beijing.
by way of (= via) 经由，取道
They are going to the United States by way of Hong Kong.
by the way 顺便问
By the way, do you know where Mr. Li has gone?
by far: ……得多（用于修饰比较级和最高级）
The book is by far the best on the subject
by accident ［不小心，与on purpose（故意地）语意相反］The wrong information was put into the computer by accident.
（4）in: 在……内部，与"out" 语意相反。

All the students are in the classroom.
In + month / year: 在某月/ 年In January, in 2000
In time 及时
They arrived at the station in time.
In the street 在街上
In the past 在过去
In the future 在未来
In the beginning 开始，起初
In the end 最后，终于
In the way 挡住去路
He couldn't drive his car away because a big stone was in the way. once in a while 时而
Once in a while, he went to the Museum.
in no time at all 立刻，迅速
He finished his homework in no time at all.
in the meantime 同时
He was having supper, and in the meantime he watched TV.
in a row 坐在某一排上
We sat in the 20th row of the cinema.
in the event that 如果
In the event that you pass the exam, I'll telephone you.
in case 万一，如果
Bring you raincoat in case it rains.
get in touch with 与……取得联系
keep in touch with 与……保持联系
（5）on: 位于某物体表面上。

The dishes are on the round table.
on a day / date 在某天及某天的上，下午，晚上
on Wednesday, on February 9th , 1999
on Friday afternoon, on a dark night.
on a / the + (bus, plane, ship, train, bike)
He went to school on a bus.
on a ... street 在某条街道
Mrs. Smith lives on 5th 'Avenue.
on the floor of a building. 位于某层楼
on time 准时（比in time 具体）
on the corner (of two streets) 在两条街道相交的一角
That shoe store is on the corner of 2 nd Street and 5th Avenue.
on the sidewalk 在人行道上
on the way 在途中
on the right / left 在右侧/ 左侧
on the television / the radio 在电视/ 收音机里
The manager will make a speech onthe TV.
on the telephone 打电话
You are wanted on the phone. 有您的电话
on the whole 总的来说，总体上
on the one hand, or the other hand 一方面，另一方面
on sale 出售
The books are on salefor $7 each.
on foot 步行
（6）at: 此介词通常用来指某一特定时间和地点。

at + 地点
Mr. Smith lives at 15, 16th Avenue.
注：在某条街道On... street，而在某街某号应用at
at + 特定时间
At 7:00 in the morning, he goes towork.
at home / school / work 在家上学上班
at night 在晚上
at best 充其量
at times 有时
at peace 和平状态
at least 至少
at worst 最差
at intervals 间或，时而
at random 随意，胡乱地
at most 至多
at present 目前，现在
at war 交战
at leisure 悠闲自得地
at a loss 不知所措
at large 逍遥法外
（7）其它介词短语：
in place of / instead of 代替
for the most part —mainly 主要地
in hopes of 希望……
off and on 时断时续
all of a sudden 突然
for good 永远
（8）动词短语+ 介词构成的习语
break off 结束
bring up
call on sb.
care for
She only cares for new clothes.
I have to care for my son after school
check on 调查
come along with sb. 伴随，和某人在一起
come down with 因……而生病
Last summer, many people came down with intestinal disorders. count on 依靠、指望
do away with 摆脱
draw up 起草
drop out of (school ... ) 退（学）
figure out 弄明白，弄清楚
find out 发现，查明（事实）
get by: 设法生存
get through
It's not easy to get through the work in a day.
get up
Aparty will be got up in my house.
go along with 同意
hold on to 抓住，坚持
The bank was held up last night.
He held up very well after the death of his wife.
The work had been held up.
pass out 昏迷run across 遇见，见到
I ran across some old friends yesterday.
run into 偶然碰见
see about
The young man is seeing about getting a ticket for the football game.
take over for 替代
I took over for Janet because she was ill.
talk over 讨论
try out 试验，试行
Turn in
After a tiring day, he turned in early.
watch out for 警觉
weigh on sb.
Some problems are weighing on me, so I can't sleep well.
第九章反意疑问句
Tag Question
1．一般用法：
He is a student, isn't he?
He isn't a student, is he?
(1) “have to, had better, used to”要用下列方式反问：
He has to finish the work, doesn't he?
They used to smoke, didn't / usedn't they?
You'd better get up immediately, hadn't you?
(2) “has, have”作为助动词和实意动词，反问形式不同。

We have done all the work, haven't we?
You have some time, don't you?
金牌要点如下
2．“seldom, barely, hardly, scarcely, few, little”语意本身是否定，因此反意问句应为肯定形式。

She seldom comes to visit us, does she?
He hardly knew it, did he?
3．当主句为祈使句，反意问句提出要求，命令应用“will you”
Do it at once, will you?
但如表示邀请，劝告，反意问句用“won't you”
Have a cup of tea, won't you?
4．否定祈使句应用“will you”来反问。

Don't open the window, will you?
5．“Let's”短语
●当其为肯定形式，“shall we”提出反问
Let's play basketball, shall we?
●当其为否定形式，“all right, ok”提出反问
Let's not go to the party, all right?
●如为“let us ...”其反问形式应为“will you”提出请求
Let us go home, will you?
6．当“think, suppose, consider, believe” etc 被用作为主句谓语动词，其后带有宾语从句时，反意疑问问句应与从句保持一致。

Idon't think that he is an honest man, is he?
第十章独立主格结构
Absolute Structure
此独立形式只是一个小短语，而不是主谓完整的简单句，又称之为独立分词构句。

当分词意义上的主语不是主句的主语时，必须在分词前保留意义上的主语，否则语意不通。

（定义有点费解，多看几遍）
示例：
Being ill in bed, I can't go to school.
Mother being ill in bed, I can't go to school.
（1）独立主结构形式可用以表时间，理由，条件，伴随状态等
He lay on the grass, the sun shining upon him.
= He lay on the grass, and the sun was shining upon him.
Weather permitting, I'll start tomorrow.
= If weather permits, I'll start tomorrow.
School being over, the boys went home.
= When school was over, the boys went home.
The sun having set, we arrived at the station.
= After the sun had set, we arrived at the station.
王牌重点：当独立主格结构的主语表示“一般人”，如：we, one, you时，主语可省略，此用法常用于下列表达方式中：
generally speaking 一般来说
strictly speaking 严格地说
talking of ... 谈到
speaking of ... 说到
judging from ... 由……来判断
taking all things into consideration 把一切都考虑在内
considering ... 考虑到……
[示例]：
If we judge from his face, he must be ill.
= Judging from his face, he must be ill.
He has lots of books if we consider that he is young.
= He has lots of books, considering that he is young.
（2）with 复合结构也是独立主格结构形式之一。

这种结构在句中作状语（表示原因，方式，伴随等）和定语，作定语时紧随被修饰名词后。

1．with+ 名词+ 介词短语：
The woman with a baby on her back is my sister.
The boy rushed into the room, with his schoolbag in his hand.
2．with + 名词+ adj.
with the door open, he left the classroom.
3．with + 名词+ adv.
With the gloves off, she felt cold.
With the lights on, the building looks beautiful.
4．with + 名词+ 现在分词（主动）
with + 名词+ 过去分词（被动）
Withthe guide leading us, we got to the village.
The boy was crying with the vase broken.
5．with + 名词+ 不定式
With the hard work to be done, we have to prepare for it.
第十一章平行结构
Parallel Structures
许多句子在描述一个人或一件物品时往往会出现一系列修饰语；动词的修饰语，即副词往往也会几个同时使用，构成平行结构，平行结构要求语法结构须保持一致，如：
1．系列动词：
after school, we sang, danced and played the piano in the classroom.
2．系列形容词：
She is slim, tall, blond and beautiful.
3．系列副词：
The students are listening to me carefully and eagerly.
平行结构不仅包括动词，形容词，副词，也包括分词，不定式，动名词，名词短语和句子等的平行用法，务必提高辨别力。

第十二章容易混淆的动词
Some Confusing Verbs
在学习英语动词时，一些初学者常碰到大量易混淆的同义词，下面就几组常用的动词加以比较。