阅读教程第二版 蒋静仪 Unit 4
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Unit 4 SHale Waihona Puke Baidueep and Dreams
Stages of sleep
In mammals and birds, sleep is divided into two broad types: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM or non-REM) sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological, and psychological features. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) further divides NREM into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also called delta, or slow-wave, sleep (SWS). Sleep cycles through the night, with deep sleep early on and more REM toward morning. Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and NREM, the order normally being N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM. There is a greater amount of deep sleep (stage N3) early in the night, while the proportion of REM sleep increases later in the night and just before natural awakening.
Para. 4 Endorphin: guess from the content after dash. Exercise works as an antidote to stress: Exercise helps you to overcome stress Stimulate: vi. Keep a person awake Para. 6 Develop a tolerance: (guess the meaning from “after a while pills lose their effectiveness and you need larger doses or stronger drugs.”) Tolerance: If someone or something has a tolerance to a substance, they are exposed to it so often that it does not have very much effect on them.
Reading 2
There are many other hypotheses about the function of dreams, including: During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses, but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep. The mind will, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying. Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock. Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences.
Para. 12 Drifting in and out of sleep: Drift: to go from one situation or state to another without realizing it Whole: not sleeping deeply enough Plague: to cause pain or trouble to sb/sth over a period of time e.g.本赛季这支队一直为队员受伤所 困扰。 The team has been plagued by injury this season.
Para. 3 On the night shift Shift: a period of time worked by a group of workers who start work as another group finishes 班；轮班；轮 班工作时间 e.g. to work an eight-hour shift 按每 班八小时轮班工作 working in shifts 轮班工作 simulate: to be made to look like sth else 模仿；冒充 e.g. a gas heater that simulates a coal fire 模仿煤炉的煤气暖炉
Para.7 FDA: Food and Drug Administration; the US government department that is responsible for making sure that food and drugs are safe to be sold （美国）食品及药物管理局 Para. 9 Wear off: to gradually disappear or stop
Language Explanation
Para. 2 “By keeping to a regular schedule as much as possible, your body clock won’t have to work so hard to reset itself.” If you try your best to keep to a regular schedule even on weekends, it won’t be so uncomfortable to switch your body clock to normal on Monday.
Reading 1
Why do people always feel logy on Monday? In what ways does exercise help to reduce stress? What is the appropriate time for the schedule exercise? Is it healthy for a dieter to have light beforebed snack if he feel hungry at night? What’re the side effects of using sleeping pills? What damage can a drink of late-evening alcohol do to a good night’s rest? Why is it suggested that we’d better turn the lights off in the middle of the night?
Para. 11 “The researchers used bright light comparable in intensity to natural sunlight just after dawn” The researchers used bright light which is as strong as natural sunlight just after dawn. Aggravate: to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse e.g. Pollution can aggravate asthma. 污染会使气喘加重。
Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness. Ferenczi proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright. Dreams regulate mood. Hartmann says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life. More recent research by psychologist Joe Griffin, following a twelve year review of data from all major sleep laboratories, led to the formulation of the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming, which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation in the autonomic nervous system and lowers stress levels in mammals
Insomnia
Insomnia is a symptom of any of several sleep disorders, characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a standalone diagnosis or a disease. By definition, insomnia is "difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or both" and it may be due to inadequate quality or quantity of sleep. It is typically followed by functional impairment while awake. Both organic and non-organic insomnia without other cause constitute a sleep disorder, primary insomnia. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in the year 2007, approximately 64 million Americans regularly suffer from insomnia each year. Insomnia is 1.4 times more common in women than in men.
Stages of sleep
In mammals and birds, sleep is divided into two broad types: Rapid Eye Movement (REM) and Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM or non-REM) sleep. Each type has a distinct set of associated physiological, neurological, and psychological features. The American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) further divides NREM into three stages: N1, N2, and N3, the last of which is also called delta, or slow-wave, sleep (SWS). Sleep cycles through the night, with deep sleep early on and more REM toward morning. Sleep proceeds in cycles of REM and NREM, the order normally being N1 → N2 → N3 → N2 → REM. There is a greater amount of deep sleep (stage N3) early in the night, while the proportion of REM sleep increases later in the night and just before natural awakening.
Para. 4 Endorphin: guess from the content after dash. Exercise works as an antidote to stress: Exercise helps you to overcome stress Stimulate: vi. Keep a person awake Para. 6 Develop a tolerance: (guess the meaning from “after a while pills lose their effectiveness and you need larger doses or stronger drugs.”) Tolerance: If someone or something has a tolerance to a substance, they are exposed to it so often that it does not have very much effect on them.
Reading 2
There are many other hypotheses about the function of dreams, including: During the night there may be many external stimuli bombarding the senses, but the mind interprets the stimulus and makes it a part of a dream in order to ensure continued sleep. The mind will, however, awaken an individual if they are in danger or if trained to respond to certain sounds, such as a baby crying. Dreams allow the repressed parts of the mind to be satisfied through fantasy while keeping the conscious mind from thoughts that would suddenly cause one to awaken from shock. Freud suggested that bad dreams let the brain learn to gain control over emotions resulting from distressing experiences.
Para. 12 Drifting in and out of sleep: Drift: to go from one situation or state to another without realizing it Whole: not sleeping deeply enough Plague: to cause pain or trouble to sb/sth over a period of time e.g.本赛季这支队一直为队员受伤所 困扰。 The team has been plagued by injury this season.
Para. 3 On the night shift Shift: a period of time worked by a group of workers who start work as another group finishes 班；轮班；轮 班工作时间 e.g. to work an eight-hour shift 按每 班八小时轮班工作 working in shifts 轮班工作 simulate: to be made to look like sth else 模仿；冒充 e.g. a gas heater that simulates a coal fire 模仿煤炉的煤气暖炉
Para.7 FDA: Food and Drug Administration; the US government department that is responsible for making sure that food and drugs are safe to be sold （美国）食品及药物管理局 Para. 9 Wear off: to gradually disappear or stop
Language Explanation
Para. 2 “By keeping to a regular schedule as much as possible, your body clock won’t have to work so hard to reset itself.” If you try your best to keep to a regular schedule even on weekends, it won’t be so uncomfortable to switch your body clock to normal on Monday.
Reading 1
Why do people always feel logy on Monday? In what ways does exercise help to reduce stress? What is the appropriate time for the schedule exercise? Is it healthy for a dieter to have light beforebed snack if he feel hungry at night? What’re the side effects of using sleeping pills? What damage can a drink of late-evening alcohol do to a good night’s rest? Why is it suggested that we’d better turn the lights off in the middle of the night?
Para. 11 “The researchers used bright light comparable in intensity to natural sunlight just after dawn” The researchers used bright light which is as strong as natural sunlight just after dawn. Aggravate: to make an illness or a bad or unpleasant situation worse e.g. Pollution can aggravate asthma. 污染会使气喘加重。
Jung suggested that dreams may compensate for one-sided attitudes held in waking consciousness. Ferenczi proposed that the dream, when told, may communicate something that is not being said outright. Dreams regulate mood. Hartmann says dreams may function like psychotherapy, by "making connections in a safe place" and allowing the dreamer to integrate thoughts that may be dissociated during waking life. More recent research by psychologist Joe Griffin, following a twelve year review of data from all major sleep laboratories, led to the formulation of the expectation fulfilment theory of dreaming, which suggests that dreaming metaphorically completes patterns of emotional expectation in the autonomic nervous system and lowers stress levels in mammals
Insomnia
Insomnia is a symptom of any of several sleep disorders, characterized by persistent difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep despite the opportunity. Insomnia is a symptom, not a standalone diagnosis or a disease. By definition, insomnia is "difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep, or both" and it may be due to inadequate quality or quantity of sleep. It is typically followed by functional impairment while awake. Both organic and non-organic insomnia without other cause constitute a sleep disorder, primary insomnia. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services in the year 2007, approximately 64 million Americans regularly suffer from insomnia each year. Insomnia is 1.4 times more common in women than in men.