第三讲 英汉语言对比与翻译

教学重点、难点：
1. 英、汉两种语言的基本区别。 2. 翻译中“选词”、“选义”的方法。
教学内容
一、翻译作业讲评 二、英汉语言对比 三、语义翻译 四、翻译练习
Pre-class activity:
• What have you learned about translation last week? • (a word, a phrase, a sentence, a translator, a novel, a
1. Their argument ended when she slammed the door and left without a word.
2. The guests at the dinner party were slightly surprised at the commanding tone of the American.
3. 句子结构不同 Difference of sentence structure: • English sentences are well-knit, close and compact In English, nouns, especially the abstract nouns and prepositions are widely used, just like a series of Grapes. • Chinese sentences are concise and explicit In Chinese, verbs are widely used, just like a Bamboo
周三，两名男子，其中一名涉嫌在内蒙古自治 区贩毒，及一名女子在成都一着火的公寓楼与警 察发生枪战，上演“好莱坞大片”。
三、语义翻译 （semantic translation）
1. 语义翻译的概念
Peter Newmark says: ‘Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (1988) Semantic translation: the translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the target language, to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author.(1982)
上海今夏已经至少有11人死于中暑。最近 几天，上海的气温更是达到了39度，甚至39度 以上。上海气象部门表示，这个七月是十几年 来最热的一个。
例子2： Two men, one of whom was suspected
of trafficking drugs in the Inner Mongolia autonomous region, and a woman fought with police in a gunfight in a blazing Chengdu apartment on Wednesday in a scene described as resembling "a Hollywood blockbuster".
印尼经常被描述为下一个印度。它有着2.5亿 人口，和数量巨大的憧憬美好生活的消费者。与 印度一样，它也是一个民主国家，尽管走上民主 道路的时间短得多。同样地，其稳定的增长纪录 不是出口制造业推动的，而是国内需求推动的。 当全球金融危机袭来的时候，这两个经济体都比 大多数国家更好地度过了难关。
一、 翻译作业讲评
“动态对等”（dynamic equivalence)中的对等包括 四个方面:
1. 词汇对等, 2. 句法对等, 3. 篇章对等, 4. 文体对等。 在这四个方面中,奈达认为“意义是最重要的,形式 其次”(郭建中,2000 , P67)
webpage,etc)
• Group 1:
• Group 2:
The 1964 Tokyo Olympics marked a shining moment in Japan‘s history, an occasion that restored national pride after a humiliating World War II defeat and heralded（foreshadowed/presaged） the country's long, victorious climb toward international economic power.
2. 出席晚宴的客人对那个美国人威严的语气感到有 点儿意外。
3. 约翰尼已长大成熟，不再害怕独自呆在家里了。 4. 你觉得什么时候最有可能在家里找到他？
5. It is very likely that he will be rejected by the army because of his bad eyesight.
3. Johnny has outgrown the fear of staying at home alone . 4. What do you think is the likeliest time to find him at
home?
1. 她砰的关上门，一声不吭地走了，他们之间那场 争执就此结束。
(Shuttleworth and Cowie 1997)
2. 翻译中“意义”的内涵
Eugene A. Nida says: ‘Translation means translating meaning.’ 奈达有关翻译的定义指明翻译不仅是词汇意义 上的对等还包括语义、风格和文体的对等,翻译 传达的信息既有表层词汇信息也有深层的文化 信息。
由于摧人性命的高温天还将持续一段时间，上 海的医学专家提醒市民，特别是老年人，应尽量避 免阳光直射，并注意防暑降温。
At least 11 people have died of heat stroke in Shanghai so far this summer. The city’s temperatures have been 39 degrees or above in recent days and the local meteorological department said this July is the hottest in decades.
例子1：
Medical experts in Shanghai have warned people, especially the elderly, to stay out of the sun and remain cool, as high temperatures continue to claim lives.
Lecture 3 The Comparison Between Chinese
& English and Semantic Translation 英汉语言对比与语义翻译
教学目标
1. 翻译作业讲评、课堂翻译练习。 2. 让学生初步了解英、汉两种语言的区别。 3. 介绍纽马克关于“语义翻译”的定义。 4. 介绍“意义”的内涵。 5. 让学生掌握翻译中“选词”、“选义”方法。
5. 很可能会因为实力不好而被拒收入伍。 6.他很可能会因为实力不好而被拒收入伍。 7.委员会成员在新机场最佳选址这一问题上持有
不同意见。
二、 英汉语言对比
要认识汉语的特点，就要 跟非汉语比较；要认识现代汉 语的特点，就要跟古代汉语比 较；要认识普通话的特点，就 要跟方言比较。
— 吕叔湘
语言学家、语文 教育家、翻译家
1964年东京奥运会是日本历史上的一个辉煌 的时刻，这场盛会使日本在二战战败后重拾民族 自豪感，此后日本踏上了成功迈向国际经济强国 的漫长之路。
Indonesia has often been described as the next India. With 250m people, it has a huge population of aspiring consumers. Like India, it is a democracy, albeit（although） a far more recent convert. Like India, too, its solid record of growth has been propelled not by manufactured exports but by domestic demand. When the global financial crisis struck, both economies weathered the storm better than most.
In semantic translation, greater attention is paid to rendering the author’s original thought-processes in target language than to attempting to re-interpret source text in a way which the translator considers more appropriate for the target setting.
2. 语言性质不同 英语—综合型语言
汉Hale Waihona Puke —分析型语言comprehensive language
analytic language
Different nature of language:
English is a comprehensive language.