英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译

英语国家概况-澳大利亚篇中英翻译
第三十章澳大利亚经济 Chapter 30 The Economy
Ⅰ.工业 Manufacturing Industry
澳大利亚的制造业以制砖开始。

86%的制造业为小企业。

Manufacturing in Australia began with the making of bricks. It is estimated that 86% of all manufacturing firms are small businesses.
在世界的总格局中，澳大利亚的制造业是独特的。

它的特点包括下面几点:
In a world context Australian manufacturing is unique. Its features include the following: 1)效率低Inefficiency
澳大利亚的市场有限，它在地理上与外界的隔绝以及很高的关税壁垒是影响澳大利亚工业效率的几个因素。

Australia's limited local market, its geographical isolation and high levels of tariff protection are the factors that affect the efficiency of Australian manufacturing.
效率最低并且最受保护的工业是汽车、纺织、服装和制鞋工业。

The industries that are most inefficient and most highly protected are automobile, textiles, clothing and footwear industries.
2)高度集中Concentration
在过去20年里，大的联合企业在澳大利亚经济中一直起中心作用。

Over the last 20 years large conglomerates have been given a central role in the Australian economy.
整个钢铁工业由一个公司控制，这就是布洛肯·希尔专卖。

The entire steel industry is in the hands of one company, the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP).
3)外国投资Foreign investment
澳大利亚的制造业在很大程度上依靠外国投资。

外资公司比他们
的澳大利亚同行获利多。

Australian manufacturing relies heavily on foreign investment. Companies that are foreign-owned tend to be more profitable than their Australian counterparts.
Ⅱ.农业 Agriculture
200年前，澳大利亚是一个没有农业的大陆。

今天，农业却是这个国家的最大的和最多样化的行业。

澳大利亚是世界上粮食和天然纤维的主要生产国之一。

200 years ago Australia was a land without agriculture. Today, agriculture is the nation's largest and most diverse industry. Australia is one of the world's leading producers of food and natural fibers.
澳大利亚是世界上最大的羊毛出口国，第二大肉类出口国，第三大小麦出口国，
Australia is the world's largest exporter of wool, the second largest exporter of meat, the third largest exporter of wheat。

就面积而言，澳大利亚几乎和美国一样大(除去阿拉斯加和夏威夷)，比整个西欧还大。

In terms of area Australia is almost as large as the USA (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) and larger than the whole of Western Europe.
澳大利亚农业史上的一个重要因素是参与世界竞争的能力。

A key factor in the history of agriculture in Australia has been the ability to compete on world markets,
起初，澳大利亚享受优先进入英国市场的优惠，这对澳大利亚农业的繁荣是相当重要的。

In the early days, Australia's preferential access to the British market was important to the prosperity of Australian farming.
Ⅲ.矿产和能源工业 The Minerals and Energy Industry
澳大利亚自然资源丰富，是世界上最大的矿物和金属生产大国。

也是世界上最大的煤出口国
Australia is rich in natural resources. It is one of the world's biggest producers of minerals and metals.It is also the world's largest exporter of coal,
矿物和能源工业是澳大利亚的经济中心，从19世纪以来，一直是国家发展的主要"催化剂"，现在它是出口创汇的主要来源。

The minerals and energy industry is central to the Australian economy. It has been a major catalyst to national development since the 19th century. It is now a major source of export earnings.
在20世纪70年代早期，日本对铁矿石和煤的进口需求衰减了。

这就限制了澳大利亚的市场。

in the early 1970s, because of the energy crisis the demand in Japan for imports of iron ore and coal declined. This limited market opportunities for Australia,
澳大利亚采矿业面临着新问题。

The mining industry in Australia has faced new problems
1）以保护环境之名授予土著人土地权力，结果矿藏受到限制
Mineral access has been restricted in the name of environmental protection and also as a consequence of the granting of Aboriginal land rights.
2）与采矿有关的各种疾病发病率高
the high incidence of mining-related diseases
Ⅳ.服务业 Service Industries
澳大利亚的服务业是产业中发展最快的一个部分，
Australia's sector is the fastest-growing sector of industry.
Ⅴ.贸易 Trade
澳大利亚是中等水平的贸易国家
Australia is a middle-level trading nation.
澳大利亚贸易的主要特点是以原材料换制成品。

这有两个原因:
The main feature of Australia's trade is that it has always
involved the exchange of raw materials for finished products. There are two reasons.
1）国市场太小，制造商不能有效地运作;
One is that the home market is too small for manufacturers to operate efficiently.
2）由于在海外可以达到规模经济，从欧洲、美国以及最近从亚洲来的商品一直比澳大利亚生产的产品便宜。

The other is that goods from Europe, the US and recently Asia have always been cheaper than those produced in Australia because of the economies of scale available overseas.
在定居后的第一个一百年，典型的贸易活动是把羊毛运到英国而后运回毛料衣服。

在澳大利亚的第二个一百年，典型的出口一直是把铁矿石运往日本而后运回日本的汽车。

For the first 100 years of settlement, a typical trade transaction was a shipment of wool to Britain and a return shipment of woolen suits, In Australia's second century, a typical export has been iron ore shipped to Japan and a return shipment of Japanese motor cars.
这种特殊性有两重效果:
Such specialization has been double-edged.
1)它意味着可以从全世界买到广泛的制成品，
On the one hand, it has meant access to a very broad range of finished goods from around the world.
2)它使得澳大利亚非常容易受商品价格涨落周期的影响。

On the other hand it has made Australia extremely vulnerable to cycles in commodity prices.
影响澳大利亚贸易模式和国际经济关系的因素包括下面这些:
The factors that have affected Australia's trading patterns and international economic relations include the following:
(1)取消英国联邦优惠制，根据这一制度，英联邦各成员国家相互
降低关税；
The dismantling of the Commonwealth Preference, whereby Commonwealth countries gave each others' products reduced tariff rates;
(2)欧洲共同体的建立，使澳大利亚与欧洲国家贸易产生了障碍；The creation of the European Community, which produced impediments to trade With European countries;
(3) 日本作为一个经济大国的兴起；The rise of Japan as an economic power;
(4)其它亚洲国家作为生产商和出口商的出现；The emergence of other Asian countries as manufacturers and exporters;
(5)20 世纪70 年代的石油价格的冲击。

The oil-price shocks of the 1970s.
Ⅵ.澳大利亚经济中存在的问题Problems in the Australian Economy
1）过度依赖商品出口Over-reliance on commodity exports
初级产品的出口带来了收入，使澳大利亚的生活标准保持一个较高水平。

由于农村和采矿业生产率很高，削弱了把矿物资源转变为制造业的积极性。

结果，澳大利亚未能达到它应该达到的工业化水平。

The exports of primary products produced the flow of income which kept Australians' living standards at a high level. The high productivity of rural and mining industries reduced the incentive to shift resources into manufacturing. As a result, Australia failed to industrialize as fully as it should.
在过去四十年里，贸易条件(出口价对进口价的比率)一直朝着不利于澳大利亚的方向发展。

换句话说，出口价格与进口价格相比明显地下降了。

the terms of trade (the ratio of export prices to import prices) have been moving steadily against Australia over the past forty years.In other words the prices received for exports have declined
markedly compared with the prices paid for imports.
问题的解决办法是，使工业产品多样化并增加其出口，减少澳大利亚对初级产品出口的依赖。

the solution to the problem is to reduce Australia's reliance on commodity exports by diversifying and increasing its manufactured exports.
2)在大的国际市场中没有得到份额Failure to share in the expansion of international trade
二战后，恢复最快的国家和近些年经济发展最快的国家，都是那些充分利用国际贸易增长的国家。

The countries which recovered fastest or whose economies have grown fastest in recent decades, have been those which took advantage of the growth in international trade
澳大利亚太依靠矿产品出口了。

它在世界贸易中的份额大幅减少。

Australia is too heavily dependent on commodity exports. Its share in world trade has declined significantly.
其贸易的低效率，尤其是没能分享到制成品贸易所创造的财富，是目前澳大利亚各种经济困难的根本原因。

The poor trade performance, especially the failure to share in the wealth produced by trade in manufactured goods, is at the root of Australia's current economic difficulties.
3)制造业的衰落及关税的影响The decline of manufacturing industries and the effects of tariffs
澳大利亚的保护税率在世界先进工业国家之中仍属最高之列。

Australia's rates of protection remained among the highest of the world's advanced industrial nations.
保护主义政策对澳大利亚经济一直有很坏的影响。

澳大利亚的制造商未能很好地利用。