新版虚拟语气讲义

虚拟语气1）虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。

虚拟语气在条件句中应用比较多。

2）条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。

非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。

典型例题The volleyball match will be put off if it ___.A. will rainB. rainsC. rainedD. is rained答案B。

真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。

注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。

二、非真实条件句1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。

含义：They are not here, they can’t help you.如果他昨天来的话，我会把这件事告诉他的。

含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.一切都会好的。

If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now.三、混合条件句有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。

例如：If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. 如果你昨天问过他，今天就知道做什么了。

（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。

）If it had rained last night（过去）, it would be very cold today （现在）.如果昨晚下过雨，今天就会很冷了。

四、虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were, should, 或had时, 可省略if，再把were, should 或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。

例如：Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。

Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.你来得早一点，就碰到他了。

Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.假如下雨，庄稼就有救了。

注意：在虚拟语气的从句中，动词'be'的过去时态一律用"were"，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。

例如：If I were you, I would go to look for him. 如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right. 如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A. If were IB. I wereC. Were ID. Was I答案C. 在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。

但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。

如我们可说 Were I not to do, 而不能说Weren't I to do。

五、特殊的虚拟语气词should1）在主语从句中的应用It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist + （should） do等。

例如：I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。

He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。

注意：如suggest, insist不表示"建议" 或"坚持要某人做某事时"，即它们用于其本意"暗示、表明"、"坚持认为"时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

判断改错：（错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.（对） I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

例如：My idea is that we（should）get more people to attend the conference.我的想法是让更多的人来参加会议。

I make a proposal that we（should）hold a meeting next week.我提了个建议，下周我们开个会。

六、wish的用法1）wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。

其宾语例如：I wish I were as tall as you. 我希望和你一样高。

He wished he hadn't said that. 他希望他没讲过那样的话。

I wish it would rain tomorrow. 我希望明天下雨就好了。

2）wish to do；wish sb / sth to do。

例如：I wish to see the manager. = I want to see the manager. 我希望见一见经理。

I wish the manager to be informed at once. （= I want the manager to be informed at once.）我希望经理能马上得到消息。

七、比较if only与only ifonly if表示"只有"；if only则表示"如果……就好了"。

If only也可用于陈述语气。

例如：I wake up only if the alarm clock rings. 只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung. 当时闹钟响就好了。

If only he comes early. 但愿他早点回来。

八、It is （high） time thatIt is （high） time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

例如：It is time that the children went to bed. 孩子们该睡觉了。

It is high time that the children should go to bed.九、need "不必做"和"本不必做"didn't need to do表示过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。

needn't have done表示过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。

例如：John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn't need to walk back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn't have walked back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。

（Mary步行回家了，没有遇上John 的车。

）典型例题There was plenty of time. She ___.A. mustn't have hurriedB. couldn't have hurriedC. must not hurryD. needn't have hurried答案D。

needn't have done. 意为"本不必"，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

Mustn't have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn't have done, "不可能已经"。

must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

虚拟语气练习1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.a. will be destroyedb. will have been destroyedc. would be destroyedd. would have been destroyed2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.a. you would meet John alreadyb. you won’t have missed Johnc. you will have met Johnd. you would have met John3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?a. was sinkingb. has sunkc. were to sinkd. sunk4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.a. it is notb. it were notc. were it notd. they were not5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.a. madeb. makec. makesd. will make6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.a. dob. don’t doc. didn’t dod. will not do7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.a. beb. amc. wasd. were8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.a. sentb. sendsc. sendd. must send9.It’s high time you ______.a. start to workb. would start to workc. started to workd. had started to work10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ ableto play so well now.”a. wouldn’t beb. won’t bec. wouldn’t have beend. couldn’t have been11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.a. areb. werec. bed. will be12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.a. as it wereb. as if they werec. as it wered. as if are13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.a. is made ofb. be made fromc. be made ofd. is made by14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.a. to be further reducedb. was further reducedc. be further reducedd. should further reduced15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.a. should we succeedb. we should succeedc. might we succeedd. would we succeed16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.a. isn’t goingb. weren’t goingc. will not goingd. could have gone17.I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.a. wentb. did goc. could god. could have gone18.I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her.a. that you won’t speakb. your not speakingc. you not speakd. you didn’t speak19.If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a verydifferent way.a. should live…would spendb. will live ….should spendc. are living … should have spentd. will be living…would have spent20.It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.a. be oiledb. must be oiledc. is oiledd. will oil21.His English teacher recommends that he ______ a regular degree program.a. beginsb. beginc. will begind. is beginning22.We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution.a.is fully discussedb. must be fully discussedc.be fully discussedd. will be fully discussed23.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?a. be madeb. will be madec. would be maded. will have to be made24.The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical condition.a. be not toldb. not be toldc. will not be toldd. must not be told25.______,we could not have finished the work on time.a. If they do not help usb. Was it not for their helpc.Should they offer to help usd. But for their help26.If we had been more careful, we ______ much better results now.a. gotb. had gotc. would be gettingd. would have got27.Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.a. would beb. isc. will bed. was28.They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.a. standsb. standc. stoodd. would stand29.All science students, ______,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.a. whether they are future physicists and chemistsb they are future physicists of chemistsc. they should be future physicists of chemistsd. be they future physicists or chemists30.Sally can’t have written tome, or ______ the letter by now.a. I’ll getb. I’ll have gotc. I’d have gotd. I’d get31.I should very much like to have gone to the party but I ______.a. am not invitedb. was not invitedc. shall not be invitedd. am not being invited32.There is a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors thatchief attention ______ to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.a. is givenb. givesc. should be givend. must be given33.One of the requirements for a fire is that the material ______ to its burningtemperature.a. be heatedb. is heatedc. would be heatedd. to heat34.“Did you go to see the football match yesterday?”“No. I didn’t feel well, but I would have gone if I ______.”a. didb. havec. wouldd. had35.If we had known that she had planned to arrive today, we ______ her at the busstation.a. may have metb. might meetc. may meetd. might have met36.We’re safer in a train than we would be if we ______ any other way.a. traveledb. had traveledc. traveld. have traveled37.He told me how he had given me shelter and protection without which I ______ ofhunger and cold.a. would be diedb. would have diedc. would die d . will have died38.______ today, he would get there by Friday.a. Was he leavingb. If he is leavingc. Were he to leaved. If he leaves39.Had electronic computers not been invented, many problems of space flight ______.a.could be not solvedb. could not be solvedc.could not have been solvedd. could not have solved40.He is a poorly learnt man. But he acts as though he ______.a. isb. werec. should bed. seems like41.The driver looked over the engine carefully lest it ______ on the way.a. goes wrongb. go wrongc. went wrongd. would go wrong42.______ the fog, we should have reached our destination.a. Because ofb. In spite ofc. In case ofd. But for43.The old man went to office on foot, but he ______ by bus.a. might have goneb. ought have gonec. could have goned. should be gone44.He is working hard for fear that he ______ to pass the exam.a. failsb. may failc. should faild. would fail45.She put on her glasses in order that she _____.a. can seeb. sawc. had seend. might see46.Whatever ______ we’ll go ahead.a. had happenedb. will happenc. might happend. may be happened47.If I ______ out of ink, I might have finished writing the paper.a. hadn’t runb. shouldn’t runc. didn’t rund. haven’t run48.But for your advice, I ______ into trouble.a. would getb. gotc. might have gotd. should get49.______ for the traffic jam, I should have covered fifty miles.a. Had it beenb. Had it not beenc. It had not beend. It not had been50.Were it not for the adoption of the open policy, things ______ they are today.a. would never beb. could have beenc. would never have beend. didn’t have51.If only I ______ there.a. have not beenb. would not beenc. will not bed. had not been52.Tom would buy that bicycle but he ______ no money.a. hadb. hasc. had hadd. has had53.I didn’t go to the party, but I do wish I _____ there.a. wasb. werec. had beend. went54.It is time we ______ up our results.a. sumb. summedc. will sumd. would sum55.Dr Bethune worked hard as if he ______.a. never had felt tiredb. had never felt tiredc. never felt tired d . was tired never56.I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I ______ the book from which it was made.a. have readb. should have readc. am readingd. had read57.It is strange that such a thing ______ in your school.a. will happenb. happensc. should happend. happened58.If she could sew,______.a. she make a dressb. she would have made a shirtc. she will make a shirtd. she would had made a coat59. “Did you notice John was not at work today?”“No. If ______ working, I would have noticed it.”a. I’d beb. I wasn’tc. I’d beend. weren’t60.“Why don’t you explain it to her?”“I ______ it to her if I thought she would understand.”a. would explainb. will explainc. explaind. would have explained61.“Your performance was very good.”“I could have done better if I ______ more time.”a. have hadb. hadc. had hadd. will have had62.“She wouldn’t drink her medicine last night, would she?”“______.”a. No, but I wish she wouldn’tb. No, but I wish she hadc. Yes, I wish she drankd. yes, I wish she could63. I think it advisable that he ______ for Tokyo soon.a. will leaveb. may leavec. leaved. leaves64. The committee asked that the matter ______ at the next meeting.a. would be discussedb. will be discussedc. be discussedd. may be discussed65. ______ to the doctor right away, he might have been alive today.a. If he wentb. Were he gonec. should he had goned. Had he gone66. ______ the work, he would do it some other way.a. Was he goingb. If he doesc. Were he to dod. If he is doing67. ______,I hardly think I would have recognized him.a. Should his name not be mentionedb. Had someone not mentioned his namec. If someone did not mention his named. If someone had mentioned his name68. I’d just as soon ______ to the theatre tonight.a. not goingb. not to goc. not god. that I won’t go69. At the last committee meeting, the motion that the club ______ open until midnightwas defeated.a. remainsb. remainc. remainedd. would remain70. The business of each day, ______ selling goods or shipping them, went quitesmoothly.a. it beingb. be itc. was itd. it was。