英汉翻译5-修辞与翻译
英汉比较与翻译 第八章英汉修辞对比与翻译
2.2 暗喻（Metaphor）
暗喻是明喻进一步的比喻，是一种隐藏的 比喻，不使用比喻词，不表露比喻的痕迹， 本体与喻体同时出现，本体隐藏在喻体内。 如：She is a woman with a stony heart.她是 一个铁石心肠的女人。我是妈妈的掌上明 珠。I’m the apple of my mother’s eye.
2.4 拟人（Personification）
所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命 的事物来描写，赋予它以人的动作或思想 感情的一种修辞手法。
“Oxford is always different ,”he said to me once.“Always I see her in a new mood of beauty from these hills. ”
Chapter 8 英汉修辞对比与翻译
1.1 什么是修辞
陈介白曾给修辞学下过这样的定义：“修辞学是 研究文辞之如何精美和表出作者丰富的情思，以 激动读者情思的一种学术。”
胡裕树主编《现代汉语》一书讲到： “修辞是为适应特定的题旨情景，运用恰当的语
言手段，以r
翻译技巧： 保留差异，等值再现
Our state to be disjoint and out of frame. 我们的国家突然脱了节，脱了榫。
代换比喻，去异求同
Mr. Smith may serve as a good secretary，for he is as close as an oyster. 史密斯先生可以当个好秘书，因为他守口如瓶。
英汉具体修辞手法对比与翻译
2.1 明喻（simile） 2.2 暗喻（Metaphor） 2.3 借代（Metonymy） 2.4 拟人（Personification） 2.5 反语（Irony） 2.6双关（Pun） 2.7 委婉语（euphemism）
英汉修辞对比与翻译
第七讲 英汉修辞对比与翻译
5. 英语多用长句和复合句。 With the gaining of our political freedom you will remember that there came a conflict between the
point of view of Alexander Hamilton, sincerely believing in the superiority of government by a small group of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens, and, on the other hand, the point of view of Thomas Jefferson, and advocate of government by representatives chosen by all the people, and advocate of the universal right of free thought and free personal living and free religion and free expression of opinion and, above all, the right of free universal suffrage.
第七讲 英汉修辞对比与翻译
修辞是提高语言表达效果的手段。翻译工作既注意一般修辞又要注意特殊修 辞。 1）用词要贴切
翻译中应特别重视选词，要对原文和译文所用词语在词义的范围、轻重、分 寸及色彩方面仔细琢磨，反复推敲，以求译文用词精当、贴切。例如：
“修辞”是语言表达的艺术。使用修辞格的目的是为了使语言更加生动形象、鲜明突出,或者 使语言更加整齐匀称,音调铿锵,加强语言表现力和感染力,引起读者丰富联想的效果。修辞方式 （格）的本质就是所要解决怎样艺术而有效地运用语言形式来恰当地表达思想内容。
英汉互译-特色句型翻译及修辞比较
b. 使用分词
eg: 三个老总缓缓而行。他们都在四五十岁的样子，每个人手里揣 三个老总缓缓而行。他们都在四五十岁的样子， 着一份文件。 着一份文件。 V1: There came three chiefs/ directors / managers. They advanced slowly. All of them were forty or fifty years old and each of them carried a stack of files with them. V2: Carrying some documents in hand, the three managers advanced slowly, all some forty or fifty years old.
b. 译为两句 eg: 那就是白杨树，西北极为普通的一种树，然而实在是不平 那就是白杨树，西北极为普通的一种树， 凡的一种树！ 凡的一种树！ There are white poplars. Though very common in Northwest China, they are no ordinary trees!
Chapter I. C-E Sentence Translation II. Special Sentence Patterns 特色句型
1. Sentence Expansion in Chinese 1.1. 句首开放的句子 eg: 坐，请坐，请上座。 茶，上茶，上好茶。 上茶，上好茶。 请坐，请上座。
II. Special Sentence Patterns 特色句型
2. Hypotaxis & Parataxis 形合与意合 英：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法 主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋， 汉：话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意境为界 话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续， 英译汉：形合变意合，显性变隐性，去掉关联词 英译汉：形合变意合，显性变隐性， 汉译英：意合变形合，隐性变显性， 汉译英：意合变形合，隐性变显性，增加关联词
常用十大英汉互译翻译技巧
常用十大翻译技巧英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。
常用的翻译技巧有增译法、省译法、转换法、拆句法、合并法、正译法、反译法、倒置法、包孕法、插入法、重组法和综合法等。
1、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
这种方式多半用在汉译英里。
汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或"There be?结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。
英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。
英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。
因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。
英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。
因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。
英语句子离不开介词和冠词。
另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完整。
总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。
如：（1）What about calling him right away? 马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何？（增译主语和谓语）（2）If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊！（增译主句）（3）Indeed, the reverse is true 实际情况恰好相反。
（增译名词）（4）就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。
成语修辞与翻译
英汉语成语修辞与翻译Translation of Chinese Idioms and the rhetoric device概括地说,成语既是语言中的重要修辞手段,同时他们本身也是各种修辞手段的集中表现。
有的意思一望即明,有的意蕴隽永,有的含而不露、意在言外,有的可能包含几个意思。
恰当运用成语,对语言表达来说犹如画龙点睛,可以增加行文的风采,提高表述力。
但由于英汉语之间的社会文化的历史背景的差异和语言结构不同,往往给词语教学和翻译带来一定的困难。
通过对英汉成语从不同的角度进行比较,我们发现英汉成语有些是基本对应的,有些是部分对应,有些是根本不对应的。
所以,我们在理解和翻译处理时应有区别地对待。
英汉成语互译举例:1. 直译:有些成语在形、义和用法上全貌表现出来的直接采用直译的方法,如:a gentleman’s agreement君子协定; to play with fire玩火, to show one’s cards摊牌;We never know the worth of water till the well is dry. 井干方知水可贵;Blood is thicker than water; 血浓于水The bread of charity is bitter. 施舍的面包是苦的。
天下乌鸦一般黑,老狼都是吃肉的。
All crows are equally black, all wolves eat meat.A wolf in sheep’s clothing披着羊皮的狼。
2. 借译:英语和汉语都拥有丰富的成语。
有的汉语习语和英语同义习语在内容和形式上都符合,它们不但有相同的意义或隐义,并且有相同的及相类似的形象或比喻,翻译时,可以采取借用法。
An apple does not fall far from the apple tree. 落叶归根;Know something like the palm 了如指掌;有其父必有其子. Like father like sonhave one foot in the grave 风烛残年;Constant dripping wears the stone 滴水穿石;put the cart before the horse 本末倒置; ;six of one and half a dozen of the other. 半斤八两;The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 心有余而力不足;3. 意译: 在直译和借用汉语成语都不妥当时,我们只好牺牲原文引用习语的风格,配合上下文进行意译,以保持原作思想内容的完整性。
修辞与翻译
• 英语里 as ... as ...结构的明喻大多可以 直译 ： • as cold as ice 冰冷 • as hot as fire 火热 • as hard as rock 坚如磐石 • as light as feather 轻如鸿毛
• 下面的直译生动形象，也能被中国读者 所理解接受： • as busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 • as bold as a lion 像狮子一样勇猛 • as cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快 活 • as blind as a bat 瞎得像蝙蝠
• 这个辞格在汉语和英语修辞里有着共同 的特点，那就是明显地打比方，在本体 和喻体之间都出现显而易见的喻词，如： 汉语里的 “像”、“好像”、 “比如”、 “仿佛”、“好比”、“像……一样”、 “如……一般”等等；英语里的like，as， as if，as though 等等。在翻译时，我 们可利用其共同特点，用译文中相应的 喻词来译原文里本体之间的喻词。
英语 metaphor兼有汉语修辞格隐喻、借喻以及拟物的格式， 作用也与这几种汉语修辞格基本相同。（毛荣贵，廖晟： 2005）
拟人；Personification
1) 每条岭都是那么温柔，虽然下自山脚， 上至岭顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可是谁 也不孤峰突起，盛气凌人。（老舍： 《小花朵集》）All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance，though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.
• Ｂ：明喻又称 “显比”，“直喻”，“明比”，是 一种十分明显的比喻。明喻是本体 ，喻体 ，比喻词 都要出现的比喻 。本体与喻体之就是 ： A 象 B。
修辞与翻译
文法、逻辑、修辞与翻译文法决定译文“通不通”的问题；逻辑决定译文“对不对”的问题；修辞决定译文“好不好”的问题。
文法与翻译打好语言基础，狠抓基本功的训练。
The sentence fragmentA grammatically complete sentence has a verb with its subject. Structurally it must be an independent unit, capable of standing alone. Now this means simply that dependent units such as phrases, clauses, appositives and other such groups of words, are not sentences and should not be written as sentences. When any one of these dependent units is written and punctuated as a sentence it is called a sentence fragment.Example 1:Because we could see the obvious signs of destruction caused by the bomb here and there, which maintained the memory in people’s mind and let the misery and sadness everlasting.改正：去掉句首的Because或者小写because并在该词前加逗号，跟上句连起来。
Example 2:The basketball game was cancelled. Because half of the players were in bed with the flu. 改正：The basketball game was cancelled because half of the players were in bed with the flu.Example 3:Looking out toward the horizon, she saw only the old cabin in which Mary had been born.A single cottonwood that had escaped the drought. The apparently boundless expanse of sunburned prairie.改正：改标点符号Example 4:With the knowledge that, although the documents have been stolen, they have not yet been seen by a foreign agent.改正：We knew that…Example 5:She can quilt, remember the family tree so clearly, and never rejects their own culture. Whereas, Dee, once refused the quilts and never took her friends home.The run-on sentenceA run-on sentence or a fused sentence put together two or more sentences with no mark of punctuation between them. When two complete sentences run together with only a comma between them, it is called a comma splice.Example 1:In Hiro shima, people don’t want to mention the very thing, such as, you will have a pain in a scar that hasn’t healed completely, if someone touch it.改正：Example 2:Kimonos and miniskirts mixed in this city, and the traditional Japanese house and modern skyscrapers also co-exist in this city, they show that Hiroshima is thriving and developing rapidlyExample 3:However, she is lack of education, she is lack of confidence, she represents the bottom class people in the society.Example 4:She is lack of education and refinement, however, those does not prevent her from having an inherent understanding of heritage based on her love and respect for those who came before her.Example 5:These snakes are dangerous however, most snakes are quite harmless.改正：Example 6:The pollution became strategic and started to affect our human living, now we have to face the consequences.后置、前置、倒装“主语+谓语” 词序：word order英语的“正常词序”(normal order)或“自然词序”(natural order)除状语位置比较机动外，主语、谓语动词、宾语和补语的位置都是相对固定的。
英汉互译之修辞格的翻译
有时采用意译来翻译转喻更为合适 1) Great minds think alike. （= Great people think alike.） 英雄所见略同。（不宜译成 “伟大的脑袋 所见略同。”） 2) Gray hair should be respected. （gray hair = the aged） 老年人应受到尊敬。（不宜译成 “灰头发 应受到尊敬。”）
3) Her olfactory system was suffering from a temporary inconvenience. （= Her nose was blocked.） 她的嗅觉系统暂时有些不便。（=她鼻塞。） 4) His brother is a disturber of the piano keys. （= pianist） 他哥哥是一个跟钢琴键找麻烦的人。（=钢琴家） （这些折绕句有着幽默的效果。）
现在可知的汉语修辞手法有六十三大类，七十八小类。
常见修辞手法：
明喻；暗喻；拟人；夸张; 讳饰；转喻；省略；折绕; 移就；通感；呼告；递升； 递降；反语; 排比；设问； 反问；谲辞
1. 直译法 ——对可译的辞格，尽可能直译
明喻 Simile 1) 刘玉翠回到村里，就好比是住进了监牢里。 （康濯《春种秋收》） Having returned to the village，Liu Yucui felt as if she had got into prison. 2) He drove as if possessed by the devil. 他着魔似的驾车狂奔。
1) 每条岭都是那么温柔，虽然下自山脚，上至岭 顶，长满了珍贵的林木，可是谁也不孤峰突起， 盛气凌人。（老舍：《小花朵集》） All the ridges were so amiable. None of them stood above the others with arrogance， though their slopes were fully covered with precious trees.
英汉翻译修辞与翻译
There are a lot of good heads in the university.
synecdoche
这所大学有许多优秀的头脑。
He blushed to the roots of his hair.
1
Hyperbole
2
他的脸红到了发根。
3
I must write one line out of my dreary bed …I am not going to talk of my suffering----it would be useless and painful. Transferred epithet 我必须从忧郁的床上爬起来写几个字…我不想谈我的苦痛----谈了也无用，且令人痛心。
用一个词（动词、形容词或介词）与两个以上的在意义上不相干的名词搭配。它用词简练，饶有风趣，与汉语的拈连在性质上完全一致。
She opened the door and her heart to the homeless boy.
她对这个无家可归的孩子打开了自己的大门， 也打开了自己的心扉。
Yesterday he had a blue coat and heart.
3
2
Oxymoron
The world is in orderly chaos.
I used to organize my father’s tools, my other’s kitchen utensils, my sister’s boyfriends.
01
Zeugma
02
我过去常常整理父亲的工具，收拾母亲的厨房用具，排列姐姐的男朋友们。
pun
与汉语双关一样，就是用一个词，一句话，或一个语言片段同时表达双重意思：一个是表面的，一是隐含的，并且以隐含的意思为主。恰当的运用这种手法会使语言生动有趣，达到由此及彼的效果。可分为谐音双关和语义双关。 The wounded captive, an enemy high-ranking officer, lies before the doctor. 受伤的俘虏是敌人的高级军官，他躺在医生面前——对医生撒谎。
修辞与翻译
关系， 也就是看他对语言的基本态度如何。如果他主张给译入语注入外来语的新鲜血液， 他就会采取揭示性的直译， 只要译文的语言形式不会在译入语的母语使用者中“引起众怒”
下面是两种译法的比较：
9．Compared to the sleek lines of the high-speed destroyers, those “greyhounds of the sea”, she is an overlump mutt. But if destroyers are greyhounds, this thing is lightning.
文章缘起
1987 年我写了“辞格翻译初探”一文， 经前辈提携， 发表于某学术刊物， 但是该刊对文章 的编辑错误很多， 未能反映我对这个课题的完整思路。 有些本来我用星号标明的不妥翻 译， 均刊印成为不带星号的正常的翻译， 这样难免会误导读者。此外编辑删除了该文的 第二部分 “辞格翻译诸法界说”， 使文章中出现的术语失去了预先的交代， 也容易使读者 迷惑。 1987 年那篇文章中所引的英语修辞格诸例， 均取自洛阳外院冯翠华教授的《英语修辞 格》， 译文除了注明的以外，则是自己所做。 该书已于 1995 年扩充为《英语修辞大全》。 本文在补足 1987 年文章缺失部分的同时， 也将根据《英语修辞大全》一书略作增补。 此 外，本文对原文中修辞格进行了重新排列， 以体现一种修辞格的翻译分类方法。个别例 子的译文也有所修改。 本文乃旅途中零敲碎打修改而成，手头没有更新的参考资料，观点中有与翻译界同行相似 之处，属于“所见略同”类。至于谬误， 则完全由本人承担。
一些已经成为掼用语的英文比喻都可以找到等值的汉语比喻：as cold as ice 冰冷； as cunning as a fox 像狐狸一样狡猾；as strong as an ox 壮得像条牛； as white as snow 雪白。 相对的直译就是用形象不同但是所指意义相同的比喻代替原文中的比喻：
英汉修辞手法比较与翻译
As you sow, so will you reap.
2. 四字格
(1)Learn not and knownot.
不学无术 。
(2)Lookbefore youleap.
英汉修辞手法 比较与翻译
潘清华
(江西财经大学 外国语学院，江西 南昌 330013)
摘 要: 英汉两种语言在修辞手法方面大多相同或近似， 然而它们在相似之中又有一些各自的特点，尤其在表达方式 上又存在 着许 多差异。本文从三个方面对英汉修辞手法进行 时比分析。在 比较英汉修辞手法的基础上 ，本文还探讨了修辞 翻译的相 关问题。
关键词: 英汉修辞 比较 翻译
修辞讲究质量 的翻译必须兼顾在文体上也能信于原文 。 “修辞”是指明喻 、暗喻 、双关 、对偶 、排 比等修辞手法 。译文出 现修辞方面的问题，势必影响到作者原意的表达，也会影响到 读者的理解甚至造成误解 。因此，人们要准确 、鲜明、生动地运 用语言并充分发挥其作为交际工具的作用 ，必须学习和讲究
m my car.
结ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ :
英语重形合，汉语重意合，但我们也应注意到，汉语并非 绝对意合，英语也并非绝对形合。在英语中，许多逻辑关联句 式不用或少用，而在汉语中却经常使用，这是由于现代汉语受 到西方语言的影响，形合句比古汉语多，同时现代英语屈折变 化减弱，句子之间体现出意合性，我们必须正确认识形合、意 合的特点以及它们之间的辩证关系。因此，我们在把英语译成
修辞。英语和汉语的修辞手法大多相同或近似，而它们在相似 之中又有一些各 自的特点，在表达方式上又存在着许多差异。 下面就英汉语言中几种常用的修辞手法进行对比。
英汉修辞方式对比及其翻译新
►修辞格在修辞方式中占有重要的地位。修辞格 是修辞学的重要组成部分,是修辞上具有特定 表达效果的语言结构格式。这种格式是修辞上 特有的。
第三页，共八十八页，2022年，8月28日
►例：“全党必须坚定不移地高举中国特色社会 主义伟大旗帜,带领人民从新的历史起点出发, 抓住和用好重要战略机遇,求真务实,锐意进取, 继续全面建设小康社会、加快推进社会主义现 代化,完成时代赋予的崇高使命。
►We must keep to the orientation of serving the people and socialism, uphold the principle of letting a hundred flowe blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend, and maintain close contact with reality, life and the public. must always give top priority to social benefits and try to ensure both good economic returns and social benefits. We must create more excellent popular works that reflect the peoples" principal position in the country and their real
第五页，共八十八页，2022年，8月28日
Ⅱ. 翻译与修辞
►翻译是两种语言的转换艺术,除掌握两种语言 的基础外,还必须掌握一定的修辞知识和修辞 手段这包括译文词语的锤炼,句式的选择以及 各种修辞方式的运用等。要移植原文的风姿、 风味和感情色彩,以达到“化境”,如果离开了 修辞,译文就不能达意、移情、传神。译文的 流畅与简练是与深厚的修辞素养有很大关系的。
英语常用修辞格的翻译分析
quiet, light, fresh ,blind, clear, stubborn, cunning, old ,slippery, busy
明喻 Simile
英语中的simile和汉语明喻基本格式相同，一般情况下，可以照直翻译。as busy as bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌as brave as lion 像狮子一样勇猛as black as crow 像乌鸦一般黑as sharp as knife 像刀一样锋利
英语比喻美感的再现应以比喻内容为基础，发掘比喻美的真正所在，同时致力于形式的表现，尽可能用“形神兼备”的翻译来传神达意。在实在不可能“形似”时，要在“神似”的条件下，竭力用其它方法和手段表现出原比喻的意之真谛、美之内涵。依据这一原则，可采用以下方法：
1 go to sleep in the presence of Mrs. General and blood was to change to milk and water. (Dickens. Little Dorrit) 在杰纳勒尔夫人跟前，一个人的激情会变得麻木不仁，热血也会变成掺了水的牛奶。
少时所学，到老不忘。我赚的不够吃。当我发了财时，我要到非洲去。每个人的生活都有甜有苦。
直译+意译法
1. Most of us are too ready to apply to others the cold wind of criticism, we are somehow reluctant to give our fellows the warm sunshine of praise. 我们中的很多人太容易给别人批评的冷风，而不愿意给自己的同伴赞扬的阳光。2. Men are April when they woo, December when they wed, maids are May when they maids, but the sky changes when they are wives. (Shakespeare) 男人求爱时如和煦的4月，婚后却像寒冬腊月；闺中少女则宛若温暖的5月，而为人妇后却像易变的天气阴晴莫测。
英语中所有种修辞手法的全部解释和例句
英语修辞手法总结Figures of speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech.1) Simile：(明喻〕It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To make the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirsty soul, so is good news from a far country.2) Metaphor：(暗喻〕It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unlike elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage.3) Analogy: (类比〕It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor which usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance.4) Personification: (拟人〕It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees.5) Hyperbole: (夸大〕 It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing.6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述〕 It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(成心地) understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter.7) Euphemism: (委婉〕 It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away".8) Metonymy (转喻〕It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mightier than the sword (forces).9) Synecdoche (提喻〕 It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or thewhole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She was dressed in silks.10) Antonomasia (换喻〕It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Daniel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor.11) Pun: (双关语〕 It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arms. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.)12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙〕 It has two connotations.In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly applying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to refer to you and me.)In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sentence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losingone's limbs in literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.)13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配〕 It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn)14) Irony: (反语〕 It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the oppositeof their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real good.15) Innuendo: (暗讽〕 It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He must take his readings in a bathroom.16) Sarcasm: (挖苦〕 It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of the subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small flies, but let wasps break through.17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语〕 It is a figure of speech consisting of a statementor proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more haste, less speed.18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰〕 It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining(结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sweet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱).19) Antithesis: (对照〕 It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or ideas in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden.20) Epigram: (警句〕 It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). It is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for the poor.21) Climax: (渐进〕 It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensity, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw,I conquered.22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降〕It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong toweak, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat.23) Apostrophe： (顿呼〕 In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is being said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake!24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词〕 It is a figure of speech where an epithet (an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance,I spent sleepless nights on my project.25) Alliteration: (头韵〕 It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequentintervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also called "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free.26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声〕 It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or suggestive(提示的) of some action or movementExplanation version1一、什么是修辞格修辞格(figures of speech)是提高语言表达效果的语言艺术。
广告修辞及翻译
健力士啤酒
My Goodness! My Guinness! 我的天！我的健力士啤酒！
形象比喻类-明喻
在英语广告中，与明喻相对应的辞格
是simile，喻体（vehicle）和本体
语义
（tenor）同时出现，两个成分有相通
上的 修辞
相似之处，但是又完全可以区分开来。
方式
State Farm Insurance
翻译中修辞方式的处理
直译法 变通法 解释法 意译法
头韵（Alliteration）
语音 所谓头韵，就是在一个词组，一行诗或 上的 一个句子中，有两个以上彼此靠近的词，
修辞 方式
其开头的音节具有同样的字母或声音 （主要是辅音，有时也押元音）。
《星期六晚报》
Health, humor and happiness… Gifts we’d love to give.
I am More satisfied.我更加满意。
这里，More 一方面是香烟的品牌，另一方 面作副词修饰satisfied.
夸张 Hyperbole
英语的Hyperbole和汉语的夸张完全一样。 夸张是在现实的基础上对某些事物的特征 作艺术上的扩大或缩小，故意言过其实。 夸张是为了强调，以便给人以深刻的印象， 而不是欺骗手段。夸张是一种艺术手法， 它很富有感染力，能够引起人们丰富的想 象。
对照和矛盾修辞
英语Contrast和汉语的对照这两种修辞格完 全相同，都是把两种相反的事物并列起来， 互相衬托，以便更加鲜明地表现事物的本 质。
对照和矛盾修辞——对比
对比是用反义词或者词组加强广告效果，更好地 衬托出广告的客体。如：
A business in millions, a profit in pennies. 百万买卖，毫厘利润。 在广告英语中，对比是利用词义的相反或相关
常见的修辞格翻译
一、比喻（figure of speech）
比喻无处不在，为各语言文化共有。 比喻有四个要素：本体（tenor），喻体 （vehicle），比喻词（comparative word）及相似点（point of resemblance）。这里主要谈谈明喻 （simile）和暗喻（metaphor）的翻译。
张飞听了，瞋目大叱曰：“我哥哥是金枝 玉叶，你是何等人，敢称我哥哥为贤弟！ 你来！我和你斗三百合！” The moment Zhang Fei heard this, his eyes widened and he shouted, “Our brother is a prince of the blood, a jade leaf on the golden branch. Who are you to call him ‘young brother’? Come out now and fight three hundred rounds with me. ”
后曰：“旦夕如坐针毡，似此为人，不 如早亡！妾看宦官中之忠义可托者，莫 如穆顺，当令寄此书。” “Day and night we sit on pins,” the Empress continued. “I prefer death to a life like this. Among our eunuchs Mu Shun is loyal and true. He could deliver the letter.”
权曰：“今听臣言，则西蜀有泰山之安， 不听臣言，则主公有累卵之危矣。” Huang Quan replied: “Heed my words and our rule can be secure as Mountain Tai. Heed them not and your own position will become as precarious as a pile of eggs. ”
英汉修辞对比与翻译
2332018年28期总第416期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS英汉修辞对比与翻译文/苗勤【摘要】英汉两种语言都有丰富的词汇和修辞方法，但由于社会、文化、历史等方面的不同，二者在修辞手法上也存在着差异。
本文借助大量实例对英汉修辞进行对比分析，接着探讨了英汉修辞翻译的方法。
【关键词】英汉修辞；对比；翻译【作者简介】苗勤，河南工业和信息化职业学院。
一、引言修辞是语言中的一个重要组成部分，对语言的表达效果具有独特的作用。
修辞的使用可以使语言更加丰富多彩、生动形象、活泼优美、新颖独特，加强语言的生命力和感染力，是提高表达效果的语言艺术。
二、英汉修辞的差异性首先，从语言及文字形式角度看，英语是表音文字，是由26个字母构成的，属于印欧语系；汉语是表意文字，是在象形文字的基础上发展起来的，属于汉藏语系。
其次，从词汇及读音角度看，英语是具有一定的规律的重音语言，注重简洁和理性，反对文字堆砌，即使同一个词重音位置不同，这个单词的词性及词义都会不同，甚至一个词可以有多种意思，因此很难做到词的对称和音韵的齐整。
汉语是一种具有严谨的四声系统的声调语言，音、形、义可以统一于字上，结构上易于整齐划一，利于工整对仗。
再次，从语言形态学角度看，英语是综合性语言，通过词汇的形态变化表达句子丰富多彩的语言关系和逻辑关系。
汉语是分析性语言，词汇基本上无形态变化，主要靠词语、词序及暗含的汉两种语言的人民有着不同的民族历史、社会文化、自然环境和风俗习惯，这两种语言在修辞手法的使用也会有不同。
比如在中国楚汉战争时期，用“四面楚歌”来比喻四面八方到处受敌，陷入了走投无路、孤立无援的境地。
而说英语的国家没有这个典故因此没有这个成语。
又如在中国传统文化里，狗经常用于含有贬义的词语中，如挂羊头卖狗肉、狗腿子、痛打落水狗、好狗不挡道、狗咬吕洞宾等。
而由于西方文化起源于游牧文明，狗在游牧民族的眼中的地位是极其重要的。
英文中如果说一个人很幸运，就会说He is a lucky dog,但汉语中却很少用“狗”来赞美别人。
英汉语言对比：修辞
翻译是两种语言的转换艺术,除掌握两种语言的基
础外,还必须掌握一定的修辞知识和修辞手段这包 括译文词语的锤炼,句式的选择以及各种修辞方式 的运用等。要移植原文的风姿、风味和感情色彩, 以达到“化境”,如果离开了修辞,译文就不能达 意、移情、传神。译文的流畅与简练是与深厚的 修辞素养有很大关系的。
译文：在你听到险恶、沉重的钟声向人们宣告。
我已经离开这个肮脏的世界,与最肮脏的蠕虫为伍时。 不要再为我悲伤。
英语重形合,表达讲究简洁流畅和准确严谨;而汉
语重在“意会”, 英语中修辞手法形式美主要体现为:均衡美、比喻 形象美、简洁美,排比气势美,诗歌的韵律美等; 而汉语往往侧重华丽词语的描写，多用对偶、排 比等 。表达风格上,多用“四言”，“八句”,多 对仗。
例： 他着魔似的驾车狂奔。 He
drove as if possessed by the devil.
她的脸色苍白而带光泽,仿佛大理石似的;一双眼睛又黑
又大,在黯淡的囚房中,宝石似的闪着晶莹的光。 Her face was pale and yet as lustrous as marble, and her large, black eyes sparkled like jewels in that murky cell.
如果撇开语言体系差异因素不谈,而只着眼于修
辞现象时,英汉语言在修辞格式上显然存在着既 相一致又有更有区别的特点。所以,对这两种语 言的修辞现象进行比较分析,从而借鉴和吸收其 中的有益成分,可以丰富本民族语言,提高本民 族语言的交际功能,同时对英汉互译也是一项极 富意义的工作。
从某种角度来看,
例③ No
longer mourn for me when I am dead. Than you shall hear the surly sullen bell Give warning to the world, than I am fled. From this vile world, with villest worms to dwell
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词义上的修辞格lexical stylistic devices
明喻simile, 隐喻,借喻,拟物metaphor, 借代metonymy, antonomasia, synecdoche, 拟人personification, apostrophe , 反语irony , 夸张hyperbole, 含蓄渲染litotes,
委婉语innuendo, euphemism, 对照contrast, 反映oxymoron, 移就transferred epithet, 双关pun, 异叙syllepsis, 拈连zeugma, 暗引allusion, 仿拟parody , 隽语paradox,
句子结构上的修辞格syntactical stylistic devices
反复Repetition, anaphora, 联珠 catchword repetition, 回文 chiasmus 对偶,排比parallelism 反对antithesis, 设问rhetoric question, 倒装anastrophe, 描述性引语represented speech, 层递climax, 跳脱aposiopesis
拟人
Personification
借代
畬 [shē] 刀耕火种的田地：“长刀短笠去烧～。”
Metonymy
双关
Pun
排比
parallelism
P51 Of Studies
Thank you!
音韵上的修辞格phonetic stylistic devices
双声,叠韵Alliteration, assonance 拟声onomatopoeia
比喻
Metaphor
Simile
as close as an oyster嘴很紧 (as) dumb as an oyster 沉默不语; 守口如瓶 (as) fresh as an oyster 充满青春活力的
英汉翻译教程
5.修辞与翻译 P50
陈望பைடு நூலகம்<修辞学发凡> 消极修辞+积极修辞 词语\句式\篇章 辞格的运用
<英汉修辞比较与翻译>余立三 商务印书馆出版
常见修辞格可以分为:
词义上的修辞格lexical stylistic devices ; 句子结构上的修辞格syntactical stylistic devices; 音韵上的修辞格phonetic stylistic devices