英美法各论-offer & acceptance & consideration & misrepresentation

逾指定時限(lapse of time specified by the offeror)
► 指定期限 ► 未指定期限-合理期限
(reasonable time)
Face to Face- end of the conversation Akers v. J.B. Sedberry, Inc. (reasonable time is based on the case by case, the trading custom may be considered)
約因不足(inadequacy consideration)
► Judge
v. Taylor
on the time of the make of K not on the time of the accomplish of the performance Tuckwiller v. Tuckwiller case
英美法各論
Prof. R.Y.FANG
Offer
► Definition:
要約人(offeror)表達願與他方 (offeree)進行交易的意願 ► Elements:
內容明確 depends on subject. i/e price, quality, quantity, time to fulfill. 到達被要約人: 要約效力發生採達主義
► 交易前例
(acceptance of service)
當事人 previous dealing course Ammons v. Wilson & Co. (course- silence for one week as delivered within one week ); Vogt v. Madden (trial ct, appeal ct- is based on Ks not on silence)
► 法律效果:
承諾的權利 Power of Acceptance The termination of this power depends on whether there is: rejection, counter offer, lapse of time specified by the offeror, revocation by the offeror, loss of the legal capacity
►
無效約因
過去約因(past condieration) Mills v. Wyman 道德約因(moral consideration)-> court has changed its position
► 允諾償還時效已消滅得債務- prevent injustice ► Webb v. Mcgromin (契約於要約人所受利益範圍有效) ► Harrington
► 要約內容指明沉默即承諾
(Course of previous dealing)
約因 Consideration
► Concept:
契約 ► Hamer v. Sidway (keep good habit case) ► Carodzo’s Standard in Allegheny College v. National Chautauqua Count Bank
單純的提共意見
► Dr.’s
opinion
保留的拍賣 (auction with reserve)
► 性質為要約之誘引
► Compare ► 詢價,
to auction without reserve
事前協商 (preliminary negotiation)
議價 (A wrote to B and ask ―I want to buy 10 units of A4 size paper…‖) ► Fairmount Glass Works v. Crunden-Martin Woodenware Co. (Mason Jar case) clearly provide the condition, place and quantity of goods
Beal v. Beal 被要約人信賴+要約利於要約者 should be effectiveCraswell 主張
不得撤回之要約 (irrevocable offer)
has been given) ► 允諾禁反言(promissory estoppel) ► 確定步改之要約(firm offer) ► 開始履行的單邊契約(beginning of performance of unliateral K) ► 未保留之拍賣(aution without reserve)
► 不法交易
(illegal bargaining)
從事違反法律或法律所禁止的行為 不生法律效果 違反公共制策(violate public policy) 限制商業行為 (restraint on trade) 高利貸(usury) 阻礙司法契約 (contract tending to interfere with the course of justice)
預約 (reservation)
► Wells
v. Holiday Inns, Inc. ► Glass Service Co. V. State Farm Mutual Auto. Insurance Co. ► Key: party’s intention, elements of K- can be proven by deposit
► Rejection ► Counter-offer
不滿意要約內容而加以修改 但若所增內容無礙於原要約內容則非反要約
►Rhode
Isalnd Dep’t of Transportaion v. Providence & Worcester R.R. ►Price v. Oklahoma College of Osteopathic Medicine & Surgery
要約人撤回要約(revocation)
►
要件:
撤回須在承諾之前為之 撤回通知必須到達被要約人 撤回於被要約人收到通知時發生效果
►
撤回通知:
Offeror’s behavior + the offeree’s knowledge Dickinson v. Dodds
► (trial
Байду номын сангаас
court/ appeal court/ firm offer)
►
公眾邀約 (懸賞廣告)- 公告滿足撤回通知之到達
Shuey v. United States (John Surratt’s case, unless reliance) Long v. Chronicle Publishing Co. (specific participate)
承諾提出暨效果
► 提出方式
單邊契約
(履行要約所要求的行為) ► Loss dog case- prevent unjust enrichment
► 作為或不作為
雙邊契約
發信主義 (mail-box rule) ► Authorize means-CL ; reasonable means- UCC
英美法各論
Week3
防詐欺條例 Anti-fraud provision
► ►
概念: 藉由特定形式的契約訂定(書面要求) 防止詐欺行為發生– 成為拒 絕履行契約之由 適用anti-fruad provision’s ks: Common Law: 遺囑管理人/執行人承擔死者生前義務(executor-administrator answers for a duty of his decedent) 擔保(suretyship) 與不動產有關之契約(land contract)- any interest in land 一年期以上之契約: one year from making of the K can not performce/ accomplish the K- measure on the time of the making UCC: Sales of goods over $500 2-201 Sales of securities any amount 8-319 Personal property other than merchandise, securities over $5000 (IP) Investment Ks Not hold by the creditors
事實顯示被要約人遭受法律上損失 (offeree suffers a legal detriment) 法律上損失導致允諾做成 (detriment must induce the promise) 允諾誘使法律上的損失發生 (the promise must induce the detriment)
英美法各論
Week2
承諾權力終止
► 被要約人拒絕或提出反要約
(rejection/counter-offer) ► 逾指定時限 (lapse of time specified by the offeror) ► 要約人撤回要約
(revocation)
► 任何一造死亡或喪失行為能力
被要約人拒絕或提出反要約 (rejection/counter-offer)
約因
► 允諾的禁反言
(promissory estoppel)
對於所成的承諾 事後不得反悔 要件: 1.合理的信賴(justifiable reliance) 2.不執行將 導致不公平(injustice would result without enforcement)—injustice means substaintial economic loss Wheeler v. White; Pitts v. McGraw-Edison Co.
任何一造死亡或喪失行為能力
► 被要約人死亡v.要約人 ► Only apply the nature person ► Swift&Co. v. Smigel (K is still effective
but the damage only limited to the reliance信賴賠償金 not the expectation damage期待賠償金) ► Most of cases (K is not effective):因該特定要約人 得履行之行為 或僅對其本人有實益 其對嚴產管理 人或監護人則無此益
► 約因已給付(consideration
承諾(Acceptance)
► Define:
offeree expresses his willingness to accept the content of the offer ► 成立要件: 明確(unequivocal) 不附條件 (unconditional) 不附加限制(unqualifed) ► 承諾效力僅及被要人- only offeree can accept the offer
對價的欠缺或不足->原則上無法成立有效
Lack of Consideration/ invalid Consideration
►
欠缺約因
贈與的允諾(gift promise); 附條件的贈與(conditional promise) Kirksey v. Kirksey (maybe the promissory estoppel)
► 答覆方式-
► 區別實益
Davis v. Jacoby Klockner v. Green
Silence as Acceptance
► 接受服務
2elements: 被要約人有充分機會拒絕; 一般人相信該項服 務是需要報酬的 Lowsville Tin & Stove Co. v. Lay
► 非要約的行為:
個人意見的表達
► Ie.
I want to sell my watch. Reply- OK, I would like to pay $26 for it.
要約的誘引 Invitation to offer
► Owen
v. Tunison ► 廣告 Craft v. Elder&Johnston Co. ( too good to be true); Lefkowitze v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store (very specific: price, content and condition)