网上汉译英笔记解析
Lecture One
英语基本句型与汉译英
Basic English Sentence Patterns C-E Translation
英语五种基本句型
1．S + Vi.
2．S + Vi. + P
3．S + Vt. + O
4．S + Vt. + o + O
5．S + Vt. + O + OC
1．利用第一句型进行翻译（主语＋谓语）
１）鸟宿池边树，僧敲月下门。
Birds dwell in a tree by the pond,
A monk knocks at the door under the moon.
2）卧不安席，食不甘味，心摇摇如悬旌。（国策）
I do not sleep soundly, eat heartily, and my heart leaps all the time.
3）臣无祖母，无以至今日；祖母无臣，无以终余年；祖孙二人，相依为命。（李密）
I could not have lived till today without my grandmother, and she would not survive in her later days without me. Both my grandmother and I rely on each other so as to exist in this world. Practice (1)
1）浩月当空。
The moon shines brightly.
2）日出于东而落于西。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
3）到了春天美丽的花朵开遍原野。
In spring beautiful flowers bloom in the open country.
2. 根据第二句型翻译（S+Vi+P）
１）他直到最后都是很忠实的。
He remained faithful to the last.
２）她渐入老境。
She is growing (or getting) old.
３）他直到四十岁才结婚。
He remained unmarried until forty years old.
Practice (2)
1）他生为圣徒，死为烈士。
He lived a saint, and died a martyr.
2）鸟鸣山更幽。
It seems to be more lonesome in the mountains when birds are singing.
3）良药苦口利于病。
Good medicine tastes bitter (to the mouth), but is good for a disease.
３、利用第三句型进行翻译(S + Vt. + O)
1）我知道如何游泳。
I know how to swim.
2）勤能补拙。
Diligence makes up the deficiency in ability.
1) 具有"夺取"意义的动词
在具有“夺取、除去、减轻、发表”等意义的他动词后面，被夺取或除去的对象不能译成宾语，而要加一个介词“of”把对象引出来，方在句尾。
比如：
强盗抢了他的钱。
A highwayman robbed him of his money.
他们把海上的强盗一扫而光。
They cleared the sea of those robbers.
2) 具有"供给"意义的动词
具有“供给”等意义的他动词，不能直接把所供给的事物作为宾语，必须用介词with将事物引出来。只有受到供给的人或物才能成为宾语，直接接在他动词的后面
比如：
该公司提供给我们款项来做那个工程。
The company supplied us with money for the project.
委员会赐给他一张奖状。
The committee presented him with a reward.
provide somebody with
furnish … with
load the cart with straw
3) 具有"作成"意义的动词。
具有“作成、制造”等意义的动词，句中of所引出的名词是作成什么的材料。如果改变原料本质，则用from,并用into表示成品。
比如：
他们用木头做了一张书桌。
They made a desk of wood.
那个农民用葡萄酿酒。
The farmer made wine from grapes.
The farmer made grapes into wine.
我经常愚弄他。
I often make a fool of him.
我专攻英语
I make a special study of English.
4）具有“拉、抓、拿、击、打、踢”等意义的他动词。
这些动词不把直接接受动作的人身上某一部分作为宾语，而要把那个人当作对象来说，是从大处着眼的意思，同时把身上的某个部分作为某个介词的宾语。可以采用“介词+ the +名词”的形式，把它放在宾语的后面。
比如：
他轻拍我的背。
He patted me on the back.
老人抓住了那孩子的衣领。
The old man seized the boy by the collar.
她打了他一记耳光。
She strikes him across the face.
5) 自动词用于第三句型的情况：
（1）同源宾语
（2）含使动意义的自动词
（3）接介词
（4）加补足词。
Practice (4)
我做了一个怪梦。
I dreamed a strange dream.
我慢慢地把马赶上了山。
I slowly walked my horse up the hill.
她年轻时，好多男人追她。
She was much run after in her youth.
人生可不能醉生梦死。
One must not sleep or dream one#39;s life away. Practice (3)
他喜欢在大河里游泳。
He likes to swim in the rivers.
他逃避了处罚。
He escaped being punished.
时间在这个小城造成了许多变化。
Time has wrought many changes in the town.
群众大声喝倒彩把演讲者轰下台来。
The crowd shouted down the speaker.
4. 利用第四句型翻译(S + Vt. + o + O)
1）授予动词
2）告知动词
3）贡献动词
4）得失动词
Practice (5)
历史给我们提供了值得注意的经验。History affords us lessons that merit attention. 我教你们汉英翻译。
I teach you C-E translation
她愿意为你效劳。
She will render you a service.
此话让我们对他失去同情。
The remark lost him our sympathy.
5. 利用第五句型翻译（S+Vt.+O+OC ）
（1）认识动词，即有心灵感觉（mental perception）的动词，其属格补语主要是表示性质的。如：think，consider，call，believe，imagine，find，prove 等。在那宾格与补语之间，有时可以加上"to be"的字眼。
那孩子走出学校进入社会时，并不以为统治是荒诞的，权威是可笑的。
When he left the school and entered the world, the boy is not disposed to consider rule absurd and authority ridiculous.
２）感觉动词，即有身体感觉（physical perception）动词，有see，hear，feel，want，wish，like，hold，keep，leave，have，wear 等。
现今我觉得我的生活有说不出的空虚。
Now I feel my life unspeakably empty.
３）有些作为动词，在宾格补语之前，有加上一个as 的必要。
他们认为已经绝望，就把他放弃了。
They gave him up as hopeless.
４）有些宾格补语是表示由那动作的结果而产生的状态。这类动词多半有使动意义（make，render，set，drive，etc）或表示一般的动作（strike，beat，shoot，fold, keep）
他的一切麻烦我会解决的。
I will set all his troubles right.
我们靠希望而生存。
Hope keeps us alive.
５）反身自动词如要宾格补语时，也像作为动词时一样，那个补语是表示动作的结果所产生的状态。
他们谈着话不知不觉地睡着了。
They talked themselves asleep.
第二讲汉英词语用法对比与翻译
Lecture Two
Comparison Between
Chinese and English
Words and Their
Translation
Translation practice last week
由于连年战争，我们的生意很萧条。
Our business has suffered not a little through the war.
The effect upon our business of the war has been striking.
The war has affected our business to a remarkable extent.
The war has done our business much harm.
The war has rendered our business dull.
一、汉英时态比较与翻译
例1：二十岁那年，我就逃出了父亲的家庭。直到现在还是过着流浪的生活。
（萧红《永远的憧憬和追求》）
When I was twenty, I fled home. Since then I have been wandering around like hobo.
例2：傅先生公开承认自己反动透顶，但是傅先生在和平解放北平时为人民立了功。（《毛泽东选集》第五卷）
Mr. Fu openly admits that he was utterly reactionary, yet he did a service to the people in the peaceful liberation of Beijing.
例3：我本来是一个谦虚谨慎、人见人爱的孩子，是牛津大学将我弄得这么人见人嫌。
I was a modest, good-humored boy; it is Oxford that has made me insufferable.
例4：仿佛为探寻什么而来，然而，我永远不能寻见什么了，除非我也睡在花床的下面，土地连接着土地，在那里面或许还有一种温暖、爱的交流？（缪崇群《花床》）
I seem to have come here in search of something, but I will never be able to find anything, except hoping that someday I will go and sleep underneath a flower bead where the land is one in which there is an interflow of warmth and love. (Trans. by Gao Wei and Liu Shichong)
二、汉英词语的具体与抽象比较及其翻译
Our very anxiety is born of our knowledge of what is now possible for each other and all.
（我们之所以焦虑不安是因为我们知道对每一个人，对所有人可能发生什么事。）
It is a revealing fact about our language and our culture that someone dedicated to pursuit of knowledge is compared to such a freak.
（把专心于追求知识的人比做这样一种畸形人，这一事实突出地反映了我们的语言和文化现状。）
英语中在动词或形容词后面加上-ment; -tion; -ence; -ity; -isml –ure; -ness等名词后缀，我们就可以明显感觉到其抽象性。
另外，英语中的介词非常丰富。介词本身就是虚词，表达比较虚泛的意义。介词除了可以构成各式各样的短语或成语，还为多个抽象名词结构的连着使用创造了条件。例如：
He was not to appeal for the end of poverty and ignorance and disease; he called for the destruction of the system which was responsible for these evils.
（他并不满足于呼吁消除贫困、愚昧和疾病，他号召摧毁那个造成一切罪恶的制度。）
例1：他绝望了，正在此时，他见到远方的帆影，有了绝处逢生的希望。
He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue.
例2：他通晓多种不常使用的外国语，这使我们大家感到惊讶。
His familiarity with many rarely used languages surprised us all.
例3：住在上海“弄堂房子”里的人对月亮的圆缺隐现是不甚关心的。
People living in the small alleyways of Shanghai pay little attention to the waxing and waning, or the visibility, of the moon.
例4：男性不愿退休，与他们预想中将来要失去很多东西有关，其中主要的是失去赚钱的机会，而不是丧失对工作的依恋之情。
Reluctance among men to retire was associated with anticipated deprivations, of mainly of money rather than of attachment to work.
例5：有月亮吧，就像多了一盏灯。没有月亮吧，犹如街灯损坏了，没有亮起来。
Moon or no moon simply means the appearance of one extra street lamp or that one of the street lamps has gone wrong and ceased to give out light.
例6：我先是诧异，接着是很不安，似乎这话与我有关。（鲁迅《祝福》）
My initial astonishment gave way to a deep uneasiness; I felt that this had something to do with me.
例7：唉，那是客臣的井蛙之见喽，所谓“情人眼里出西施”啦。
Alas, that was owing to my ignorance, that is what is called partiality.
例8：添砖加瓦
make a little contribution
望穿秋水
await with great anxiety
画饼充饥
feed on fancies
例9：总之，就全国范围来说，我们一定能够逐步顺利解决沿海同内地贫富差距的问题。
In short, taking the country as a whole, we are certainly able to settle the problem regarding the wealth gap between the coastal and hinterland areas gradually and smoothly.
(trans. by Beijing Review)
In short, taking the country as a whole, I am confident that we can gradually bridge the gap between coast and inland areas.
例10：他讲话时，态度坚定，但面带愁容，时而眼神暗淡。
He spoke with firmness, but his face was very sad and his eyes at times were dim.
三、汉英词语的动静对比与翻译
例1：火箭已经用来探索宇宙。
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe. (utilizing English nouns)
例2：他统治那个地区长达20年之久。
He had been the ruler of that region for as long as twenty years.
2）利用形容词
例3：那个家伙老师滔滔不绝讲个不停。
That fellow is very talkative. (utilizing English adjective)
例4：他们迫切地想得到消息。
They were news-hungry.
3）利用介词
例5：有一个有力的证据足以推定他们所讲的是真实的。
There is a strong presumption in favor of the truthfulness of their statement.
例6：你得喝几口水，把药丸吞下去。
You have to wash the pill down with sips of water.
Homework for today
我们两国的领导人就香港问题达成协议，为各自的国家和人民做了一件非常有意义的事情。香港问题已经有近一个半世纪的历史，这个问题不解决，在我们两国和两国人民之间总是存在阴影。现在这个阴影消除了，我们两国之间的合作和两国人民之间的友好前景光明。
Translation Reference
The leaders of our two countries have reached agreement on the question of Hong Kong and have done something highly significant in the interest of our countries and peoples.
This problem has lasted for a century and half. As long as it remained unsolved, it cast a shadow over the relations between us.
Now that the shadow has been lifted, a bright prospect has opened up for cooperation between our two countries and friendly contact between our two peoples.
第三讲汉英意形对比与翻译
Chinese Parataxis and English Hypotaxis and Translation
一、汉语与英语的语言组织法特点
所谓意（parataxis），指的是词语或句子间的连接主要凭借语义或语句间的逻辑关系来实现；所谓形合（hypotaxis）则指的是词语或句子间的连接主要仰仗连接词或语言的形态变化来实现。据此，我们认为“意合和形合是语言组织法，是从意义到具体语言形式的两个既有各自特点又不相互排斥的途径，是汉英对比研究和翻译理论研究的重要课题之一。”
二、意合与形合的表现形式
汉语的连句成章往往凭借作者的形象思维和灵感思维，通过省略功能虚词，利用词语和句子意念组合表现出事件发生的先后顺序和逻辑关系，而将句子成分的功能和层次往往置于次要地位。比如：汗流浃背；玩物丧志；不进则退，等
英语的形合则表现在词语连成句子、短语连成句子、分句连成句子的时候，都是要依仗诸如像连词、关系词、介词等功能词语和具有状语功能的分词结构等来构建。
英语词与词之间的关系常由一个客观的词来指示，不像汉语要由读者自己来解读。比如，Don’t come in until I call you.在这句英语中，两个动作之间的关系由一个连接词until明确
表示出来，不可能有误解。同样表达这个意思，汉语就完全可以不用任何表示关系的连接词。“不叫你别进来。”因此，我们可以得出这样结论：汉语是以意驭形而英语则以形制意。
三、化意合为形合的具体操作方法
根据上述汉英两种语言的组句方式的对比，我们不难看出：汉语的句法特征是“意合对接”（parataxical linkage）。在汉语翻译成英语时，就是要把汉语的意合形式转化为英语的形合形式。在这个过程中，关键是要分清汉语原文中哪些是主体意念，将其置于主句；哪些是客体描摹，事件背景、概念前提或条件、思维的指向、行为的对象等等，将其作从句或词组处理。
1、将汉语句子译成带从句的英语句子
例1：船上这几位，有在法国留学的，有在英国、德国、比国等读书，到巴黎去增长夜生活经验，因此也坐法国船的。（钱钟书《围城》）
Although some of those on board had been students in France, the others, who had been studying in England, Germany, and Belgium, had gone to Paris to gain more experience of night life before taking French ship home.（Jeanne Kelly; Nathan K. Mao 译）
例2：船走得很慢，大家一片乡心，正愁无处寄托，不知哪里忽来了两副麻将牌。（钱钟书《围城》）
The ship moved ever so slowly, while homesickness welled up in everyone’s heart and yearned for release. Then suddenly from heaven knows where appeared two sets of mahjong, the Chinese national pastime. （Jeanne Kelly; Nathan K. Mao 译）
例3：生命没有寄托的人，青年时代和“儿时”对他格外宝贵。（瞿秋白《儿时》）When one has nothing to live for in life, he tends to look back with nostalgia on the days gone by——his youth and childhood.
例4：题目妯娌吵嘴，不巧被我撞见了。
I chanced to be present when the sisters-in-law were having a quarrel.
2、将汉语句子译成带介词短语的英语句子
例1：好不容易才说服她，照我的想法办。
With some difficulty I brought her round to my way of thinking.
例2：那女孩长得面黄肌瘦，身材短小，满脸现着泪痕。（谢冰莹《刹那的印象》）
Short and slight in build, she looked thin and sickly with a tear-stained face.（张培基译）
3、将汉语句子译成分词或带不定式结构的英语句子
例1：他什么苦都吃得，从不晓得享用，也像乡下人。（朱自清《哀互生》）Looking like a countryman, he could withstand any hardship, never seeking ease and comfort.
例2：一个人的生究竟有多大意义，这有什么标准可以衡量吗？（邓拓《生命的三分之一》）What is the significance of life? Is there any gauge to measure it?
例3：只见那个理发师俯下身，听小姑娘说，她要什么发式。
Leaning down to hear the little girl, the barber listened to her about the style she wanted.
例4：对人太苛求，没有什么道理，自己也容易失望。
You have little cause to make excessive demands from others and make yourself disappointed in return.
4、将汉语句子译成带定式复合结构的英语句子
例1：酒不醉人人自醉。
It is no the wine that intoxicates but the drinker who gets himself drunk.
例2：人到醉时方觉醒，醒时难得醉时清。
It is not until one gets drunk that he gets sober and it is difficult for him to get as sober as he gets drunk.
例3：一人之下，万人之上。
There is no one above him but the Emperor.
例4：千算万算，不及天算。
Whatever human mind intend, it is the Heaven that decides the end.
5、运用多种操作方法将汉语句群译成英语句子
太华之高不知几千仞，惜未能裹粮往登马。归途见林柿正黄，就马上摘食之。土人呼止，弗听，嚼之，涩甚，急吐去。下骑觅泉漱口，始能言。土人大笑。盖柿须摘下，煮一沸始去其涩，余不知也。
I have no idea how many thousand feet high the Huashan Mountains are and regret very much not having been able to pack up some dry provisions and go exploring them for a few days. On my way back I saw some wild persimmons, which were of a ripe color. I picked one from the tree while on horseback, and was going to eat it then and there.
The native people tried to stop me, but I wouldn’t listen to them. Only after taking a bite did I find it to have a very harsh flavor. So much so that I quickly spat it out and had to come down from horseback and rinse my mouth at a spring before I could speak, to the great merriment of my native advisers. For persimmons should be boiled in order to take away their harsh flavor, but I learnt this a little too late.
Homework for Today
"万字"
从前有一个人，家里很有钱，只是一个字也不认识，于是请了个教师，教他儿子读书。
老师教他儿子写字，老师说："一画就是'一'字，二画就是'二'字，三画就是'三'字。"
这孩子学了这几个字，就把笔一丢，连忙跑去跟他父亲说："爸爸，我已经都学会了，用不着再请老师了。"他父亲很高兴，就把老师辞掉了。
过了几天，他的父亲要请一个姓万的亲戚吃饭，叫他儿子写个请帖，这孩子写呀写呀，一写写了老半天，还没有写完。他父亲去催他，这孩子抱怨说："天下姓名多得很，为什么偏偏姓万？从早上到现在，我横画竖画，才只画了五百画，离一万还差得远呢？"
Translation to the Last
"万字"
The Character "Wan" (10,000)
从前有一个人，家里很有钱，只是一个字也不认识，于是请了个教师，教他儿子读书。Once upon a time there was a man who was quite well-off, but illiterate. Thus, he got a tutor to teach his son how to read and write.
老师教他儿子写字，老师说："一画就是'一'字，二画就是'二'字，三画就是'三'字。"
Teaching his son to write Chinese characters, the teacher said, "One stroke is the character one, two strokes are two and three strokes, three."
这孩子学了这几个字，就把笔一丢，连忙跑去跟他父亲说："爸爸，我已经都学会了，用不着再请老师了。"他父亲很高兴，就把老师辞掉了。
After the boy knew how to write these three characters, he threw away his brush and ran to his father. He said, "Father, I now know how to write Chinese characters. The tutor is no longer useful to me." His father was very happy to hear that and asked the tutor to leave.
过了几天，他的父亲要请一个姓万的亲戚吃饭，叫他儿子写个请帖。
A few days later, his father wanted to invite a relative named Wan to dinner in his home, and asked his son to write an invitation card.
这孩子写呀写呀，一写写了老半天，还没有写完。他父亲去催他。
The boy had not finished even though he had been writing for quite a while, so his father went to hurry him up.
这孩子抱怨说："天下姓名多得很，为什么偏偏姓万？从早上到现在，我横画竖画，才只画了五百画，离一万还差得远呢？"
The boy complained, "There are a lot of family names in the world under heaven. Why does he have to be named Wan? I have been writing since morning, and have finished 500 strokes. That is far from 10,000."
第四讲汉英翻译中选词方法
Lecture Four
Ways of the Choices of Words in C-E Translation
1、根据思维习惯进行选词
东西方文化差异体现在思维方式方面主要表现为：综合思维与分析思维之别，具象思维与抽象思维之异，顺向思维与逆向思维之差。从本质上说，一个民族不可能只具有一种单一的单向思维模式。但由于历史、地域、文字和生存方式等因素的影响，不同的民族往往会侧重于某种思维方式，而另一种或几种思维方式则表现得不那么明显。思维方式的不同往往会在语言上反映出来。
译例说明
例1：前事不忘，后事之事。
Past experience, if not forgotten, is a guide for the future.
Lessons learned from the past can serve as a guide one in the future.
例2：前不见古人，后不见来者。
念天地之悠悠，独怆然而涕下。
Looking back, I do not see the ancients.
Looking ahead, I can’t see the wise ones to come.
Brooding on the endless universe,
Alone, in my sorrow, tears stream down.
2、根据语境选词
语境首先指的是文本语言环境，也包括副语言环境，副语言环境系指参与交际者的表情、神态、语气、语调、体势及交际者所处的场景等从属于话语的附加因素。还包括非语言环境，非语环境系指与原作内容相关并影响其内容而在文本中却无具体书面文字形式的文化历史和地理知识及相关背景。
译例说明：
1）“情况”：
circumstances，
situation，
conditions
（1）在这种情况下
under these / such circumstances
such being the case
in accordance with this specific condition
（3）现在的情况不同了。
Now things are quite different.
（4）他们的情况怎么样了？
How do matters stand with them？
What has happened to them？
What has become of them？
（5）前线有什么情况？
How is the condition at the front？
（6）前面有情况，做好战斗准备。
There's enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat.
（7）可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。
But the picture outside this place is quite another story.
（8）我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。
We may go there，but that depends.
2）“抓”：
（1）狗把她的手抓了。
The dog scratched her hand.
（2）你这是在瞎抓。
You are finding yourself at a loss.
（3）抓养猪配种。
Pay close attention to pig-breeding.
（5）前线有什么情况？
How is the condition at the front？
（6）前面有情况，做好战斗准备。
There's enemy activity ahead. Prepare for combat.
（7）可是在其他地方，情况却完全两样了。
But the picture outside this place is quite another story.
（8）我们可能去那儿，那得看情况而定。
We may go there，but that depends.
3、根据词义的搭配进行选词
汉英两种语言在长期使用过程中形成了各自的固定词组和搭配用法，翻译时必须注意两者的差异，不能把汉语词语的搭配用法生搬硬套到英语译文中去。词语的搭配主要包括两个方面：一是语义搭配，主要是指逻辑意义上表达习惯；一是结构搭配，主要是指定语和中心词的搭配和动宾搭配等。
好教徒（= 虔诚的教徒）
a faithful Christian
好父母（= 慈爱的父母）
a loving parent
好儿女（= 孝顺的儿女）
an obedient child
好妻子（= 贤良的妻子）
a virtuous wife
好丈夫（= 尽职的丈夫）
a dutiful husband
1）上班
go to work / to be on duty
2）上报
to appear in the newspaper / to report to a higher authority
3）上场
to appear on the stage / court
4）上当
to be taken in
5）上灯
to light the lamp
6）上访
to apply for an audience with the higher authorities to appeal for help.
7）上告
to complain to the higher authority / appeal to a higher court
8）上照
to come out well in a photograph
4、根据词的广义和狭义、强弱之分正确选词
（1）农业是国民经济的基础。
Agriculture is the foundation of the national economy.
（2）农、林、木、副、渔互相结合的方针。
the principle of combining farming, forestry, animal husbandry, side-occupations and fishery
（3）“多少事，从来急；天地转，光阴迫。一万年太久只争朝夕。”
"So many deeds cry out to be done,
And always urgently.
The world rolls on,
Time passes.
Ten thousand years are too long,
Seize the day, seize the hour."
5、根据词义的褒贬和语体色彩以及政治含义进行选词
1）他们讲唯心论，我们讲唯物论。
They preach idealism whereas we advocate materialism.
2）别了，司徒雷登！
Farewell, Leighton Stuart!
3）禁止赌博。
Gambling is prohibited.
4）这小伙子干活真冲。
This young fellow does his work with vim and vigor.
5）peasant, farmer, etc.
Homework for Today
十三陵
十三陵位于北京西北郊。离城约五十公里，是中国明朝十三个封建皇帝的陵墓。
长陵是明朝第三代皇帝的陵墓，是十三陵中修建最早、规模最大的一座。这座陵墓的前边有一个大宫殿，是明朝统治者举行祭祀的地方。这个大殿修建于一四二七年，面积共一千九百多平方米，是中国现在最大的木结构古建筑之一。殿里有几十根大木柱，其中四根最大的高14、3米，直径1、17米，两个人抱不过来。
定陵在长陵的西南面，它是明朝朱钧皇帝的陵墓。他统治中国四十八年（1573----1620）。在他当上皇帝的第十二年就开始修筑自己的陵墓。那时他才二十三岁。定陵的墓室-------地下宫殿，面积一千九百多平方米，由前、中、后和左右五个殿组成，全是石结构，没有柱子。前殿、中殿和后殿，有三座大石门，石门很大，每座重八吨。修建定陵前后用了六年时间，每天有三万多民工参加极端艰苦的劳动，不少民工在劳动中失去了生命。
第五讲社会符号学意义与汉英翻译
The Meaning of Social Semiotics and C-E Translation
Translation to last
十三陵
he Ming Tombs
十三陵位于北京西北郊。离城约五十公里，是中国明朝十三个封建皇帝的陵墓。
The Ming Tombs are located about 50 kilometers to the northwest of Beijing. They are the tombs of the thirteen feudal emperors of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).
长陵是明朝第三代皇帝的陵墓，是十三陵中修建最早、规模最大的一座。这座陵墓的前边有一个大宫殿，是明朝统治者举行祭祀的地方。
Zhangling, tomb of the third emperor of the Ming dynasty, is the earliest and largest one among the thirteen tombs. In front of the tomb is a hall. It is the place where the Ming rulers offered sacrifices.
这个大殿修建于一四二七年，面积共一千九百多平方米，是中国现在最大的木结构古建筑之一。
The big hall, built in 1427 and with an area of 1,900 square meters, is one of the biggest extant ancient wooden structures in China.
殿里有几十根大木柱，其中四根最大的高14、3米，直径1、17米，两个人抱不过来。
In the hall there are several tens of big wooden columns, the largest four among which are each 14.3 meters high and 1.7 meters in diameter. Two men with their arms stretched cannot encircle one column.
定陵在长陵的西南面，它是明朝朱钧皇帝的陵墓。他统治中国四十八年（1573----1620）。在他当上皇帝的第十二年就开始修筑自己的陵墓。那时他才二十三岁。
Dingling is the tomb of Emperor Zhu Yijun, who ruled China for 48 years (1575-1620). In his twelfth year as emperor he began to build his tomb. At that time he was only 23 years old.
定陵的墓室-------地下宫殿，面积一千九百多平方米，由前、中、后和左右五个殿组成，全是石结构，没有柱子。前殿、中殿和后殿，有三座大石门，石门很大，每座重八吨。Dingling's tomb chamber, the underground palace, has an area of 1,900 square meters. It consists of five halls----front, middle, rear, left and right. They are all stone structures without columns. The front, middle and rear halls have a big stone gate each. They are very big, each weighing 8 tons.
修建定陵前后用了六年时间，每天有三万多民工参加极端艰苦的劳动，不少民工在劳动中失去了生命。
It took altogether 6 years to build Dingling. Every day 30,000 civilian laborers took part in the extremely hard labor, in the course of which many of them lost their lives.
1、什么是社会符号学意义
符号学（semiotics）是研究符号指意系统的科学。皮尔斯提出了“符号学”的名称和第一个全面的符号学研究纲领。但对符号学发展做出实质性贡献的却是莫里斯。他区分了符号关系的三个方面，指出：符号与其所指称或描写的实体与事件之间的关系是语义关系，符号与符
号之间的关系是符号句法关系，符号与符号使用者之间的关系是语用关系。与这三种关系相对应的，就是语言符号（包括音素、音节、词素、词、短语、分句、句子乃至话语）的三类意义，即指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。
2、指称意义的概念与汉英翻译
指称意义（referential meaning），也就是我们平常所说的概念意义（ideational meaning）它是语言符号（包括句子）和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界或客观世界的实体或事件之间的关系，它主要同交际主题有关。换句话说，它是指词语、句子和篇章反映的客观世界。
比如：
月亮：
moon
他仰望着蔚蓝色的天空。
He looked up at the blue sky
这些鲜花多美啊！
How lovely these flowers are!
指称意义和字面意义（literal meaning）虽然在大部分情况下是重合的，却是从两个不同角度去看的两个不同概念。指称意义是词语同她之外的某个实体之间的关系，而字面意义则是单个词语最先在语言使用者脑中唤起的概念或形象。当译者从指称意义的角度考虑问题时，是把源语信息中具有相对独立的交际能力的一个词语同它所指称的实体联系起来，然后在译语中找出同样一个实体的对等说法。而从字面意义的角度考虑问题时，则是把源语单个的词最常见的意义换用译语中具有这种意义的符号去表示。
例如：
1）知之为知之，不知为不知，是知也。
When you know a thing, to hold that you know it, and when you do not know a thing, to allow that you do not know it——this is knowledge.
2）南京的风俗：但凡新媳妇进门，三日就要到厨下收拾一样菜，发个利市。这菜一定是鱼，取“富贵有余”的意思。
The custom in Nanjing is for all brides to invite good luck by going to the kitchen on the third day and cooking a fish, which stands for fortune.
3、指称意义的翻译方法
汉英词语的指称意义的翻译一般可采用直译法为主，意译、音译、音译与意译相结合的方法为辅。
例如：
1）延安的歌声是黑夜的火把，雪天的煤炭，大旱的甘霖。
Songs of Yan’an are torches in the dark night, charcoal fire in the snowy w eather, and timely rainfall in a severe drought.
2）生产多么需要科学！
革命多么需要科学！
人民多么需要科学！
Our production is in burning need of science!
Our revolution is in burning need of science!
Our people are in burning need of science!
3）刘玉翠回到村里，就好比是住进了监牢里。（明喻）
Having returned to the village, Liu Yucai felt as if she had got into the prison.
4）霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。（暗喻）
At once, the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans.
5）群山肃立，江河挥泪，辽阔的祖国大地沉静在巨大的悲痛之中。(拟人)
The mountains are standing in solemn silence; the rivers are shedding bitter tears; our vast motherland is soaked in enormous grief.
6）突然，在我们头顶上五六丈的上空，发出一声可怕的霹雳，闪电像利剑一样直插下来，天空被彻底吹裂了，震碎了。（夸张）
All of a sudden, there came a terrible thunder-clap about fifty feet directly above our heads, and a bolt thrust downward like a sharp sword. The sky was brought into pieces.
意译译例：
卜卜卜——机关枪的声音跟着又来。（拟声onomatopoeia）
The staccato chatter of a machine gun was heard again.
招风若草
look for trouble (死译invite wind to exasperate the grass)
外甥打灯笼——照舅（照旧）
act according to the old ways (死译the nephew carrying a lantern——showing the way for his uncle)
音译法举例
音译法是指用音位为单位在英语译文中保留汉语的发音以便突出原文的主要语言功能的翻译方法。
姑苏城外寒山寺，夜半钟声到客船。
Outside the city of Suzhou
Is resounding a distant knell.
It is Han Shan Monastery——
Towards us, tolling its midnight bell
1）音意结合法
音意结合法是指在英语译文中几保留原文的发音又能体现原文的指称意义，以既谐音又谐意的方式达到功能相似。这种方法的使用一般有两种形式，一是在拼音之前或之后加上一个表意词；二是直接套用谐音谐意的英语单词。
例如：
绿丹兰
Ludanlan cosmetics
稳德福酒楼
Wonderful Restaurant
“索”牌（塑料绳具的商标）
solid
4、言内意义的概念与翻译
言内意义（intralingual meaning），或叫语篇意义（textual meaning）是指句子成分与句子成分之间或句子与句子之间的关系，它决定着行文的韵律节奏、如何衔接连贯，达到何种修辞效果，等等。主要表现在利用词素之间的语音关系所表现出来的韵律平仄、双声和押韵；利用词素之间的语义关系形成的谐音双关、一语双叙、拈连、仿似、飞白、排比、对偶、层递、设问、顶真、回环、倒装等修辞格和语序、句子的长短、句子结构的紧凑或松散都体现了句子成分之间的关系；篇章的层次、段落的排列组合、句式的变化、布局的和谐、语义的连贯、自然的衔接都体现了篇章内符号的关系，它们都是言内意义的体现。
几个译例：
1）接受竟成了劫。（谐音双关）
Taking-over turns out to be loot-taking.
2）红雨随心翻作浪，
青山着意化为桥。（对偶antithesis）
Crimson rain swirls in waves under our will,
Green mountains turn to bridge at our wish.
3）春蚕到死丝方尽，蜡炬成灰泪始干。（双关）
The silkworm till its death spins silk from love-sick heart;
The candle only when burnt has no tears to shed.
4）一个钻窗子进来的人，不管是偷东西还是偷情，早已决心来替你做个暂时的主人。（钱钟书《写在人生边上》）（拈连）
When there is someone coming in through the window, whether he is going to steal some property or steal somebody’s hear t, he has decided that he will replace the host for a little while.
5、语用意义的概念与翻译
语用意义（pragmatic meaning）或交际意义（communicative meaning）是语言符号与其使用者之间的关系，包括表征意义、表达意义、社交意义、祈使意义和联想意义。是语言符号对人产生的影响，也就是常说的蕴含意义（connotative meaning）或联想意义（associative meaning）。语用意义在很大程度上受制于语言的社会文化环境。某一具体语言环境中出现的词语往往不仅具有指称意义、言内意义，还包含由此而衍生出的语用意义。
Homework for today
科学技术是人类共同创造的财富。任何一个民族，一个国家都需要学习别的民族别的国家的长处，学习人家的先进科学技术。我们不仅因为今天科学技术落后，需要努力向外国学习。即使我们的科学技术赶上了世界先进水平，也要学习人家的长处。
第六讲汉语习语的翻译
Lecture Six
Translation of Chinese Idioms
1、汉语习语的概念与特点
习语是劳动人民长期沿袭使用的定型词组或短语。习语一般具有结构严谨，形式简练，含义精辟，形象鲜明，表达生动等特点，因而为人们所喜闻乐用，广为流传。汉语习语在广义上包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语、格言和方言等，类别繁多，民族特色突出。正因为如此，习语的翻译也比较复杂。
1）汉语四字词组的特点与翻译
四字词组通常有四个要素构成，通常分为前后两部分。两部分之间的语法关系可以是主谓、动宾、偏正或并列关系。因此，四字词组又可分为主谓词组、动宾词组、偏正词组和联合词组。
直译法
直译的优势是能够比较完整地保留汉语四字词组的比喻形象、民族色彩和语言风格。但直译必须以不引起译文读者的误解和不违背译文表达习惯为前提。
直译法举例：
（1）处理人民内部的矛盾，必须坚持和风细雨的方法，坚持“团结——批评——团结”的方法。
It is essential to persist in using methods as mild as a drizzle and as gentle as a breeze, and to adhere to the formula of “unity—criticism—unity”, in dealing with contradictions among the people.
（2）所以这李执虽然青春丧偶，且处于高粱锦绣之中，竟如“槁木死灰”一般，一概不问。So this young widow living in the lap of luxury was no better off than withered wood or cold ashes, taking no interest in the outside world.
意译法
意译主要是指翻译时抓住原文内容和寓意这一重要方面，牺牲形象结合上下文比较灵活地传达原义。
意译法举例：
（1）刘雨生回到乡政府，把老谢的话，一五一十，告诉了邓秀枚和李月琴。
When Liu Yusheng got back the township government, he recounted everything Lao Xie said in detail to Deng Xiumei and Li Yuhui.
（2）他讲起话来总是眉飞色舞。
He always beams with joy when speaking.
节译法举例：
（1）冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼。
The cold, pale sunlight fell on their gloomy faces, long hair and lusterless eyes.
（2）忽然有人在牡丹亭畔，长吁短叹。
Suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply.
借用英语中的同义习语
（1）只有大胆地破釜沉舟地跟他们斗，也许有翻身的那一天。
All you can do is to burn your boats and fight them in the hope that one day you’ll come out on top.
（2）我没想到他对同志们的批评竟充耳不闻。
I didn’t expect him to turn a deaf ear for the comrades’ criticism.
直译和意译兼用法
（1）她一个单身人，无亲无故。
But this girl Mei was all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her.
（2）王冕一路风餐露宿，九十里大站、七十里小站，一径来到山东济南府地方。
Braving the wind and dew, Wang Mian traveled day after day past large posting station and small, till he came to the city of Jinan.
2）谚语的特点与翻译
谚语就是对各种生活现象进行综合概括并在群众中广泛流传运用的语言。这些谚语的极大部分是劳动人民对长期生活经验的科学总结。英语和汉语的谚语都有这样的特点：比喻生动，寓意深刻，用词精练，没有一个多余的词，单句讲究韵律，双句讲究对仗，文体非常口语化，便于记忆流传。如何翻译谚语？是直译还是意译？这完全取决于谚语的语言特点和文化背景。
直译法
（1）明枪易躲，暗箭难防。
It is easy to dodge a pear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.
（2）城门失火，殃及池鱼。
A fire on city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat.
（3）路遥知马力，日久见人心。
As a long road tests a horse’s strength, so a long task proves a person’s heart.
（4）初生牛犊不怕虎。
New-born calves make little of tigers. (Young people are fearless)
意译法
（1）失之东隅，收之桑榆。
What one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts.
（2）塞翁失马，按知非福？
A loss may turn out to be a gain.
（3）此地无银三百两。
A guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence.
套译法
（1）一次被火烧，二次避火苗。
A burnt child dreads the fire.
（2）半瓶醋，出事故。
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
（3）少见多怪。
Wonder is the daughter of ignorance.
（4）三思而后行。
Look before you leap.
3）歇后语的特点与翻译
歇后语是群众中广为流传的一种特殊语言形式，具有生动形象、诙谐幽默等特点。它一般由两个部分组成，前半截为形象的比喻，后半截是前面比喻的解释、说明。无论是文学作品，还是日常口语里，我们经常要同歇后语打交道。在习语翻译中，歇后语英译也是一个很重要的部分。
直译法
（1）那个宝玉是个“丈八的灯台，——照见人家，照不见自己”的，只知嫌人家脏。这是他的房子，由着你们糟蹋。
As for Baoyu, he’s like a ten-foot lampstand that sheds light on others but none on itself. He
complains that other people are dirty, yet leaves you to turn his own rooms topsy-turvy.
“咱们俩的事，一条绳拴着两蚂蚱，谁也跑不了。”
“We are like two grasshoppers tied to one cord; neither can get away!”
“你可倒好！肉包子打狗，一去不回头！”她的嗓门很高，和平日在车厂与车夫们吵嘴时一样。
“Well, you certainly are a guy! A dog given a bone doesn’t come back for more!” Her voice was as loud as when she bawled out at the rickshaw men in the yard.
日本曹长心里像有十五个吊桶打水，七上八下地不安宁。
It was as if the sword of Damocles hung over the Japanese sergeant.
意译法
穷棒子闹翻身，是八仙过海，各显其能。
When we pass from the old society to the new, each of us shows his true worth.
等他们赶来增援时，已是“正月十五贴门神——晚了半月啦。”
But they were too late for a rescue.
可是谭招弟心中却想：骑着毛驴看书——走着瞧吧，看究竟是啥原因。
But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself. “Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”
可是谭招弟心中却想：骑着毛驴看书——走着瞧吧，看究竟是啥原因。
But Tan Zhaodi was still thinking to herself. “Lets wait and see what the reason for it turns out to be in the end.”
“我是想：咱们是孔夫子搬家，净是（输）书，心里真有点点干啥的。”
“Only I fell bad when we lose every fight.”
“我在店里呢，是灯草拐杖，做不得主（柱）的。”
“My position in the company doesn’t permit me to make a decision individually.”
4）俚语的特点与翻译
俚语是比较通俗的口语词，有的带有粗俗性，有的带有方言性。俚语不但出现在口语中，而且也出现在戏剧、电视、电影以及小说的对白中。一般说来，俚语可分三类：委婉语，赌咒语和粗俗语。
翻译举例：
（1）她有喜了。
She is a mother-to-be.
She is in the family way.
（2）你这个杀千刀的！
You be hanged!
（3）见鬼去吧！
To hell with you!
汉译英难点解析举例第一篇 形形色色的人
汉译英难点解析举例第一篇 形形色色的人&能力与智慧 1．一根筋儿one track-minded. 别跟他较劲了。他一根筋，你还不知道？ Stop reasoning with him. Don’t you know he is one track-minded? 2.出众的人a lulu 要说漂亮，我们公司新来的秘书可算是个相貌出众的女孩子了。 Talking about being pretty, our company’s new secretary is indeed a lu lu. 3.两面派two-faced 我知道怎样对付两面派，而且一眼就能看出谁是一贯两面讨好的人。I know how to handle two-faced people and can even tell at the first glance who are in the habit of running with the hare and hunting with the hounds.(注：run with the hare and hunt with the hounds指人两面讨好，不得罪任何一方的做法。) 4．傻大个儿a lummox 听说那个傻大个儿把他们公司的买卖搞得一团糟。 It is said that the lummox has loused up their company’s whole business. 5.收破烂儿的人a rag man 那些收破烂儿的人走街串户，有时也能挣不少钱。 Those rag men going from door to door sometimes may also earn quite a handsome sum of money. 6.乡巴佬a hayseed 她说她决不会嫁给一个乡巴佬，不管他多有钱。 She insisted that she would not marry herself off to a hayseed, no matter how rich he was. 7.不三不四的人riff-raffs 老张的家里总来些不三不四的人，可想而知老张不是什么好东西。
汉译英赏析：英培安《欣赏自己》
《欣赏自己》 On Self-Appreciation 不怕直说，我是相当欣赏自己的。我承认自己有许多不如人的地方，但也知道并不老是这样差劲。所以，我做了一件事，写了一篇文章，只要自觉还不错我可以乐上几天，遇有人赞，更飘飘然得不像话；甚至还会忘其所以，插上几句自夸的话。 Frankly, I very much appreciate myself. Yes, I admit I’m in many respects not as good as other people, but I don’t think I’m always no good. When I find what I’ve done or written is okay, I’ll remain pleased with myself for quite a few days, and, in case I receive praise for it, I’ll even become so swollen-headed as to add a few words to glorify myself. 真的，我一点也不谦虚。 True, I’m not modest at all. 或者这就是自负吧，恐怕要给人骂了。但有什么不对呢？ People may call me conceited. But I think otherwise. 我也欣赏别人，凡是好的东西我都欣赏。只懂得欣赏别人而忘了欣赏自己，岂不是太不公平了？ I also appreciate other people. I appreciate anything good. Isn’t it unfair to forget appreciating myself while appreciating others? 但是我们华人总是比较谦虚，而且引以为荣。自己的太太叫拙荆，文章曰拙作。如果你当真叫他的太太山芭婆，文章如狗屁，他保证勃然大怒，和你拍桌子绝交。其实，你所说的，和他说的，可能并没什么两样。 We Chinese are generally inclined to be modest, and we take pride in being so. For example, a Chinese will call his own wife zhuojing, meaning “my humble wife”, and his own writings zhuozuo, meaning “my poor writings”. But if you should call his wife a “rustic women” or his writings “trash”, he would, I’m sure, slap the table in a rage and declare he would make a clean break with you. As a matter of fact, there is probably no difference at all between what is said by him and you respectively. 我认为，如果你的东西确是好的，直接说它好，没有什么不对。老王卖
汉译英常用技巧
词汇汉译英常用技巧（1）对等译法 对等是翻译的最高境界，但完全的对等几乎是不可能的。所以，可以采取大致对等的手法（所谓大致对等，是指比喻的方式基本一致，但意象,也就是比喻所用的image发生了改变）： e.g.1.扪心自问，他不得不承认自己错了。 By searching his heart, he could not but admit that he was in the wrong. 2.你真是福星高照。 You have a lucky star above you. 3.我们必须全力以赴，拿下这场比赛。 We must go all out to win this game. 4.你真不该插手他们的事情。 You really shouldn’t have poked your nose into their business. 5.那种情形之下，他除了忍气吞声又能怎样呢？ As things stood, what could he do but swallow the insult? 6.他们个个摩拳擦掌，士气高涨，准备再打一个漂亮仗。 Being in high morale, every one of them rolled up their sleeves, eager to win another brilliant victory.
7.为了救他的母亲，他赴汤蹈火。 He went through fire and flood to save his mother. 8.在纽约市寻找一个失落的小孩，那简直是大海捞针。 Looking for a missing child in New York City. Tha t’s like looking for a needle in a hay stack. 9.对问题视而不见并不能解决问题。 Turning a blind eye to a problem won’t solve the problem. 10.为了迷人眼目，他们把自己打扮成革命者。 To throw dust into the eye of the public, they decked themselves out as revolutionaries. 11.有时候老虎走近些，但对驴子还是敬而远之。 Sometimes the tiger ventured nearer, but still kept a respectable distance from the donkey. Exercise : 1.哀公问于孔子曰，寡人闻之，东益宅不祥，信有之乎？孔子曰，不祥有五，而东益不与焉。夫损人益己，身之不祥也；弃老取幼，家之不祥也；择贤用不肖，国之不祥也；老者不教，幼者不学，俗之不祥也；圣人伏匿，天下之不祥也。兆:presage ;omen 损人益己:to harm others to benefit oneself 贤:solon/sagacious person 不肖:unworthy 俗:custom 圣人:sage/saint 伏匿/匿伏:to stay in concealment
英汉翻译评析(附参考译文)
英汉翻译讲解（1） I.英汉之间的差别： “对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别。”------吕叔湘 国内学者的共识是：汉语是综合性的，描写性的，而英语是分析性的，逻辑性的。在语言学上最重要的区别在于形合和意合的对比（contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis），英语重形合（形式上的融合），汉语重意合（意思或意境的融合）。在句法方面，有学者形象地把英汉比喻为以下几种： 1．雄孔雀/雄狮-----即英语习惯于把最着重的事物放在句首先说出来，开门见山，一语破的，然后再把各种标志一条条补述，一步步交代，慢条斯理，从容不迫，形成一条头短尾长地线性链，象头小尾大地雄孔雀。而汉语则相反，其线性序列的展开好比画龙点睛，先把外围的环境与衬托一一交代周到，最后点出话语的信息中心，水到渠成，给人以豁然开朗之感，形成雄狮型头大尾小地局式。 例如：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the initiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit so quickly. 译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。 又如：The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, for a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine freely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social and cultural development was now scarcely （不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）contested （斗争；比赛）. 译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基本权利，即使不是不可能，也是不容易的。这一论断几乎是无可置辩的了。 2．葡萄/竹竿-----即把英语句子比作“葡萄型”结构，葡萄主干很短，其上附结着丰硕的果实。而汉语句子则较短，一个短句接一个短句地往下叙述，逐步展开，内容像竹竿一样一节一节展开，常称为“竹竿型”结构。 She was beautiful, with long dark hair and brilliant green eyes.她长得很美，一头乌黑亮丽的长发，一双晶莹明亮的绿色眼睛。 She has smooth akin as pale and iridescent as the moon shining over a snow-covered landscape.她光滑的肌肤白里透红，宛如皎洁的月光洒在茫茫血地上。 3．多枝共干----英语句子中还有两个或几个动词共受一个状语修饰，共有一个主语或宾语，或者两个或几个状语共同修饰一个动词，两个或几个主语或宾语共一个动词，这就好比几根树枝长在同一根树干上，我们称为“多枝共干”式结构。 4．也有学者认为英语是一种弥漫着“男子气”的语言。逻辑性、组织性和理性是以英语为母语的民族的思维支撑点，从而就形成了英语的“阳刚之美”。而汉语自有汉语之美。汉语不注重对客观现实作符合逻辑的形式的描摹，不执着于形式结构的规范，中国人的思维支撑点似乎更具有抽象，深邃和疏放的取向，由此繁衍生出的是显赫的暗示和幽远的意境从而形成汉语的“阴柔之美”。汉语的魅力在于她的流散和疏放，系于她超凡的暗示力和意境性。所以汉语的形式机制很弱，主谓宾没有形式标定，主谓间关系松散，宾语无定格，无定位，主语的超句承接功能很强。 如果说汉语是一种“人治”语言，那么，英语则是一种“理性”语言。汉语能化逻辑为内在，英语则必须将逻辑外化，化作种种行合的标记，化作启转承合的纽带。英语语法规范森严，理性十足；英语形式逻辑缜密，滴水不漏。 5．汉语是一种意境语言，一种艺术语言。寥寥数词，就能出意境，出氛围，出画面。
汉译英的几种翻译技巧
汉译英的几种常用技巧（一）常用的翻译技巧1. 增译2. 减译（省译）3. 重复 4. 转译 5. 语序（词序/句序）调整（倒置） 6. 拆句与合并7. 正说反译, 反说正译8. 语态变换 1.增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达 方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。 这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情况适当地删减。 英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思完整。 总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。 1. I am looking forward to the holidays. 我们等待假日的到
2.Much of our morality is customary. 我们大部分的道德观念都有习惯性。 3.Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。 4.Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。 5. 没有调查研究就没有发言权。 He who makes no investigation and study has no right to speak. (No investigation, no right to speak.) 6. 虚心使人进步, 骄傲使人落后。 Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind. 7. 留得青山在, 不怕没柴烧。 So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood. 8. 班门弄斧 Showing off one’s proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter. 9. 三个臭皮匠, 顶个诸葛亮。
2019年英语翻译中级笔译：汉译英难点解析8
2019年英语翻译中级笔译：汉译英难点解析8 The clear heaven overhead was emptied of all its gold. Dusk spread over it, abruptly darkening the Seven Hills. 译文：天宇澄清，余晖尽敛，夜幕降临，罗马七丘顿时昏暗。 (翁显良译) 赏析：读这样的译文，是否让你想到了盛行于汉魏六朝时期的赋?一般说来，过多的美化译文很容易歪曲原文的意义和精神，而此处译 文却同原文在意义和精神上丝丝相扣，这就是见译者功力的地方了。 These alternations of mood were the despair and joy of Ethan Frome.(Edith Wharton： Ethan Frome) 译文：她这样一会儿一种情绪，叫伊坦时而灰心，时而高兴。 (吕叔湘译) 赏析：将"alternations of mood" 掰开译为"一会儿一种情绪"，后面跟上叫伊坦时而如何，时而如何，自然，流畅。对比原文和译文，自能体会译者翻译手段的高超。 Is it necessary to shout ? 译文：说话就说话，非得叫唤不可吗?(吕叔湘译) 赏析：简简单单，普普通通的英文句子，一到吕叔湘先生手里， 他总能译出特色。"Is it necessary to shout"句子本很简单，换作 另一个人来译，八九不离十是类似这样的一句："有必要大喊大叫吗" 或者更通俗一点"干吗嘲嘲嚷嚷的"也能够说是"信，达，切"了，而吕 先生却并不甘心，为了译出说话人的含蓄，委婉的口气，他将原句译成"非得叫唤不可吗"并在前面加上"说话就说话"这么一句，将说话人 不愿或不敢张扬事态,想好言好语同听话人交流的心理曲曲折折地传达 了出来。
散文英译汉佳作赏析：我父亲的音乐
最牛英语口语培训模式：躺在家里练口语，全程外教一对一，三个月畅谈无阻！ 洛基英语，免费体验全部在线一对一课程：https://www.360docs.net/doc/8a798951.html,/wenkxd.htm（报名网址）My Father's Music 我父亲的音乐 by Wayne Kalyn 韦恩?凯林 I remember the day Dad first lugged the heavy accordion up our front stoop, taxing his small frame. He gathered my mother and me in the living room and opened the case as if it were a treasure chest. "Here it is," he said. "Once you learn to play, it'll stay with you for life." 记得有一天，身材瘦小的父亲背着一架沉重的手风琴，费力地走到前门廊。他把妈妈和我叫进厅里，打开了那只盒子，好象那是一个百宝箱似的。“就这个，”他说，“你一旦学会，它将伴随你一生。” If my thin smile didn't match his full-fledged grin, it was because I had prayed for a guitar or a piano. For the next two weeks, the accordion was stored in the hall closet. Then one evening Dad announced that I would start lessons the following week. In disbelief I shot my eyes toward Mom for support. The firm set of her jaw told me I was out of luck. 如果说我勉强的微笑与他发自内心的笑容不和谐的话，那是因为我一直想要一把吉他或一架钢琴。随后的两个星期，那架手风琴一直放在大厅的橱子里。一天晚上，爸爸宣布下周我开始上琴课。疑惑中，我把视线急忙投向妈妈求助。她紧绷的下巴告诉我：我倒运了。 Spending $300 for an accordion and $5 per lesson was out of character for my father. He was practical always －something he learned growing up on a Pennsylvania farm. Clothes, heat and sometimes even food were scarce. 花300元买一架手风琴，每次上课再花3美元，这可不像父亲的作风。他一直是很实际的——这是他在宾夕法尼亚农场成长过程中学来的。那时候，衣服、暖气，有时甚至连食物都短缺。 Dad was a supervisor in a company that serviced jet engines. Weekends, he tinkered in the cellar, turning scraps of plywood into a utility cabinet or fixing a broken toy with spare parts. Quiet and shy, he was never more comfortable than when at his 洛基英语是中国英语培训市场上的一朵奇葩，是全球已被验证的东方人英语学习的最佳模式。洛基英
英汉翻译评析
评：在最后一句“回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色”中，译者将“百媚”翻 译为“ full of grace ” ,在此处应取“ eleganee and beauty of movement expression ， a beautiful figure which she used in subtle movements unparalleled grace ”这一义，我认为此处强调的是“媚”这个字，这种美是无 人能比的，以至于六宫粉黛无颜色，所以在翻译之时，可以把这种媚翻译成魅 力，而且是“百媚”，此处“百”又不是真的“ hundred ”，而是一种“ end beauty, end of charm ”。 评：最后一句“六宫”翻译成six places 非常生硬，感觉没有体现中国古典文 化中六宫的含义。同时fairest face 也太过于字面化，没有什么美感。回眸直 接翻译为turning her head 也是过于直接，体现不出古典诗歌所要表达的美。 or of of 评：第二句杨家有女初长成中， womanhood just grow ，womanhood 略感多余，前面已经用 了 maiden ，意透露性别信息，无需再次强调女性身份，第三句中天生丽质难自弃，用 en dowed with n atural beauty, en dow 之嫌，一朝选在君王侧翻作 selected for the mon arch' 妃，回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色有承接关系，觉得， 已有天生具有的意思，再用 natural 强调原生有语义赘余 s side,太过直译，可以意译为入宫为 that 放入前半句更好， that she turns her head, with a sweet and grace smile 。 评：诗歌标题“长恨歌”并非表达一种真正的恨意和痛苦， 的遗憾和悔恨。“ regret ”正好有“悔恨，遗憾”之意，“ 而是指唐明皇和杨贵妃无法长相厮守 everlasting ”正好表达岀了长久的意 味。许渊冲的翻译避免了直接翻译的直白， 又恰到好处地将两人无法长相厮守的遗憾表达得淋漓 尽致，十分贴切。 《长恨歌》翻译评析 长恨歌 许渊冲译 The Everlast ing Regret 汉皇重色思倾国，御宇多年求不得。 The beauty-lovi ng mon arch Ion ged year after year To find a beautiful lady without peer. 杨家有女初长成，养在深闺人未识。 A maide n of the Yan gs* to woma nhood just grow n. In inner chambers bred, to the world was unknown. 天生丽质难自弃，一朝选在君王侧。 En dowed with n atural beauty too hard to hide, One day she stood selected for the mon arch ' s side. 回眸一笑百媚生，六宫粉黛无颜色。 Turning her head, she smiled so sweet and full of grace That she outsh one in six palaces the fairest face.
上海基础口译汉译英难点解析
上海基础口译汉译英难点解析 在这个问题上我们兜了这么长时间的圈子了，现在也该说点真格的了We have been beating about the bush on the matter for so long and it’s time to talk turkey. 孩子打嗝了，让他喝口水吧。 The kid is making a belch. Give him a drink. 每次去参加舞会，她都打扮得特别漂亮。 Every time she went to a dance， she would always be dressed up to the nines. 错过他人 bark up the wrong tree 也可能是我错怪了她，不过她确实经常和一个男人出去。 I may have been barking up the wrong tree， but she does go our a lot with a man. 汉译英难点解析：凑合fill the bill 凑合fill the bill 我没有新的，你先拿这个去凑合用吧。 I don’t have a new one， but you may take this to fill the bill. 从小看大，他现在不好好学习，将来也不会有什么出息。 The child is father of the man. From the way he loathes studied you know that he’s not the one among those that will make the mark. 1 ——文章来源网络，仅供参考
英语翻译中级笔译：汉译英难点解析1
英语翻译中级笔译：汉译英难点解析1 导读：本文英语翻译中级笔译：汉译英难点解析1，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 评价，疑虑和问询 1. 崭新的brand new. 他买了一台崭新的轿车 He bought a brand new car. 2. 太便宜了be dirt cheap 这块手表才花了30美元，真是太便宜了。 You bought this watch only for 30 dollars? It’s dirt cheap. 3.费事儿take a lot of doing 做鱼特别费事儿，我可不愿意洗阿，淹阿，钝阿什么的。 It takes a lot of doing to cook a fish. I wouldn’t like to spend a lot of time washing, salting, stewing and whatnots for the cooking of it. 4.知道底细have someone’s number 别跟我瞎吹了，我又不是不了解你的底细。 No big talk with me, I have your number. 5.精品the choicest goods 这家商店卖的手表都是精品，而且种类还特别多。 This shop sells a wide range of watches, all of which are the choicest. 6. 了解一下情况get the lay of the land 经理说他想让我们先去海南了解一下那里的情况，然后再决定投资的事。
The manager said that he would like us to go to Hai Nan and get the lay of the land there before deciding on the investment. 7.掌上明珠the apple of someone’s eye 玲玲是她爷爷的掌上明珠 Ling Ling is the apple of her grandpa’s eye. 8.让人恶心turn one’s stomach / make one sick 听她讲话，看她和男人讲话的那股劲头儿真让我恶心。 Listening to her and seeing the way of her talking with men really turns my stomach. 9. 惹麻烦了be in a jam 小张这次可惹麻烦了，昨天他又让警察给逮着了。 Xiao Zhang’s in a jam now. He was copped out again by the police yesterday. 10.关系很好be on good terms with 据说老张和那个部长的关系特别好 It’s said that Lao Zhang is on very good terms with the minister. 11.甜头儿sugar plum 如果不尝到点甜头儿，她是不会干那种事的 She wouldn’t do that if she hadn’t got sort of sugar plum. 12.什么都敢赌can bet one’s bottom dollar 她绝对不会和他结婚的，这个我什么都敢赌。 I can bet my bottom dollar that she won’t marry him for anything. 13.美中不足a fly in the ointment 我喜欢那套房子，但美中不足的是离上班的地方太远。
散文英译汉佳作赏析：辉煌壮丽的暴风雨供参考学习
F o r p e s n a u s e o n y s u d y a n d r e s a c h n o f r c m me r c a u s e 散文英译汉佳作赏析：辉煌壮丽的暴风雨 Glories of the Storm 辉煌壮丽的暴风雨 It begins when a feeling of stillness creeps into my consciousness. Every thing has suddenly gone quiet. Birds do not chirp. Leaves do not rustle. Insects do not sing. 起初，有一种平静的感觉悄悄袭上我的心头。刹那间，万物都突然寂静无声。鸟儿不在啁啾，树叶不再沙沙作响，昆虫也停止了欢唱。 The air that has been hot all day becomes heavy. It hangs over the trees, presses the heads of the flowers to the ground, sits on my shoulders. With a vague feeling of uneasiness I move to the window. There, in the west, lies the answer - cloud has piled on cloud to form a ridge of mammoth while towers, rearing against blue sky. 整日闷热的空气变得格外呆滞，它笼罩着树木，逼得花朵垂向地面，也压得我的肩头沉甸甸的。我怀着隐隐约约的烦躁不安，信步走到窗前，原来答案就在西边天际，云层重重叠叠，就像一排嵯峨的白塔，高耸在蓝天之上。 Their piercing whiteness is of brief duration. Soon the marshmallow rims flatten to anvil tops, and the clouds reveal their darker nature. They impose themselves before the late-afternoon sun, and the day darkens early. Then a gust of wind ships the dust along the road, chill warning of what is to come. 云彩那耀眼的白色转瞬便消失了。顷刻间，棉花糖状的云彼岸变得像铁砧一样平展，云层也露出了阴暗的本来面目。它强行遮住西斜的太阳，使天色早早就黑了下来。接着，劲风骤起，一路卷起尘土飞扬。冷嗖嗖的，预示着即将来临的一切。 In the house a door shuts with a bang, curtains billow into the room. I rush to close the windows, empty the clothesline, secure the patio furnishings. Thunder begins to grumble in the distance. 砰的一声，风关上了一扇房门。窗帘也随风扬起，向屋内翻卷着。我急忙跑上去关上窗户，收下晾晒的衣服，安顿好露台上的家什。远处开始响起隆隆的雷声。 The first drops of rain are huge. They splat into the dust and imprint the windows with individual signatures. They plink on the vent pipe and plunk on the patio roof. Leaves shudder under their weight before rebounding, and sidewalk wears a coat of shiny spots. 最初落下来的是大颗大颗的水珠，扑扑地打在尘土里。在玻璃窗是留下了一个个印记。雨点把排气管敲得叮叮当当，把露台顶棚打得噼噼啪啪，树叶被砸得瑟瑟发抖，难以抬头。人行道披上了一层亮闪闪的水点。 The rhythm accelerates; plink follows plunk faster and faster until the sound is a roll of drums and the individual drops become an army marching over fields and rooftops.
英汉翻译评析(答案)
Commentaries on the Version of “一个女人是这样衰老的” 一个女人是这样衰老的 SV：How a Woman Ages/A Woman’s Aging/A Woman Fades Thus/What causes a Woman to Grow Old/The Way in Which a woman is Aging/How a Woman Gets Old RV: The Way Woman Withers 点评：Rhetorical Device: distillation and aesthetic hightlights of language, either Chinese or English/The successful employment of alliteration(头韵) 1．二十岁的时候，我穿着一条背心式牛仔裙在校园里走来走去，一说话就脸红。三十岁的我穿着名牌套装，坐在办公桌前，满脸冷酷地对下属说：“这么愚蠢的问题你也敢问？也不先打个草稿。”SV: At the age of twenty, I walked about on the campus, wearing a vestlike jean skirt. My face would turn red whenever I speak. After I have turned thirty, I am seated in front of a bureau, in a suit of famous brand, reproaching a subordinate coldly “How dare you ask such a stupid question? Why didn’t you make a draft first?” RV: At the age of twenty, wearing a jeans jumper, I moved about on the campus, my face blushing the moment I had the inclination to make an
汉译英难点500例
1. 犹豫不定be of two minds 我打算买辆汽车，可心里一直犹豫不定，不知道买那个牌子的好。 I’m thinking of buying a car, but I’m still of two minds. I can hardly decide as to which brand I should take. 2. 心事重重some thing weighs heavily on one’s mind 老板这几天沉默寡言，看起来好像是心事重重的。 The boss is quite down these days. He seems to have something weighing heavily on his mind. 3. 埋头苦干keep one’s nose to the grindstone 这年头，只会埋头苦干的人是挣不了大钱的。 These years those who’re keeping thei r nose to the grindstone can’t make bundles. 4. 心凉了半截cool one’s ardor 莉莉深深爱上了公司的老板并打算嫁给他，但是当她听说他玩弄过几个女孩子之后，她的心都凉了半截。 Lily was head over heels in love with their company’s boss and was thinking of marrying him, but the news that he had taken several girls for a ride cooled her ardor. 5. 使人大为激动make one’s spine tingle 小李答应与他结婚使他大为激动。 XiaoLi’s promise to marry him made his spine tingle. 6. 怀恨在心bear somebody a grudge 千万别得罪他，他会对你怀恨在心的。 Take care not to offend him, or he’ll bear you a grudge. 7. 感到四肢无力feel wobbly and rough.
汉译英常见句型和短语
汉译英常用句型和短语 1.It is said / reported / predicated (断定)/ believed / asserted （宣称）/ supposed / well-known / generally considered… that… 据… It must be admitted / pointed out… that… 预计中国打算在近期购买私车的人数将达到三百万。 It is predicted that the car purchasers in China will amount to 3 million in the near future. 到2008年第四季度，国民经济年均增长率预计将达到10%。 The annual average growth rate of national economy is estimated to reach 10% by the last quarter of 2008. 必须指出，这样的错误不能再犯。 It must be pointed out that mistakes of this kind should not be repeated. 看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的 It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting. 已经证明，感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。 It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current
翻译 中英对译 英文散文赏析
原文 巷 柯灵译者-张培基 巷，是城市建筑艺术中一篇飘逸恬静的散文，一幅古雅冲淡的图画①。这种巷，常在江南的小城市中，有如古代的少女，躲在僻静的深闺，轻易不肯抛头露面②。你要在这种城市里住久了,和它真正成了莫逆，你才有机会看见她③，接触到她优娴贞静的风度。 人耐心静静走去，要老半天才走完。它又这么曲折, 什么时候，你向巷中踅去，都如宁静的黄昏，可以清晰地听到自己的 斑斑驳驳的苔痕，墙上挂着一串串苍翠欲滴 的藤萝，简直像古朴的屏风。春来 小巷的动人处就是它无比的悠闲。无论是谁， 你的心情就会如巷尾不波的古井，那是一种和平的静穆，而不是阴森和肃杀⑩。它闹中取静，别有天地，仍是人间。它可能是一条现代的乌衣巷(11)，家家有自 己的一本哀乐帐， 使人忘忧。 译文 The Lane Ke Ling The lane, in terms of the art of urban architecture, is like a piece of prose of gentle gracefulness or a painting of classic elegance and simplicity①.
a small the lane, a maiden of ancient times hidden away in a secluded boudoir, is reluctant to make its appearance long time.③ The does not taste of the countryside at all. It is long and deep, so it will take you a long while to walk patiently and quietly through it from end to end. It is also so winding that it seems ⑤when you look far ahead, but if you keep walking until you take a turning, you’ll find it again lying endless and still more quiet. There is nothing but stillness there⑥. At any hour of day, you can even distinctly hear in the , which, moss-covered and hung with clusters of fresh green wisteria, look almost like screens of primitive simplicity. Inside the walls are residents’ gardens with In spring, beautiful peach and apricot blossoms atop the walls, ⑧waving their red sleeves, will sway hospitably to beckon the pedestrians. The charm of the lane lies in its absolute serenity. No matter who you are, if you in the lane for a while⑨, your mind will become as unruffled as the ancient well at the end of the lane. There you will a kind of peaceful calmness rather than gloomy sternness⑩. There reigns peace and quiet in the midst of noisy bustle. It is a world of its own on earth. It may be a modern (11)where each family, secluded behind closed doors, has its own covered-up story of （12）The all-pervading and all-purifying atmosphere of water-like placidness makes one forget all cares and worries.