英语小说汉译 (2)
Unit-1-2-汉译英与英译汉
汉译英unit1 section_a父母觉得有责任尽其所能给孩子提供最好的。
(to feel obliged to do/to provide ... for ... )Parents feel obliged to provide the best they can for children.应该严肃认真地大力惩治政治腐败。
(to get serious about/to curb/corruption)It’s time to get serious about curbing political corruption.学校的校长不应指望刚从大学毕业的老师来应付一大群难以对付的孩子。
(principals/fresh from/to deal with)School principals should not expect teachers, fresh from college, to deal with a large group of difficult children.她讲话不多，但言之有理。
(to talk much/to make sense)She doesn’t talk much, but what she says makes sense.对于强加给他的指责，他从未放在心上。
to be indifferent to / to thrust ...on...He was indifferent to the criticism that was thrust on him.为了确保司机的安全，一定要敦促机械师确保汽车发动机已调整好。
(to keep...safe/to urge/mechanics/to make sure/to tune up)In order to keep drivers safe, mechanics are urged to make sure that car engines are properly tuned up.当她站在那儿看到她女儿大学毕业时，内心充满了骄傲。
专业英语八级汉译英(记叙文类)强化练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)
专业英语八级汉译英（记叙文类）强化练习试卷2(题后含答案及解析)题型有： 5. TRANSLATIONPART V TRANSLATION (60 MIN)SECTION A CHINESE TO ENGLISHDirections: Translate the following text into English.1．书籍到了我的手里，我的习惯是先看序文，次看目录。
页数不多的往往立刻通读，篇幅大的，只把正文任择一二章节略加翻阅，就插在书架上。
除小说外，我少有全体读完的大部的书，只凭了购入当时的记忆，知道某册书是何种性质，其中大概有些什么可取的材料而已。
什么书在什么时候再去读再去翻，连我自己也无把握，完全要看一个时期一个时期的兴趣。
正确答案：As soon as a new book comes to my hand, I always read the preface first and then the table of contents. If it happens to be a thin one, I often finish reading it at one sitting. Otherwise, I often browse through one or two chapters or sections before putting it onto my bookshelf. I seldom read a thick book from cover to cover unless it is a novel. By dint of the first impression it made on me at the time of buying, I have a rough idea of what a book is about and what useful materials in it are available to me. But I have little idea which book is to be read or looked over again at what time. It is completely subject to the whims of the moment.解析：1．第一句主句的主语“我的习惯”不宜直译为英语的主语，因为后面的成分“先看序文，次看目录”都是动词词组，发出动作的逻辑主语是“我”。
大学英语2汉译英孝道
大学英语2汉译英孝道孝道中国传统认为孝顺(filial piety)是我们在父母有生之年应该一直秉承的、最重要的美德。
成为孝子是任何一个中国人首要的责任，这意味着要尽可能完全服从父母，关怀父母，不惜任何代价满足他们的需求。
中国传统认为孝顺还有一些其他特征，如父母过世后，长子需要一手操办葬礼;儿子必须确保家里的香火(family line)得以延续。
Standards of filial piety；Confucian doctrine of filial pietyAccording to Chinese tradition，filial piety is the most important virtue to be cherished throughout one's parents' lifespan. Being a filial child is the uppermost duty of any Chinese and it means showing complete obedience to parents，taking care of them，and meeting their demands at any cost as possible as one can.Chinese tradition takes a view that filial piety has some other features, too. For example，the eldest son is required to perform all the rituals after the death of his parents; the son has to ensure that the family line will continue.。
英语第二册课后翻译
英语第二册课后翻译Unit 1一．汉译英：1.房子着火了，里面的人面临着死亡的危险。
（in danger of)答：The house was on fire and the people inside were in danger of losing their lives.2.他买不起这么好的房子。
（afford to do)答：He can’t afford to buy such a fine house. 3.这个主意听起来也许有些怪，不过还真有点意思。
(make sense)答：Although this idea may sound strange,it does make sense.4.约翰看起来是个好人。
既便如此，我还是不信任他。
(even so)答：John seems (to be)a nice so,I don’t trust him.二．英译汉：1.Even though the first McDonald’s r estaurant sold only hamburgers and French fries,it still became a cultural symbol.答：虽说第一家麦当劳餐馆只售汉堡包和薯条，它还是成了一种文化象征。
2.These people are angry that the building is now in danger of being destroyed ,along with their memories.答：这些人想到餐馆连同他们美好的回忆一起被摧毁，感到非常愤怒。
3.They are using the earthquake as an excuse.答：他们在利用那次地震作借口。
4.Some think thatMcDonald’s real reasonfor wanting to close downthe restaurant hasnothing to do with money.答：有人认为麦当劳想关闭这家餐馆的真正原因与金钱无关。
(整理)如何提高英语翻译能力：《英汉翻译实践要略》章节选读(2)《百万英镑》的翻译
如何提高英语翻译能力—《英汉翻译实践要略》章节选读（2）《百万英镑》的翻译第四章例25About ten o'clock on the following morning, seedy and hungry, I was dragging myself along Portland Place, when a child that was passing, towedby a nurse-maid, tossed a luscious big pear - minus one bite - into the gutter. Istopped, of course, and fastened my desiring eye on that muddy treasure. Mymouth watered for it, my stomach craved it, my whole being begged for it.But every time I made a move to get it some passing eye detected mypurpose, and of course I straightened up then, and looked indifferent, andpretended that I hadn't been thinking about the pear at all. This same thingkept happening and happening, and I couldn't get the pear. I was just gettingdesperate enough to brave all the shame, and to seize it, when a windowbehind me was raised, and a gentleman spoke out of it, saying:"Step in here, please."例25摘自美国批判现实主义文学的奠基人、幽默大师马克·吐温（Mark Twain）的《百万英镑》（The Million Pound Note）。
英汉翻译第二章教案
5．With Asia’s economic meltdown rattling the Beijing leadership, Zhu and his colleagues now have a powerful argument that China must get its own house in order to prevent meddling by the International Monetary Fund or other outsiders. (China:Zhu is Taking a Broom to the Bureaucrats)
【译文】他，只有他，才能控制局面。
6．It is rainingcats and dogsoutside.
【译文】外面下着倾盆大雨。
7．It isnot halfbad for a beginner.
【译文】就新手而言，这是相当不错的了。
8. Don’tmake light oftheir design.
【译文】此人驾一叶扁舟，跟海明威小说《老人与海》中的主人公一样，独自一人出海打鱼，历经了史诗般可歌可泣的搏斗之后，最后败下阵来，连性命都丢了。
10. She had spent a sleepless night, and rising early had stood, wrapped up, at her window, with the cool air blowing on her face, to watch the dawn.
【译文】我想，如果一个人思路不清，写起文章来也会杂乱无章；如果他性情多变、喜怒无常，他的文章也会充满奇思妙想；如果他思路敏捷，能由眼前之事联想到上百件事，除非他有很强的自我约束力，他的文章就会满篇是比喻联想。
(完整)新视野大学英语第三版读写教程2汉译英
Unit1中国书法中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的艺术、是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。
中国书法艺术的形成，发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。
汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。
书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有“字如其人”的说法。
中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。
Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that "seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person". As one of the treasures o Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world's treasure house of culture and art.Unit2互联网近年来，随着互联网技术的发展，我国的数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大的成就。
第二册汉译英翻译(新视野大学英语读写教程第3版)
Unit1中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的艺术、是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。
中国书法艺术的形成，发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。
汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。
书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有“字如其人”的说法。
中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。
Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world. The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters. In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form. Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation, personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that "seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person". As one of the treasures of Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world's treasure house of culture and art.Unit2互联网近年来，随着互联网技术的发展，我国的数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大的成就。
英汉互译2
What is a Good Translation
Criteria for Learners of Translation
Examples
From the time I was just a baby in Mexico, I
lived with my grandparents while my
(Venuti, 1995)
Some Major Concepts
Foreignization vs. Domestication
What is domestication?
Spring, the sweet spring is the year's pleasant king. 春，甘美之春，一年之中的尧舜。
What is a Good Translation
Criteria for Learners of Translation
Examples
The commuter dies with tremendous
mileage to his credit, but he is no rover.
上班族的人死去时有跨越千山万水的辉煌纪 录......
“Look, here comes the Monkey King!” （杨宪益、戴乃迭夫妇 ）
Some Major Concepts
Foreignization vs. Domestication
More Examples
• 巧媳妇做不出无米的粥来，叫我怎么样呢？
（红楼梦）
“Even the cleverest housewife can’t make bread without flour.”（David Hawkes ） “Even the cleverest housewife can’t cook a meal without rice.” （杨宪益、戴乃迭夫 妇）
商务翻译英译汉 Unit (2)
• 一种出口干电池的商标叫“白象”，英译成“White Elephant”。殊不知a white elephant是条固定的英文短 语，意为“沉重的负担”（a burdensome possession） 或“无用而累赘的东西”（useless）。“蜜蜂”牌洗 澡香皂被直译为“Bees”。这是完全对应的英译，但英 文读者却不欢迎这个译名，因为蜜蜂身上有几乎看不见 的绒刺，擦在身上自然感觉不到舒服。马戏牌扑克牌被 音译成“Maxipuke”也是符合翻译技巧和原则的。但这 个汉语拼音牌名正好是两个英义词“Maxi”（＝very large or particularly big特大的）和“puke” （=vomit 呕吐物，催吐剂；令人作呕的人成物）的集合。人们玩 扑克无疑多为娱乐，起名“马戏”对中国人来说是个很 理想的名字。可英国人对此译名却可能是望而却步。它 不仅不给人以快乐的感觉，反而令人感到恶心。
Unit 2
Ugly Is Only Skin-deep
《商务英语翻译》 （英译汉）
【Translation】
It may not be much to look at. But beneath that humble exterior beats an air-cooled engine. It won’t boil and ruin your piston rings. It won’t freeze over and ruin your life. It’s in the back of the car for better traction in snow and sand. And it will give you about 29 miles to a gallon of gas. • After a while you get to like so much about the VW②, you even get to like what it looks like. • You find that there’s enough legroom for almost anybody’s legs. Enough headroom for almost anybody’s head. With a hat on it. Snugfitting bucket seats. Doors that close so well you can hardly close them. They’re so airtight, it’s better to open the window a crack first! • Those plain, unglamorous wheels are much suspended independently. So when a bump makes one wheel bounce, the bounce doesn’t make the other wheel bump. It’s things like that you pay $1585 for, when you buy a VW. The ugliness doesn’t add a thing to the cost of the car. • That’s the beauty of it.
2014人教版九年级英语Unit2英汉互译
2014人教版新目标初中英语九年级 Unit 2英汉互译Role-play the conversation. 分角色表演以下对话。
Clara: Guess what? I’m going to Chiang Mai in two weeks.Ben: Wow, sounds like fun! But I believe that April is the hottest month of the yearthere.Clara: Yes, that’s true. But there’s a Water Festival from April 13th to 15th. Ben: I wonder if it’s similar to the water festival of the Dai people in YunnanProvince.月圆情浓Chinese people have been celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival and enjoying mooncakes for centuries. Mooncakes have the shape of a full moon on mid-autumn night. T hey carry people’swishes to the families they love and miss.数千年来，中国人一直庆祝中秋节，吃月饼。
月饼是中秋之夜满月的形状，寄托着人们对他们深爱与思念的家人的祝福。
精心整理There are many traditional folk stories about this festival. However, most people think t hat the story of Chang’e is the most touching. Chang’e was Hou Yi’s beautiful wife. After Hou Yi shot down the nine suns, a goddess gave him a magic medicine to thank him. Whoever drank this could live forever, and Hou Yi planned to drink it with Chang’e. However, a bad man, Feng Meng, tried to steal the medicine when Hou Yi was not home. Chang’e refused to give it to him and drank it all. She became very light and flew up to the moon. Hou Yi was so sad that he called out her name to the moon every night. One night, he found that the moon was so bright and round that he could see his wife there. He quickly laid out her favorite fruits and desserts in the garden. How he wished that Chang’e could comeback!withMany would agree that when we think of we probably think of gifts, Christmas trees and Santa Claus.But behind all these things lies the true meaning of Christmas: the importance of sharing and giving love and joy to people around us. The story in A Christmas Carol is perhaps the best example of this. 许多人并不否认，在想到圣诞节时，我们可能会想到礼物、圣诞树和圣诞老人。
新视野英语第二册翻译汉译英英译汉
新视野英语第二册翻译汉译英英译汉新视野大学英语1、房子着火了，里面的人面临着死亡的危险The house was on fire and the people inside were in danger of losing their lives.2、他买不起这么好的房子He cannot afford to buy such a fine house.3、这个主意听起来也有些怪，不过还真有点道理Although this idea may sound strange, it does make sense.4、约翰看起来是个好人，即便如此我还是不信任他。
John seems (to be)a nice person. Even so, I don’t trust him.1.如果他一开始谈论过去，你就永远没法从他那脱身。
If he starts talkingabout the past, you’ll never get away from hi m.2.冬天失业率有上升的趋势There is a tendency for job losses to rise inthe winter.3.在我不断的要求下，父亲终于同意和我去澳大利亚了。
Because of myfrequent demands, father finally agreed to go to Australia with me.4.他把老店卖了，开了一家新的以便赚更多的钱。
He sold his shop andopened a new one to make more money.1.我们应该从中吸取教训，这是很重要的It is important for us to learn alesson from the failure.2.他相信自己相当证券经纪人的梦想总能实现He believes that one dayhis dream of becoming a stockbroker will come true.3.很多学生最后从事的工作不需要用到所学的知识Many students endup doing jobs that do not make use of what they have learnt.4.我一提到他的名字，母亲就变得很不开心As soon as I mentioned hisname. my mother became very unhappy.1.只要你经常锻炼，你又会变得健康起来As long as you get regularexercise, you will become healthy again.2.我一直想读一本太空的书，但是我好像总没时间去读I have alwaysbeen thinking of reading a book on space, but I never seen to get around to it.3.那位作家自从买了电脑后，就再也不用笔写小说了Since the writerhad bought the computer, he no longer wrote his stories witha pen.4.学校制定了一些新的规章制度，人人必须遵守The school has set upsome new rules that everybody must follow.1.看见大海孩子们开心的大叫起来The children cried with delight at thesight of the sea.2.你刚刚说的话我没太听懂，你能再说一遍吗？I did n’t quite catch onto what you said just now. Would you say it again3.他知道那项任务很难，但还是接受了He was conscious of thedifficulty of the task, but he still accepted it.4.直到现在，当想起那天发生的事情时，我还觉得莫名其妙Today, when I recall what happened that day, I still feel confused.1.她似乎以贬低别人为快She seems to enjoy speaking poorly of others.2.他过度的喝酒抽烟结果死了He died as a consequence of heavydrinking and smoking.3.你永远无法从他那里得到直接的回答You can never get a straightanswer out of him.4.我们的产品在过去几年中逐渐受到欢迎。
大学英语精读2 各单元课后汉译英翻译
Unit11) It is wrong to raise our children the way we grow flowers in the greenhouse. We must expose them to all social problems because very soon they will be dealing with them as responsible citizens.我们像在暖房里种花那样养孩子是错误的。
我们必须让他们接触各种社会问题，因为不久他们就将作为公民来应对这些问题。
2) As time goes on we are inevitably going to get more and more involved in international affairs. And conflicts are sure to occur because there always exist different views and interests between nations.随着时间的推移，我们不可避免地会越来越多的卷入国际事务。
而冲突必然会发生，因为国家之间总有不同的观点和利益。
3) We are proud of our accomplishments, and we have reason to be. But we must never become arrogant. Otherwise we will lose our friends.我们为我们的成就而骄傲，我们有理由感到骄傲。
但是我们永远不能变的狂妄，不然我们就会失去我们的朋友。
4) Information is now easily available. An average computer can store the information of a small library信息现在唾手可得。
英汉互译(2)
题型1.单选（20个，共20分）2.翻译找错（书上，10个，共10分）3.翻译批评（5个，共10分）4.长句翻译（6个，30分）5.语篇翻译（1个，共30分）第一章1.我国翻译理论家刘宓庆在《现代翻译理论》中将语际意义概括成六种: 概念(主题)意义、语境意义、形式意义、风格意义、形象意义、文化意义。
2.翻译基本上是一种语际转换活动。
语言之间的可译性是绝对的，不可译性是相对的。
3.翻译不是一项纯粹的语言活动，还涉及到各种非语言因素，特别是文化因素。
4.中国的佛经翻译始于魏汉，盛于隋唐，延至宋元，前后持续了一千多年，涌现了鸠摩罗什、真谛一起、玄奘等众多翻译大师。
5.明末的徐光启翻译了一些先进的科技著作，成为介绍西方科学的先驱。
鸦片战争期间，林则徐提出了以夷制夷。
晚清时期，严复引进了资本主义的西学、新学。
与此同时，林纾翻译了西方文学作品。
五四运动时期，鲁迅、翟秋白、郭沫若、茅盾等人介绍了大量的俄罗斯文学、西方现实主义和浪漫主义的作品。
新中国成立后的十几年，重点放在了翻译马列主义、苏联和社会主义国家的文学作品上。
改革开放后，我们翻译事业达到了有史以来的顶峰。
6.翻译的定义：翻译是把一种语言表达的意义用另一种语言传达出来，以达到沟通思想情感、传播文化知识、促进社会文明、特别是推动译语文化兴旺昌盛的目的。
7.就所涉及的语言而论，翻译大体上可以分为两大类：一是语内翻译（intralingual translation），指同一语言的各个语言变体之间的翻译，如把方言翻译成民族共同语，把古代语翻译成现代语。
另一个是语际翻译(interlingual translation)，指不同语言之间的的翻译活动，如把汉语翻译成英语，英语翻译成汉语。
8.就其活动方式而言，翻译可分成口译（interpretation）和笔译（translation）两种。
9.就翻译材料的文体而言，翻译可分为应用文体、科技文体、论述文体、新闻文体和艺术文体五大类。
专业英语八级翻译分类真题汉译英(二)
专业英语八级翻译分类真题汉译英(二)(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}TRANSLATION{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}CHINESE TO ENGLISH{{/B}}(总题数：5，分数：100.00)1.朋友关系的存续是以相互尊重为前提的，容不得半点儿强求、干涉和控制。
{{U}}彼此之间，情趣相投、脾气对味则合、则交，反之，则离、则绝。
朋友之间再熟悉、再亲密，也不能随便过头、不恭不敬，这样，默契和平衡将被打破，友好关系将不复存在{{/U}}。
{{U}}每个人都希望拥有自己的一片私密空间，朋友之间过于随便，就容易侵入这片禁区，从而引起冲突，造成隔阂。
待友不敬，有时或许只是一件小事，却可能已埋下了破坏性的种子。
维持朋友亲密关系的最好办法是往来有节，互不干涉，久而敬之才能天长地久{{/U}}。
（分数：20.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 正确答案：([直译] The continuation of friendship is on the premise that one respects the other. It does not allow any bit of forcing, interference or control. {{U}}If one shares interest, taste, and value of the other, they will come together and relate to one another; otherwise, they stay away from one another and discontinue their relations. No matter how familiar friends may be and how close their relations are, they shall not be too casual to show disrespect and impoliteness. Otherwise, their harmony will break, their balance will be lost, and the friendly relationship between them will come to an end{{/U}}. {{U}}Every one wants a personal space, a forbidden space one may call one's own. If friends are too casual to one another, they may unconsciously invade the other's personal space, so that conflicts may arise, and separation may result. Treating friends with disrespect may seemingly be a small matter, but in fact, it has already sown a destructive seed. We keep a friendly relation best if we relate to one another with due respect and politeness, each not interfering the other's business. Always respect your friends, and your friendship will last{{/U}}. [意译] Mutual respect is the basis of friendship. Any bit of forcing, interference or control will only help to break up this relationship. {{U}}People who share the same interest and taste, who have the same value, come together to form good relationships, whereas people who do not stay away from each other and end their relationships. Familiar though friends may be to one another, and close as their relations, if one is too casual, the other may feel that he is not treated with due respect and politeness. As a result, the harmony may break, the balance may be lost, and their friendly relationship may be finished{{/U}}. {{U}}We all want to have a personal space, a space of our own. If we the friends are too casual to each other, we may unconsciously invade this forbidden space, causing conflicts and making us split up. Casual behavior among friends may seem a small matter. In fact, it is a destructive seed. Don't interfere with your friends' business, and always respect your friends. It is mutual respect and politeness that best keeps a friendly relation and makes it last{{/U}}.)解析：[解析] 首先，这是一篇典型的中国文人写的散文，酷似中国画和书法，洋洋洒洒，读起来使人难免有些飘飘然的朦胧感觉。
全新版大学英语5(第二版)UNIT 1-7课文翻译英汉对照
UNIT 1 One Writer’s Beginnings1 I learned from the age of two or three that any room in our house, at any time of day, was there to read in, or to be read to. My mother read to me. She’d read to me in the big bedroom in the mornings, when we were in her rocker together, which ticked in rhythm as we rocked, as though we had a cricket accompanying the story. She’d read to me in the dining room on winter afternoons in front of the coal fire, with our cuckoo clock ending the story with “Cuckoo,”and at night when I’d got in my own bed. I must have given her no peace. Sometimes she read to me in the kitchen while she sat churning, and the churning sobbed along with any story. It was my ambition to have her read to me while I churned; once she granted my wish, but she read off my story before I brought her butter. She was an expressive reader. When she was reading “Puss in Boots,” for instance, it was impossible not to know that she distrusted all cats.我从两三岁起就知道，家中随便在哪个房间里，白天无论在什么时间，都可以念书或听人念书。
新世纪大学英语第二册翻译-汉译英
Unit One Translation1.在生活中，我们最愚蠢的行为就是太执着于自己的东西，不愿意放弃。
In life, our stupidest course of action is to cling too much to what we have and refuse to let go.2. 我愿意在IT行业工作，但我不知如何着手。
I am willing to work in the IT industry, but have no idea how to go about it.3. 许多人都已意识到与大自然和谐相处的重要性。
Many people are aware of the importance of living in harmony with nature.4.像代购这样的问题是不可以掩盖起来的。
Problems like the generation gap cannot be swept under the carpet.5. 我始终不懂什么事在使她烦心。
I never did understand what was eating away at her.6. 他一生都与世无争。
He has been at peace with the world all his life.7. 他没有说出自己的想法。
一则她未必理解，二则它怕自己得不到她的宽恕。
He did not speak out / say what he thought. For one thing, she might not understand. For another, he was afraid that she might not forgive him.8. 随着岁月的流逝，他对中国文化越来越感兴趣。
As the years rolled by, he became increasingly interested in/ fascinated by Chinese culture.Unit TwoTranslation1) 这种情景总是令我感动，让我深思。
Unit 3 英汉对比与翻译 (二)
Unit 3 英汉对比与翻译（二）课时：2节教学目的要求：初步了解英语和汉语在句法上的差别，并学习翻译时的处理办法。
教学重点：英语和汉语在句法上的差别。
教学难点：翻译的策略。
教学内容：句法现象的对比A:P e o p l e a r e a l w a y s t a l k i n g a b o u t“t h e p r o b l e m o f y o u t h”.I f t h e r e i s o n e—w h i c h I t a k e l e a v e t od o u b t—t he n i t i s o l d e r p e o p l e w h o c r e a t e i t,n o t t h e y o u n g t h e m s e l v e s.L e t u s g e t d o w n t of u n d a m e n t a l s a n d ag r e e th a t t h e y o u n g a r e a f t e r a l l h u m a n b ei n g s—p e o p l ej u s t l ik e t h e i r el d e r s.T h e r e i s o n l y o n e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n o l dm an a n d a yo u n g o n e:t h e y o u n g m a n h a s a g l o r i o u s f u t u r eb e f o r e h i m a n d t h e o l d o n e h a s a s p l e n d i d f u t u r e b e h i n d h i m:a n d m a y b e t h a t i s w h e r e t h e r u b i t s.人们总是在谈论“青年人问题”。
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译文a：凡是有财产的单身汉，必定要需要娶位 太太，这已经成了举世公认的真理。 这样的单身汉，每逢新搬到一个地方，四邻八 舍虽然完全不了解他的性情如何，见解如何，可 是，既然这样的一条真理早已在人们心目中根深 蒂固，因此人们总是把他看作自己某一个女儿理 所应得的一笔财产。（王科一译） 译文b：公认有这样一个真理：一个拥有大笔家 产的单身汉必然需要一个妻子。 不论这样一个人在进入本区之初，其感情和见解 如何难知，附近的人家已经深信上述真理，总把 他当作他们之中某个女儿的合法的财产看待。 （王佐良译）英国人读的时候用夸张
她是第一个现实的描绘日常平凡生活中平凡人的 小说家，在英国小说史上起了承上启下的作用。 奥斯汀的小说尽管题材比较狭窄，故事相当平淡， 但她善于在日常平凡事物中塑造鲜明的人物形象， 不论是伊丽莎白，达西那种作者认为值得肯定的 人物，还是魏克翰，柯林斯这类遭到讽刺挖苦的 对象，都写得真实动人。同时，奥斯汀的语言是 经过锤炼的，她在对话艺术上讲究幽默，讽刺， 常以风趣诙谐的语言烘托人物的性格特征。这类 艺术创新使她的作品具有自己的特色。它是文字 魔力结合感情升华的最佳体现。若说《红楼梦》 是东方人的贵妇人，《傲慢与偏见》则是西方的 清秀佳人。
异化：是“译者尽可能不去打扰作者，让读 者向作者靠拢”。在翻译上就是迁就外来文 化的语言特点，吸纳外语表达方式，要求译 者向作者靠拢，采取相应于作者所使用的源 语表达方式，来传达原文的内容，即以目的 语文化为归宿。使用异化策略的目的在于考 虑民族文化的差异性、保存和反映异域民族 特征和语言风格特色，为译文读者保留异国 情调。
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
例：It is a truth universally acknowledged , that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. However little known the feeling or views of such a man may be on his first entering a neighbourhood ,this truth is so well fixed in the minds of the surrounding families ,that he is considered as the rightful of some one or other of their daughters. a truth universally acknowledged使句子显得 非常正式和庄重但后面跟上in want of a wife 犹如中国的相声，开始虚张声势，最后点 破“包袱”.
“语境”这个术语是由英国的人类学家马林▪ 诺夫斯基 1923年提出来的。胡壮麟先生将语 境分为“ 上下文”、“ 情景语境”和“文 化语境”。 翻译活动中的语境可以是文化语境，即语篇 外的文化背景; 情景语境 ,即原语读者和目 的语读者作为共享的语境知识;文本语境,即 语篇内的信息内容。
归化：是要把源语本土化，以目标语或译文 读者为归宿，采取目标语读者所习惯的表达 方式来传达原文的内容。归化翻译要求译者 向目的语的读者靠拢，译者必须像本国作者 那样说话，原作者要想和读者直接对话，译 作必须变成地道的本国语言。归化翻译有助 于读者更好地理解译文，增强译文的可读性 和欣赏性。
1.语言的优美，书中大段的对话为高雅口语， 分为应对式和随意式。 2.此中篇小说符合英国中产阶级的阅读习惯， 共61章，每篇篇幅不长随处可感受对话者 们的机智，诙谐，幽默很适合英国人夜晚 炉边诵读的家庭娱乐习惯 以上两特色国人看来却是 1.无曲折动人情节，对话是揭示主题的关键 2.他们通过诵读反映出的反讽，诙谐我们却 读不出 此书没引起中国普通读者的热烈反响，与 国别之间的文化距离与文化民族性导致译 介的传情达意与译作的接受不尽如人意。
例(1). Scarlett O’ Hara was not beautiful, but men seldom realized it when caught by her charm as the Tarleton twins were. 译文a. 那郝思嘉小姐长得并不美，可是极富有魅力 ，男人见了他，往往要着迷，就像汤家那一对双胞 胎兄弟似的。（傅东华译） 译文b. 思嘉▪奥哈拉长得并不漂亮，但是男人们一 旦像塔尔顿家那对孪生兄弟为她的美丽所迷住时， 便看不到这一点了。（戴侃等译） 译文b. 斯嘉丽▪奥哈拉长得并不美，但是男人一旦 像塔尔顿家孪生兄弟那样给她的魅力迷住往往就不 大会理会这点。（陈良廷译）
英译小说汉译的兴起的消极面
译者们并非专职译者，而是具有多重社会身份 翻译研究理论水平在深度和广度上比较薄弱 中国传统的整体性思维 中国文字具有高度凝练的特点 五四运动前，无专门的文学社团和纯文学刊物，也没有 翻译介绍外国文学队伍
调整方面：1、翻译实践与特定文化语境之间的结合 2、从翻译活动发展趋势中展望中外文化交流 3、不 要静态而孤立地去评判一部译作
《飘》Gone with the Wind是美国女作家玛格丽 特·米切尔（1900—1949）十年磨一剑的作品，也 是惟一的作品。小说1936年发表，1937年获得普利 策奖，1939年被拍成电影《乱世佳人》。 小说以亚特兰大以及附近的一个种植园为故事场景 ，描绘了内战前后美国南方人的生活。作品刻画了 那个时代的许多南方人的形象，占中心位置的斯佳 丽、瑞德、艾希礼、梅勒妮等人是其中的典型代表 。他们的习俗礼仪、言行举止、精神观念、政治态 度，通过对斯佳丽与白瑞德的爱情纠缠为主线，成 功地再现了林肯领导的南北战争，美国南方地区的 社会生活。
翻译研究
译语读者、文化 作用或影响 翻译过程 译者 作用或影响
译语读者、文化 表现于 翻译结果 译本 表现于
原著、原语文化 原著、原语文化 这里所罗列出的各种因素其作用和影响并不相同， 需要依据具体情况分析，但原著无疑是使翻译活动得以 展开的基础。
（二）实例分析
1.新旧译本之间的不同译介—文化间的 碰撞与融合
英语小说汉译的研究要素How?!
1、区分两个重要翻译因素： a.翻译过程（translating）:指一位译者将原著转化 为译作的动态过程；
语言层面 特定文化语境 b.翻译结果（translation product）
最终落脚点
怎样译（how to translate）
2、其它因素（翻译过程与结果） 翻译过程的主体 a.译者 “一仆二主”间 b.原著的至高无上 c.翻译评论者：应当有不亚于译者的阅读原著的 能力和体验，只有这样才做得出合格的翻译评论 eg:孙静——“集万千宠爱于一身” 李长栓——“理论与实践的精进者” d.普通读者：阅读期待，社会文化语境 eg:《荆棘鸟》，傅东华翻译《飘》
三.文化的民族性，文化间距 离与翻译研究
文化的民族性
是各民族文化互相认识的基本坐标。 在一个相对稳定区域，用一个大家互 相理解之语文在一定共同社会生活方 式中表达一种这一社会共同体人群最 基本的思维特色。文化民族性通过比 较而获得。文化的民族性是造成文化 间距离的重要因素。
文化民族性越强，意味着该民族人民越能在 世界之林占据一席之地，其作品越具有译 介价值，但译语文本能否在译语文化中取 得与其在源语文化中相称的地位值得商榷。 莎剧和《红楼梦》在对方的国度不一定像在 本国民族文学中的地位那样高。 中西文化存在普遍差异，文化的民族性拉大 了文化间距离，使译介活动变难。
《飘》中有大量美国南方黑人英语（内战 时期）的实例。黑人英语是一种重要的英 语社会方言变体，翻译时要传译出黑人英 语特征或黑人特有的口吻对译者是一个挑 战。曾有译者试图用中国方言去寻求某种 ‘‘对等”,但和者寥寥，原因是用中国的 方言翻译具有独特的英语语法特征的黑人 英语（往往不符合正规语法）易引起使用 该方言读者的反感往往被认作是错误的文 化间的“对等”。黑人英语难译是语言形 式造成的。
《傲慢与偏见》简介 伊丽莎白对达西先后几次求婚的不同态度， 实际反映了女性对人格独立和平等权利的 追求。这是伊丽莎白这一人物形象的进步 意义。 作品生动反映了18世纪末到19世纪处于保 守和闭塞状态下的英国乡镇生活和世态人 情。其社会风情画似的小说不仅在当时吸 引着广大的读者，时至今日，仍给读者以 独特的艺术享受。
王佐良，1916年2月12日生，诗人、翻译家、教授 、英国文学研究专家，浙江上虞人。1995年1月 19日于北京去世。专于英国文学的研究。著有《 英国十七世纪剧作家韦勃斯特的文学声誉》（英 文）、《英国文学论文集》，译有〔英〕《彭斯 诗选》，中译英《雷雨》（曹禺著） 王佐良的翻译观，即文化意识、“神似”、读者至 上，对读者产生了深远的影响。王佐良认为译者 应当胸怀两种文化，追求译文与原文的整体一致 ，并以读者为先
主体：翻译文学 What?!
翻译文学是民族文学的一部分，翻译活动是在一定社会文化语境 下完成的： 1、译什么的问题（what to translate） eg:现实主义戏剧大师易卜生剧作的大量译入 2、译者的认识水平很难超越历史的局限 eg:“同志”、“男神”、“直男” ？？？！！！在不同文化语境下完成的解读会造成什么差异？ 1、译者与读者的角度 2、语言层面的角度 3、历史的原因
She could not desert Tara she belonged to the red acres far more than they could ever belong to her.（M. Mitchell: Gone with the Wind， p. 20） 译文1：她不会放弃塔拉；她属于这些红土 地，远比它们属于她更加真实。 译文2：她不能放弃塔拉，这块红土地是属 于她的，而她更是永远属于这块红土地。