国际市场营销第三章
国际市场营销的文化环境
3、不确定性回避指数 uncertainty avoidance index,UAI index, 反映了社会成员对模棱两可或者不确 定性或者风险的容忍程度。 UAI较高的文化往往难以忍受不确定 UAI较高的文化往往难以忍受不确定 性,对一些新思想和新行为持怀疑态 度,其社会成员较为关注安全感和行 为的规范性以规避不确定性。因此, 在这种文化下,人们会教条式的拘泥 于过去习惯了的行为规范,这些行为 规范最终转化为不可违反的行为准则。 UAI较低的文化人们易于接受新鲜事 UAI较低的文化人们易于接受新鲜事 物、新观念,对反常的思想和不同的 观点比较容忍,并且乐于冒险。
二)因地制宜原则 营销者必须重视文化适应,但是 面对文化差异,国际营销者是不 是一定必须入乡随俗,完全听命 与当地的顾客呢?之所以提出这 个问题,是因为 1)尽管文化现象虽然博大深邃, 但是并非所有的文化差异都会对 国际市场营销产生明显的影响; 2)文化适应是需要成本的
文化差异可以分为三类: 1、强制性文化差异:要求国际 营销者必须遵循、适应 2、选择性文化差异:可以接受 也可以不接受 3、排他性文化差异:最好不要 介入
文化的定义
文化的定义非常广泛,也就是人 类作为社会成员所掌握的知识、 信仰、艺术、道德、风俗及其他 能力和习惯的总和。
文化对各地的影响
荷兰人是花束的消费冠军,英国人则 喜爱吃巧克力,这可能与吉百利的广 告有很大的关系,从历史方面看,可 能是英国偏北,较低的气温使巧克力 储藏更方便,质量更好。在欧洲,西 班牙人喜欢抽烟,那么肺癌的发病率 与烟草的高消费量是分不开的。在气 候和土壤的共同作用下,法国和意大 利盛产葡萄,这就说明这两个国家对 酒精的消费较高。日本对海产品的是 非常偏爱的,注重鱼的饮食使他们有 全世界最长的寿命预期。但是日本有 极高的胃癌发病率。
国际市场营销学教学大纲
《国际市场营销学》课程教学大纲一、课程说明1.课程代码: 1060330312.课程中文名称:国际市场营销3.课程英文名称: Internation marketing4.课程总学时数: 515。
课程学分数: 36.授课对象:国际贸易本科7。
本课程的性质、地位和作用课程性质是一门国际贸易本科的专业课。
先修课程:市场营销,管理学,组织行为学,经济学,会计学等。
《国际市场营销学》是一门研究国际市场需求的应用性学科,旨在讲授企业进行国际市场营销的基本理论、基本知识和技巧。
内容包括国际市场营销管理哲学、国际市场营销环境分析、国际市场营销调研、国际目标市场营销战略、国际市场竞争战略、国际市场营销组合策略等。
本课程具有环境适应性、理论系统性和应用灵活性等特点,把基础市场营销学原理与国际市场营销实务紧密结合起来,立足中国与国际市场接轨,充分利用国内和国外两种资源,开拓国内与国外两个市场.二、教学基本要求1、本课程的目的、任务。
通过学习与讨论,使学生全面系统地掌握市场营销学的原理及其在国际市场营销中的应用,全面了解国际市场环境变化发展趋势,初步掌握进入国际市场经营和制定国际市场营销组合策略的基本理论和基本方法,培养和提高正确分析和解决国际市场营销活动中各种问题的能力。
2、教学基本要求通过本课程教学,帮助学生掌握现代国际市场营销的基本原理,培养学生的市场营销实战才干,使学生能运用所学的理论知识,具备进行国际市场营销策划的能力;具备进行国际市场研究的能力;具备制定国际经营战略,选择国际目标市场并进行市场定位的能力;具备进行国际市场产品决策、定价决策、分销决策、促销决策等方面的能力;提高分析和处理国际市场营销问题的综合能力和实践能力。
学生要在学习完《市场营销学原理》、《国际贸易》等基础课程;教师除了要有丰富的市场营销知识和经验以外,还应收集相关的案例,便于进行案例教学。
教学方法主要课堂讲授为主,课堂提问和讨论为辅。
包括教师讲授,案例分析,课堂讨论,专题讲座,实践调查相结合等主要采用多媒体等教学工具进行教学,以提高教学效率。
国际市场营销课件_第三章_文化环境2010(学生版)资料
1. “Software of the mind” culture is a guide for humans on how to think and behave; it is a problem-solving tool (Hofstede)
(5) Government policies influence the thinking and behaviors citizens of adult citizens, e.g., the French government offers new “birth bonuses” of $800 given to women as an incentive to increase family size
(1) Family behavi源自r varies across the world, e.g., extended families living together to Dad washing dishes
(2) Religious value systems differ across the world, e.g., Muslims not allowed to eat pork to Hindus not allowed to consume beef
Importance of culture in international marketing
A successful marketer must be a student of culture
Culture is pervasive in all marketing activities— in pricing, promotion, channels of distribution, product, packaging, and styling
国际市场营销课后习题答案
《国际市场营销理论与实务》(第2版)习题答案仅供参考第一章国际市场营销概述一、单项选择题C C B C B二、多项选择题1.ABDE2.ABCD3.ACDE三、简答题1.简述国际营销和国际贸易的异同(1)相同点。
国际市场营销与国际贸易都是以获得利润收入为目的而进行的跨越国境的经济活动。
(2)不同点。
①所依据的理论点不同;②商品(劳务)交换的行为主体不同;③强调重点不同;④商品(劳务)转移的形态不同;⑤国际市场营销涉及企业整体发展战略问题;⑥评价绩效的信息来源不同。
2.简述企业走向国际市场的主要动因(1)国际营销的竞争动因①避开竞争锋芒。
②追逐竞争对手。
③锻炼竞争能力。
④延长产品生命周期,发挥竞争优势。
(2)国际营销的资源动因①开发自然资源。
②利用劳动力资源。
③获取技术资源。
④赢取信息资源。
(3)国际营销的利润动因①通过规模效应,获得更大利润。
②利用资源优势,获得更大利润。
③利用优惠政策,获得更大利润。
同时,一些国家为了吸引外商投资,在税收等方面采取一系列优惠政策。
国际企业也可以通过东道国政府的优惠政策获得更大的收益。
3.试区别国内营销、出口营销、国际营销、多国营销、全球营销(1)国内营销。
国内营销是指国内市场为企业唯一的经营范围,企业经营的目光、焦点、导向及经营活动集中于国内消费者、国内供应商、国内竞争者。
其公司在国内从事营销活动可能是有意识的、自觉的战略选择,活着是无意识的、不自觉的想躲避国外竞争者的挑战,有时甚至由于对外界环境的无知而造成“出口恐惧症”,对出口销售持消极态度。
(2)出口营销。
出口营销时期一般指20世纪第二次世界大战后至60年代。
但是,此阶段仍以出口产品为主组织国际市场营销活动,对国际市场调研、产品开发的自觉性还不够。
这是企业进入国际市场的第一阶段。
其目标市场是国外市场,企业在国内生产产品到国外销售,满足国外市场需求。
在这一阶段产品与经验成为发展出口营销的关键。
同时,国际营销者还要研究国际目标市场,使产品适应每个国家的特殊要求。
国际市场营销 全球营销学每章课后习题答案
全球营销学第四版每章课后习题答案第一章Introduction to Global Marketing1.What are the basic goals of marketing? Are these goals relevant to globalmarketing?P31、Surpass the competition at the task of creating perceived value for customers2、The Guide line is the value equation –Value = Benefits/Price (Money, Time, Effort, Etc.)P42.What is mean by “global localization”?(全球本土化策略)Is Coca-Cola a globalproduct? Explain.The phrase “global localization” represents an attempt to capture the spirit of the rallying cry for o rganizations in the 21st century, namely, “think globally, act locally.”Most people will agree that Coca-Cola is a global product by virtue of the fact that it is available in more than 195 countries in red cans bearing the distinctive signature style. It must be noted, however, that customer service efforts are adapted to the needs of particular markets, e.g., vending machines in Japan. Thus, Coca-Cola is both global and local.3.Describe some of the global marketing strategies available to companies. Giveexamples of companies that use the different strategies.Global marketing strategies: 1. global market participation is the extent to which a company has operations in major world markets; 2. standardization versus adaptation is the extent to which each marketing mix element can be standardized or adapted in various country markets; 3. concentration of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed in one or a few country locations; 4. coordination of marketing activities is the extent to which activities related to marketing mix are performed interdependently around the globe; 5. integration of competitive moves is the extent to which a firm’s competitive marketing tactics in different parts of world are interdependent.Examples: 1. Coke is the best-known, strongest brand, as the Coca-Cola Company, supporting its Coke, Fanta, and Powerade brands with marketing mix elements both that are globe and local, is adept at adapting sales promotion, distribution, and customer service efforts to local needs;2. Mcdonald’s business model is a restaurant system that can be set up virtually anywhere in the world and offers core menu items-hamburgers, French fries, and soft drinks-in most countries, and the company also customizes menu offerings according to local eating customs.4.How do the global marketing strategies of Harley-Davidson and Toyota differ?Harley-Davidson motorcycles are known the world over as “the” all-American motorcycle. Harley’s mystique and heritag e are associated with the USA. The company backs up this positioning with exports from two U.S. manufacturing locations. By contrast, Toyota builds some models (e.g., Camry and Avalon) for the U.S. market in the U.S., a fact that Toyota stresses in its American ad. Thus, Harley-Davidson serves global markets while sourcing locally, while Toyota’s strategy calls for serving world markets and using the world as a source of supply.5.Describe the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, regiocentric, andgeocentric management orientations.The premise of an ethnocentric orientation is that home country products and management processes are superior. An ethnocentric company that neither sources inputs from, nor seeks market opportunities in the world outside the home country may be classified as an domestic company. A company that does business abroad while still presuming the superiority of the home country may be classified as an international company. Such a company would rely on an extension strategy whereby it would export, without adaptation, products designed for the domestic market.The polycentric orientation that predominates at a multinational company leads to aview of the world in which each country markets is different from the others. Local country managers operating with a high degree of autonomy adapt the marketing mix in a polycentric, multinational company. Managers who are regiocentric or geocentric in their orientations recognize both similarities and differences in world markets. Market opportunities are pursued using both extension and adaptation strategies. The regiocentric and geocentric orientations are characteristic of global transnational companies.OrEthnocentric orientation: home country is superior to the rest of the world, sees similarities in foreign countries,leads to a standardized or extension approach; Polycentric orientation: the opposite of ethnocentrism, each country in which a company does business is unique, sees differences in foreign countries, leads to localized or adaption approach; Regiocentric orientation: a region becomes the relevant geographic unit; management`s goal is to develop an integrated regional strategy; Geocentric orientation:views the entire world as a potential market and strives to develop integrated world market strategies.6.Identify and briefly describe some of the forces that have resulted in increased globalintegration and the growing importance of global marketing.P21+Driving Forces:Regional economic agreements、Market needs and wants、TechnologyTransportation and communication improvements、Product development costs、Quality、World economic trends、LeverageRestraining Forces:Management myopia、Organizational culture、National controls 7.Define leverage and explain the different types of leverage utilized by companieswith global operations.Define leverage:P25第二章The Global Economic Environment1.Explain the difference between market capitalism, centrally planned capitalism,centrally planned socialism, and market socialism. Give an example of a country that illustrates each types of system.Market capitalism is an economic system in which individuals and firms allocate resources and production resources are privately owned. (England).Centrally planned capitalism is an economic system in which command resource allocation is utilized extensively in an environment of private resource ownership. (Sweden)Centrally planned socialism, in this type of economic system, the state has broad powers to serve the public interest as it sees fit. (Former Soviet Union)Market socialism, in such a system, market allocation policies are permitted within an overall environment of state ownership. (China)2.What is a BEM? Identify the BEMs according to their respective stages of economicdevelopment.P53P56-583. A manufacture of satellite dishes is assessing the world market potential for hisproducts. He asks you if he should consider developing countries as potential markets.How would you advise him?Despite the difficult economic conditions in parts of developing countries, many nations will involve into attractive markets.One of marketing’s roles in developing countries is to focus resources on the task of creating and delivering products that are best suited to local needs and incomes. The role of marketing to indentify people’s needs and wants is the same in all countries, irrespective of level of economic development. It is also an opportunity to help developing countries join the information age.And P654.Turn to the Index of Economic Freedom (Table 2-1) and identify where the BEMs areranked. What does the result tell you in terms of the relevance of the index to global marketers?P52第三章Social and Cultural Environments1.What are some of the elements that make up culture? How do these find expression inyour native culture?Culture is a collection of Values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that distinguish one society from another.Culture is acted out in social institutions, such as, family, education, religion, government, business.2.What is the difference between a low-context culture and a high-context culture?Give an example of a country that is an example of each type and provide evidence for your answer.PPT 第四章4-63.How can Hofstede’s cultural typologies help Western marketers better understandAsian culture?P874.Explain the self-reference criterion(自我参照准则). Go to the library and findexamples of product failures that might have been avoided through the application of the SRC.Unconscious reference to one’s own cultural values; creates cultural myopia5.Briefly explain the social research of Everrtt Rogers regarding diffusion ofinnovations,……P94pare and contrast USA and Japan in terms of traditions and organizationalbehavior and norms.第四章The Legal and Regulatory Environments of Global Marketing1.What is sovereignty? What is it an important consideration in the politicalenvironment of global marketing?sovereignty2.Describe some of the sources of political risk. Specially, what forms can political risktake?Tension between aspirations and realityPrimarily occurs in lower and lower-middle income countries–Indonesia and economic crisisWhen political risk occurs in high income countries, it is generally due to a long-standing conflict–Northern IrelandP1423.Briefly describe some of the differences between the legal environment of a countrythat embraces common law and one that observes civil law.4.Global marketers can avoid legal conflicts by understanding the reasons conflictsarise in the first place. Identify and describe several legal issues that relate to global commerce.Intellectual PropertyAntitrustContractualLicensing and Trade Secrets5.“See you in court” is one way to respond when legal issues arise. What otherapproaches are possible?LitigationFormal arbitration–Settles disputes outside of court–Groups agree to abide by panel’s decision1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards–Most important treaty regarding international arbitration第五章Global Information Systems and Market Research1.Explain two information technology puts powerful tools in the hands of globalmarketers.Modern IT tools provide the means for a company's marketing information system and research functions to provide relevant information in a timely, cost –efficient, and actionable manner.Electronic data interchange (EDI) allows business units to submit orders, to issue invoices, to conduct business electronically, Wal-Mart legendary for its EDI, save time and money, enables retailers to improve inventory management. Transaction formats are universalEfficient Consumer Response (ECR) This is in addition to EDI, an effort for retailers and vendors to work closely on stock replenishment(补充). ECR can be defined as a joint initiative by members of a supply chain to work toward improving and optimizing(最优化) aspects of the supply chain to benefit customersIntranet, Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS), Data Warehouses are also helping businesses improve their ability to target consumers and increase loyalty.2.What are the different modes of information acquisition? Which is the most importantfor gathering strategic information?3.4、Outline the basic steps of the market research process.5、What is the difference between existing, latent, and incipient demand? How mightthese differences affect the design of a marketing research project?Demand and profit potential, in turn, depend in part on whether the market being studied can be classifieds existing or potential. Existing markets are those in which customer needs are already being served by one or more companies. In some instances, there is no existing market to research and. information may be readily available. A latent market is in essence, an und iscovered segment .It’s a market in which demand would materialize if an appropriate product were made available. An incipient market is a market that will emerge if particular economic demographic, political, or sociocultural trend continues. A company is not likely to achieve satisfactory results if it offers a product in an incipient market before the trends have taken root.Market growth, brand loyalty, market segment, product, sales promotion, pricing, distribution, will be different in marketing research project.6.Describe some of the analytical techniques used by global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each technique?A number of techniques are available for analyzing survey data.Factor analysis can be used to transform large amount of data into manageable units. It is useful in psychographic segmentation studies or creating perceptual maps; cluster analysis allows the researchers to group variables into clusters that maximize within-group similarities and between-group differences. It can be used to do global marketing research, to perform benefit segmentation, and to identify new product opportunities. Multi dimensional scaling is another technique for creating perceptual maps which is particular useful when there are many product to choose and consumers have difficulty in verbalizing their conceptions. Conjoint analysis is used to gain insights into the combination of features that will be the most attractive to consumers. It is useful when determines the values and utilities of the various levels of product features and plots them graphically.第六章Segmentation, Targeting, and Positioning1.differentiate the five basic segmentation strategies. Give an example of a companythat has used each one.P170-P1831、IncomePopulationsAge distributionGenderEducationOccupation2、Grouping people according to attitudes, value, and lifestyles3、4、Benefit segmentation focuses on the value equation–Value = Benefits / Price5、The population of many countries includes ethnic groups of significant size2.Explain the difference between segmenting and targeting.P200pare and contrast standardized, concentrated, and differentiated global marketing.Illustrate each strategy with an example from a global company.Standardized global marketing is mass marketing on a global scale with undifferentiated target marketing (Revlon International)Concentrated global marketing, involves devising a marketing mix to reach a niche. A niche is simply a single segment of the global market. (Germany`s Winter halter) Differentiated global marketing, represents a more ambitious approach than concentrated target marketing with multi-segment targeting and two or more distinct markets (Rover)4.5.What is positioning? Identify the different positioning strategies presented in thechapter and give examples of companies or products that illustrate each.Locating a brand in consumers’minds over and against competitors in terms of attributes and benefits that the brand does and does not offer.P192-1956.What is global consumer culture positioning? What other strategic positioningchoices do global marketers have?Identifies the brand as a symbol of a particular global culture or segment.P1967.What is high-touch product? Explain the difference between high-tech productpositioning and high-touch product positioning. Can some products be positioned using both strategies? Explain.High-tech products are sophisticated technologically complex, and/or difficult to explain or understand, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established objective standards. High-tech global consumer positioning also works well for special interest products associated with leisure of recreation.High-touch products, consumers are generally energized by emotional motives rather than rational ones, and frequently evaluated in terms of their performance against established subjective, aesthetic terms.Some products can be positioned using both strategies, with both satisfying buyers’ rational criteria and evoking an emotional response. Nokia, for example, combines technical performance with a fashion orientation.第七章Global Market Entry Strategies:1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of using licensing as a market entry tool?Give examples of companies from different countries that use licensing as a global marketing strategy.Advantages to LicensingProvides additional profitability with little initial investmentProvides method of circumventing tariffs, quotas, and other export barriersAttractive ROILow costs to implementDisadvantages to LicensingLimited participationReturns may be lostLack of controlLicensee may become competitorLicensee may exploit company resourcesP2062.What is foreign direct investment? What forms can FDI take?P209Partial or full ownership of operations outside of home countryForms:Joint ventures–Minority or majority equity stakes–Outright acquisition3.Do you agree with Ford’s decision to acquire Jaguar? What was more valuable toFord---the physical assets or the name?P2154.What is meant by the phrase global strategic partnership? In what ways does this formof market entry strategy differ from more traditional forms such as joint ventures? Participants remain independent following formation of the allianceParticipants share benefits of alliance as well as control over performance of assigned tasksParticipants make ongoing contributions in technology, products, and other key strategic areasPPT3055.What are Keiretsu? How does this form of industrial structure affect companies thatcompete with Japan or that are trying to enter the Japanese market?PPT307书P2276.Which Strategic options for market entry or expansion would a small company belikely to pursue? A large company?StrategiesCompanies must decide to expand by:–Seeking new markets in existing countries–Seeking new country markets for already identified and served market segments第八章Product and Brand Decisions1.What is the difference between a product and a brand?A product is a good, service, or ideaBrandsBundle of images and experiences in the customer’s mindA promise made by a particular company about a particular productA quality certificationDifferentiation between competing productsThe sum of impressions about a brand is the Brand ImageThe added value that accrues to a product as a result of investments in the marketing of the brandAn asset that represents the value created by the relationship between the brand and customer over time2.How do local, international, and global products differ? Cite examplesLocal Product is one that has achieved success in a single national market and represents the lifeblood of domestic companies. (Coca-cola, ginseng beverage only in Japan)International product is offered in several markets in a particular region (Euro-product, only in euro zone)Global product meets the wants and needs of a global market and is offered in all world regions (personal stereos)3.What are some of the elements that make up a brand? Are these elements tangible orintangible?IntangibleP2414.What criteria should global marketers consider when making product designdecisions?In many instances, packaging is an integral element of product-related design decisions. Packaging is designed to protect or contain the product during shipping;Labeling provides consumers with various types of information; Aesthetics differ around the world. Global marketers must understand the importance of visual aesthetics; Product Warranties is a written guarantee that assures the buyer is getting what they paid for or provides a remedy in case of a product failure. Warranties can be used as a competitive tool5.How can buyer at titudes about a product’s country of origin affect marketing strategy?买家对于原产国的态度对营销策略有什么影响?Perceptions about and attitudes toward particular countries often extend to products and brands known to originate in those countries–Japan–Germany–France–ItalyP252-2546.Identify several global brands. What are some of the reasons for the global success ofthe brands you chose?Both products and brand are good……7.Briefly describe various combinations of product-communication strategies availableto global marketers. When is it appropriate to use each?Product-communication extension (dual extension) is a strategy selling the same product with the same promotional appeals used in domestically when pursuing opportunities outside the home market. It used frequently with industrial (business to business) products.Product extension-communication adaptation strategy is a relatively low cost of implementation because the physical product is unchanged, and the main costs are associated with market research and revising promotional appeals. It used frequently when consumer conceptions outside the home market are very different from domestic marketProduct adaptation-communication extension is an approach to global product planning is to extend, without change, the basic home-market communications strategy while adapting the product to local use or preference conditions. It used frequently when natural conditions outside the home market are very different from domestic market Product-communication adaptation (dual adaptation) strateg y is an approach used both the different product serves and advertising appeals to consumer receptivity when comparing a new geographic market to the home market, environmental conditions or consumer preferences differ;第九章Pricing Decisions1.What are the basic factors that affect price in any market? What considerations enterinto the pricing decision?In global marketing, the task of setting prices is complicated by fluctuating exchange rates. Currency fluctuations can create significant problems and opportunities for the classic international company that exports from the home country.Inflation, or a persistent upward change in price levels, is a problem in many country markets. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply and currency devaluation. Governmental policies and regulations that affect pricing decisions include dumping legislation, resale price maintenance legislation, price ceilings, and general reviews of price levels.Pricing decisions are bounded not only by cost and nature of demand but also by competitive action.Competitive Behavior: If competitors do not adjust their prices in response to rising costs it is difficult to adjust your price to maintain operating margins; If competitors are manufacturing or sourcing I a lower-cost country, it may be necessary to cut prices to stay competitiveThe global marketer has several options for addressing the problem of price escalation orthe environmental factors described in the last section.2.Define the various types of pricing strategies and objectives available to globalmarketers.Market Skimming and Financial Objectives: Market Skimming charges a premium price which may occur at the introduction stage of product life cyclePenetration Pricing and Non-Financial Objectives: Penetration Pricing charges a low price in order to penetrate market quickly which appropriates to saturate market prior to imitation by competitors3.Identify some of the environmental constraints on global pricing decisions. Currency FluctuationsInflationary EnvironmentGovernment Controls, Subsidies, RegulationsCompetitive BehaviorSourcing4.Why do price differences in world markets often lead to gray marketing?Because price differences in world markets lead to trademarked products are exported from one country to another where they are sold by unauthorized persons or organizationsGray marketing occurs when product is in short supply, when producers use skimming strategies in some markets, and when goods are subject to substantial mark-ups 5.What is dumping? Why was dumping such an important issue during the UruguayRound of GATT negotiations?Sale of an imported product at a price lower than that normally charged in a domestic market or country of origin.P2966.What is transfer price? Why is it an important issue for companies with foreignaffiliates(外国子公司)? Why did transfer pricing in Europe take on increased importance in 1999?The transfer price is that Pricing of goods, services, and intangible property bought and sold by operating units or divisions of a company doing business with an affiliate in another jurisdiction.P2997.What is the difference between ethnocentric, polycontric, and geocentric pricingstrategies? Which one would you recommend to a company that has global market aspirations?P291-292 PPT240-242pare and contrast the different forms of countertrade.Countertrade occurs when payment is made in some form other than moneyOptions–BarterThe least complex and oldest form of bilateral, non-monetary counter-tradeA direct exchange of goods or services between two parties–Counter-purchase P303-304–Offset–Compensation trading–Cooperation agreements–Switch trading第十章Global Marketing Channels and Physical Distribution1.In what ways can channel intermediaries create utility for buyers?ObjectivesMarketing channels exist to create utility for customers–Place utility -availability of a product or service in a location that is convenient to a potential customer–Time utility -availability of a product or service when desired by a customer–Form utility -availability of the product processed, prepared, in proper condition and/or ready to use–information utility -availability of answers to questions and general communicationabout useful product features and benefits2.What factors influence the channel structures and strategies available to globalmarketers?B2CThe characters of both buyers and products have an important influence on channel design.The number of individual buyers and their geographic distribution, income, shopping habits and different channel approaches.Products characters such as degree of standardization, perishability, bulk, service requirements, and unit price have an impact as well.Channels tends to be longer as the number of consumers to be served increases and the price per unit decreases. Bulky products usually require channel arrangements that minimize the shipping distances and the number of times products change hands before they reach the ultimate customer.B2BAs is true with consumer channels, product and consumer characteristics have an impact on channel structure. Three basic elements are involved: the manufacture's sales force, distributors or agents and wholesalers.Channel strategy in a global marketing program must fit the company's competitive position and overall marketing objectives in each national market.market factors: consumer profiles, market size and location of country.3.What is cherry picking? What approaches can be used to deal with this problem?P323pare and contrast the typical channel structures for consumer products andindustrial products.P340 PPT252-2555.Identify the different forms of retailing and cite an example of each form. Identifyretailers from as many different countries as you can.PPT258-259 P3256.Identify the four retail market expansion strategies discussed in the text. What factorsdetermine the appropriable mode?Organic–Company uses its own resources to open a store on a green field site or acquire one or more existing retail facilitiesFranchise–Appropriate strategy when barriers to entry are low yet the market is culturally distant in terms of consumer behavior or retailing structuresChain Acquisition–A market entry strategy that entails purchasing a company with multiple existing outlets in a foreign countryJoint Venture–This strategy is advisable when culturally distant, difficult-to-enter markets are targeted 7.What special distribution challenges exist in Japan? What is the best way for anon-Japanese company to deal with these challenges?第十一章Global Marketing Communications Decisions:Advertising and Public Relations1.In what ways can global brands and global advertising campaigns benefit a company? P3482.How does the “standardized versus localized” debate apply to advertising?Four difficulties that compromise an organization’s communicat ion efforts–The message may not get through to the intended recipient.–The message may reach the target audience but may not be understood or may even be misunderstood.–The message may reach the target audience and may be understood but still may not induce the recipient to take the action desired by the sender.–The effectiveness of the message can be impaired by noise.。
人民大王晓东 国际市场营销(第6版数字教材版)PPT完整版
呢绒
酒
英国
100
120
葡萄牙
90
80
• 英国专门生产呢绒:220人(100+120)一年可生产2.2单位 • 葡萄牙专门生产酒:190人(110+80)一年可生产2.375单位
第二节:国际市场营销的理论基础
一、比较利益学说 2、相对成本优势
英国和葡萄牙的相对成本差异
呢绒
酒
英国
100
120
葡萄牙
90
第二节 国际市场社会与文化环境
审美情趣
数字:0、4、8、13。 色彩: 红-中国(德国) 绿-美国(日本)黄-泰国(埃
塞俄比亚) 蓝-埃及、荷兰、瑞典。 图案:罗马尼亚-三角形和环形;德国-方形;伊朗-狮子;
日本-鸭子;中东-孔雀。 音乐:美国-民谣;巴西-桑巴。
第二节 国际市场社会与文化环境
语言文字
语言表达要求严谨、准确,避免语言歧义 “Come Alive with Pepsi” “Dart is Power” “Golden Cock”
第一节 影响国际市场的经济因素
三、国际货币制度 国际货币基金组织 世界银行
第二节 影响国际市场的政治因素
双边关系 国家之间的贸易联系不单纯是两国经济关系的反映,
同时也体现着包含政治因素的非经济因素。 多边关系 东西方关系 南北关系
03 第三章 国际市场营销环境(下)
PART THREE
1、能源供给 2、运输条件 3、通信保证 4、商业基础设施
市场需求规模
1、国民生产总值 2、人均收入 3、个人消费
第一节 国际市场经济与人口环境
二、人口环境
人口数量 人口增长 人口结构 人口分布 人口流动
国际市场营销(第三版) 教学课件
第三节:品牌价值与国际化战略
一、成本、产品、品牌优势与企业竞争力
成本 优势
产品 优势
品牌 优势
简单产品 ΔΔΔΔ ΔΔ
Δ
Δ
家 电 等 消 ΔΔΔΔ ΔΔΔΔ ΔΔΔΔ 费品
金融、保 Δ 险、教育 等
ΔΔ ΔΔΔΔ Δ
成本 优势
产品 优势
品牌 优势
低 收 入 市 ΔΔΔΔ ΔΔ
Δ
场
Δ
中 等 收 入 ΔΔΔΔ ΔΔΔΔ ΔΔΔΔ 市场
一、价格升级 二、转移定价:
1、方式:
基于成本的转移定价 基于市场的转移定价 写上型转移定价
2、目的:
规避关税: 出口价格:20万*25%=5万 内部作价:10万*25%=2.5万
规避所得税 规避风险
三、倾销(价格歧视)
需求量 固定成本 变动成本 单位成本 单价 收入 总成本 利润 利润率
国内市场 90 900 900 20 24
第一节:国际营销的内涵
一、国际营销的定义: 国际市场营销是国内市场营销在国际市场 上的延伸。
二、国际市场营销与国内营销的区别
国内市场营销环境:
政治体制
产品
价格
人
(可控因素)
法
口
律
规 模
渠道
促销
文 化
经济水平 (不可控因素)
第二节:国际市场营销的发展阶段
一、非直接海外营销阶段(顺带对外 营销、非常性对外营销)
四、衰退期的国际营销策略
第四节:国际市场的新产品开发
程从 度企
业 角 度 看 创 新
从市场角度看创新程度
一、寻求创意 ——“海尔大地瓜洗衣
机” 二、产品筛选 三、产品概念的形成 四、财务分析 五、新产品研制 六、产品试销 七、商业化投产
第三章国际市场营销环境课件
1.生存经济类型
这类国家的特点是生产力水平低, 自给自足的传统农 业经济占统治地位, 即第一产业所占比重最高。商 品经济很不发达, 市场基本封闭, 对外贸易仅限于 偶然调剂, 所以进入该国的机会极小。
(一)经济发展水平
• 认识一国经济处于何种发展阶段,是企业确定目标市场的前提。 由美国经济史学家罗斯托(Walt W. Rostow)所提出的“经济成长 阶段论”,对人们分析、判断世界各国经济发展所处的阶段具有 很大的指导意义。
1.经济发展水平的分析判断依
据
• 在1960年出版的《经济成长的阶段》一书中,罗斯托认为,从经 济发展过程来看,世界各国的经济发展水平可以归纳为以下五个 阶段:
• 社会文化环境:社会文化、社会习俗、社会道德观念、价值观、 工作态度及人口统计特征
• 技术环境:发明、还有新技术新工艺新材料的出现和应用 • 例如,德国工程师在美国修理机器,在出故障的地方画圈并紧螺
丝要收100万美元。
一、经济环境
经济环境是企业在国际市场营销中, 确定目标市场和制定营 销决策要考虑的因素, 也是影响企业不同国际市场营销决策之间 差异性的最重要因素。分析国际市场营销环境中的经济环境, 一 般可以从经济发展水平、经济结构和经济特征等方面人手。
• 因此, 经济发展水平低的国家往往会变成经济发展阶段较高的国家旧设 备与机器的输出市场。
(4)产品生命周期
• 从产品生命周期看, 由于收入与技术的差别, 某些消费品在发达国家 的市场上早已大量推销, 产品的市场生命周期已经进入到成熟阶段, 市 场也接近饱和。
• 而在发展中国家的市场上却是初期推销阶段, 可能刚进入介绍期或成长 期。如彩电、电脑、轿车、空调器、微波炉等等商品。经济发展水平不 同, 各国市场上同种产品所处的生命周期的阶段也不可能相同。
《市场营销学》第三章-市场购买行为分析
市场购买行为概述 消费者市场购买行为分析 组织市场购买行为分析 市场购买行为案例分析
市场购买行为概述
01
市场购买行为是指消费者在购买过程中所表现出的行为特征和决策过程,包括需求认知、信息收集、方案评估、购买决策和购后行为五个阶段。
市场购买行为具有多样性、复杂性、能动性和可诱导性等特点。消费者在购买过程中会受到多种因素的影响,并做出相应的决策。
01
02
04
消费者购买行为的影响因素
文化因素包括文化、亚文化和社会阶层等对消费者行为的影响。
社会因素涉及家庭、参考群体和角色模型等对消费者行为的影响。
个人因素包括年龄、性别、职业、收入和教育水平等对消费者行为的影响。
心理因素包括动机、知觉、学习、信念和态度等对消费者行为的影响。
03
例如,个性化消费的兴起,绿色消费的推广,网络购物的普及等。
政策法规、社会文化、自然环境等因素影响企业的经营策略和购买行为。
企业规模、组织结构、管理方式等因素影响企业的采购策略和购买行为。
随着环保意识的提高,越来越多的企业开始关注绿色采购,选择环保合规的供应商和产品。
绿色采购
电子化采购
集中采购
长期合作伙伴关系建立
借助互联网和电子商务平台,企业可以更加便捷地获取供应商信息和产品报价,提高采购效率。
总结词:组织市场购买行为案例分析主要关注企业、政府机构和非营利组织在购买产品和服务时的决策过程。
详细描述
组织市场是市场营销学中另一个重要的研究领域,主要关注企业、政府机构和非营利组织在购买产品和服务时的决策过程。
案例分析可以帮助我们深入了解组织市场的购买行为,包括采购决策过程、供应商选择标准、合同签订和履行等。
国开市场营销第三章主题二
正确的答案是“错”。
题目5
政治环境不仅指国内政治环境也包括国际政治环境。
正确的答案是“对”。
单题(每题10分,共50分)
题目6
消费者个人收入中扣除税款和非税性负担之后所得的余额叫做()。
正确答案是:个人可支配收入
题目7
国家的物质生产部门的劳动者在一定时期内(通常为一年)新创造的价值的总和,被称为是()。
正确答案是:国民收入
题目8
经济学家( ) 认为“技术是一种创造性的毁灭”。
正确答案是:弗里德曼
题目9
下列商品或服务的购买对我国城市居民来说,哪一类不属于个人可任意支配收入项下的开支?()
正确答案是:蔬菜
题目10
国际市场营销政治环境一般包括两个部分,即()和政治冲突。
正确答案是:政治权利
判断题(每题10分,共50分)
题目1
消费需求变化中最活跃的因素是个人可支配收入。
正确的答案是“错”。
题目2
恩格尔系数越高,人们的生活水平越高;反之,恩格尔系数越小,人们的生活水平越低。
正确的答案是“错”。
题目3
消费者信贷会影响消费者的现实购买力,也会影响提供信贷的商品的销售量。
正确的答案是“对”。
题目4
国际市场营销知到章节答案智慧树2023年吉林财经大学
国际市场营销知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新吉林财经大学第一章测试1.国内市场营销是国际市场营销的延伸。
()参考答案:错2.多国市场观念强调海外市场的差异性和海外业务的重要性。
()参考答案:对3.经济全球化是指世界经济活动超越国界,相互联系、相互依存而形成的有机经济整体的过程。
()参考答案:对4.国际市场营销与国际贸易的差异不包括()。
参考答案:目的不同5.国内市场延伸观念反映的思想导向()。
参考答案:本国中心思想导向6.()应深化区域合作交流,加快推进平台机制创新,不断提升综合服务功能。
参考答案:政府7.国内市场营销和国际市场营销的差异点有()。
参考答案:多国协调和控制;营销环境;可控因素8.国际市场营销观念主要有()。
参考答案:多国市场观念;全球营销观念;国内市场延伸观念9.经济全球化,使得多数国家经济利益相互交织,可以()。
参考答案:减少了贸易壁垒;外国企业更容易进入本国市场;增加企业全球化经营的可能性;取消对外商直接投资的限制10.中国企业国际化经营的现状()。
参考答案:跨文化经营能力仍需提升;国际市场营销观念还需提升;对国际市场缺乏深入研究第二章测试1.市场机会是指由环境变化造成的对企业国际市场营销活动有吸引力和利益空间的领域。
()参考答案:对2.环境威胁是指环境中有利于企业营销及其发展的因素,对企业形成挑战。
()参考答案:错3.政治风险的测量方法需要多种方法结合使用,不能单独使用。
()参考答案:错4.以下哪种国际市场环境分析方法是指获取和利用外部环境中有关事件信息、趋势信息和关系信息的行为,以协助企业的高级管理者制订其未来行动的计划。
()参考答案:环境扫描法5.行使审判权和检察权的政府机构是()。
参考答案:司法机构6.国际商务活动中各方当事人之间发生争议,争端双方要求第三方调解分歧,从而达成一致协议,属于哪种解决国际争端的方法()。
参考答案:调解7.国际市场营销环境主要包括()。
国际市场营销学第三章课件
•
解
• 4、不同的国家,送礼方式不同等等
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二、国际市场营销中的文化因素
• (一)什么叫文化? • 文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中所创
造的物质财富和精神财富的总和,包括伦 理道德、宗教、美学、艺术、风俗习惯等。 • (二)文化的个性 • (三)文化的共性
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(四)文化的成分
2
二、人口与收入
• (一)人口(population)
– 人口规模(其中人口超过1亿的国家有?) – 人口增长率 – 人口分布 – 人口结构(年龄、性别、家庭结构等) – 人口变动趋势
转8
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人口超过1亿的国家(截止2008年) (一)
Rank排名
Country 國家
Population人口
Mexico 墨西哥
PPT学习交流
Population人口 15069万 14452万 13844万 13388万 12721万 10490万
5
人口的年龄结构划分
–儿童:<10岁 –青少年:10~19 –成人青年:20~34 –早期中年人:35~49 –后期中年人:50~60 –退休人员: >60
• 网上参考: –http://www.transparency.de – ---printed reports--special report “beyond compliance— corruption as a business risk”.
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第三章 国际市场营销环境分析
• 经济环境 • 社会文化环境 • 政治法律环境 • 技术环境 • 物质自然环境 • 外汇与金融环境
国际市场营销第3章
国际金融与外汇环境对国际营销的影响
对产品竞争力的影响
对销售策略的影响: 汇率变动带来的风险对国际营销的影响是多方面 的——产品价格、产品销售额及销售收入、市场 占有率等等
这一阶段的一个重要任务是经济体制改革, 为发展创造条件。
这一阶段的主导产业则通常是第一产业或者 劳动密集型的制造业。
这一阶段要解决的关键难题是获得发展所需 要的资金。
起飞阶段
起飞的条件:
①生产性投资率提高,占国民收入的比例提高到10% 以上;
②经济中出现一个或几个具有很高成长率的领先部门; ③发明和革新十分活跃,生产过程吸收了科学技术所蕴
人均GNP高于9386美元。市场呈现饱和状态,产 品打入这些国家不容易,国际营销者必须不断地 进行产品创新以扩大市场占有率。
四、国际金融与外汇环境
国际金融市场
金融是指资金的借贷或融通 国际金融市场是指多边的资金借贷形成的资金供求市场 按照经营业务可划分为:资金市场、外汇市场、黄金市
场
短期资金市场 (货币、资金市场)
荷兰六国建立欧洲煤钢共同体; 1957年5月8日,六国签订《罗马条约》; 1958年1月1日,六国建立欧洲经济共同体; 1968年,欧洲共同体实现了设置共同对外关税; 1979年,欧洲共同体建立了欧洲货币体系; 1992年2月7日,成员国签定《马斯特里赫特条约》; 1993年1月1日,形成欧洲统一大市场; 1999年1月1日,欧洲统一货币开始启动; 2002年,“欧元”投入流通,代替各成员国的货币; 到2007年1月,欧盟扩大到27国,人口超过4.8亿,国
第一节 本地经济环境
消费者的经济条件
收入情况 购买决策
《国际市场营销学》教学大纲
《国际市场营销学》教学大纲《国际市场营销学》教学大纲一、课程说明课程名称:国际市场营销学课程性质:工商管理、市场营销两专业的核心课程,是其他管理类专业的普通课程。
学分数:3学分。
总学时数:理论课学时48学时。
教材:《国际市场营销》主编:金润圭高等教育出版社上海社会科学院出版社参考书目:1、《市场营销管理》(第十版)梅清豪译上海人民出版社2、《市场营销管理…亚洲版》科特勒中国人民大学出版社3、《国际市场营销学》甘碧群主著高等教育出版社本课程的性质、地位和任务国际市场营销是经济管理类专业学生必修课程之一。
通过系统学习树立市场营销观念,并以此作为自己从事企业国际经营管理活动的指导思想。
只有一切为顾客着想,满足顾客的需要,企业才能在竞争中立于不败之地。
本课程的教学任务主要是使学生明确树立市场营销观念的重要意义,掌握市场营销管理的基本原则,把基础市场营销学原理与国际市场营销实务紧密结合,了解制定国际市场营销战略的基本原理与方法,提供在市场营销各阶段活动中可解决实际问题的策略与手段。
二、教学内容与要求第一章概论(4学时)教学要点:国际市场营销及其发展过程;市场营销学的形成和发展;企业国际化的必要性及可能性;企业国际化的4个阶段;进入国际市场的决策过程;国际市场营销组合;产品生命周期理论;国际贸易理论、对外直接投资理论。
课件学习要求:通过课件学习,熟练掌握国际市场营销发展的阶段,市场营销的核心概念;对国际市场营销的特点,企业国际化经营的内涵能够有所了解;能够应用相关理论对营销现象进行解释。
教学目的与要求:本章是对国际市场营销学的全面概述,为本课程的理论和体系基础。
学习本章,应系统掌握市场、市场营销、国际市场营销和起因和发展,了解市场营销学的形成和发展水平,掌握国际市场营销学的基本概念、基本理论和基本方法。
第一节中国企业国际化熟练掌握:企业国际化的必要性及可能性掌握:企业国际化的4个阶段第二节市场营销与国际市场营销熟练掌握:国际市场营销的特点了解:国际营销观念一般了解:企业国际营销的发展阶段第三节国际市场营销管理过程熟练掌握:进入国际市场的决策过程掌握:国际市场营销组合第四节国际贸易与对外直接投资熟练掌握:产品生命周期理论一般了解:国际贸易理论、对外直接投资理论第二章国际市场环境分析(4学时)教学要点:国际市场经济环境;国际市场文化环境;国际市场政治环境;国际市场法律环境。
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(四)特许经营
指制造商通过中间商签订合同,授予其经 营某种享有盛名或流行商标产品的特许权。
三、直接投资
直接投资是指本国企业采用合资经营或独资 经营等形式,在国外设厂直接生产而进人国际市场。 其优点在于: (1)投资者可以获得单纯商品贸易所不具有的所 有权优势、区位优势和内部化优势,有利于实现对 国外市场的某种控制和垄断; (2)可以降低产品成本,提高竞争能力; (3)直接投资对扩大商品出口具有重要作用。 其缺陷在于: 投资额大,且多使用外汇,缺乏灵活性,面 临的风险也较大。
3、组合标准细分 组合标准细分是由埃利亚斯· 里兹克拉(Elias G· Rizkallah)提出的,该方法是结合国家潜量、 竞争力和风险三种因素划分国际市场群体。 • 国家潜量是指企业的产品或服务在一国市场的 销售潜力。根据人口数量、国民生产总值和人 均收入等因素进行衡量,评估结果分为大、中、 小三个等级。 • 竞争力是根据企业内部和外部两方面因素衡量 的。评估结果分为强、中、弱三个等级。 • 风险是指企业在该国面临的政治风险、金融风 险和业务风险,以及各种影响利润、资金周转 和其它经营结果的因素。评估结果划分为高、 低两个等级。
2、国际市场细分
所谓国际市场细分(International Market Segmentation) ,是指企业按照一定的细分标准, 把整个场细分为若干个需要不同的产品和营销组合 的子市场,其一个子市场中的消费者都具有相同或 相似的需求特征,企业在这些子市场中选择一个或 多个作为其国际目标市场。
三种国际目标市场战略 2、差异性目标市场战略 指企业通过市场细分,选择两个或两个以上 的子市场作为目标市场,针对每个子市场的特 点,分别设计不同的营销组合方案。 3、集中性目标市场战略 是指企业通过市场细分,选择一个子市场作 为企业的目标市场,对于该子市场采取有针对 性的营销策略,以争取在该市场上取得较大的 市场份额。 在这里集中性目标市场战略有两层含义: 一是指企业将营销精力集中在某一地区的市场 上,以争取在该地区的市场上占有明显的竞争 优势; 二是指企业集中力量为某一个消费群服务,满 足其特定的需要 。
二、国际目标市场的选择
(一)评估与筛选目标市场 第一步筛选: 基本需求与潜力
第二步筛选: 金融与经济条件
第五步筛选: 竞争因素
第三步筛选: 政治及法律因素
第四步筛选: 社会文化因素
二、选择目标市场战略
(一)三种国际目标市场战略
1、无差异性目标市场战略
是指企业将全球市场视为一个整体,把市场 营销的重点放在需求的共同点上,通过标准化 的营销策略,尽可能多地吸引顾客。
(三)国际市场微观细分的要求
1.可衡量性:指细分后的子市场的规模和购买 力是可以被衡量的。 2.足量性: 指细分后的子市场的规模应该足 够大 。 3.可进入性: 指企业可以达到并服务于该子 市场。 4.实效性:指企业的营销活动是否能取得相应 的效果,即企业进入该市场是否是有利可图的。
第二节 国际目标市场选择
国际目标市场应具备的条件
1.具有未被满足的需求。一是指这个目标市场对 本企业产品有需求、购买欲望和购买能力;二是 指这种需求未被本企业和竞争者所满足,或满足 的程度不够。 2.本企业有能力满足这一需求。也就是说对于该 市场企业有一定的竞争优势。 3.在满足需求的同时取得一定的经济效益。也就 是说,在占领或进入目标市场后,企业所获得的 营销效益能够抵偿营销费用并有相当盈余,达到 企业目标的要求。
一、出口贸易
是指企业在本国制造产品,然后将其 销往海外目标市场,它又包括间接出口 和直接出口两种方式。
(一)直接出口
直接出口是指厂商直接将产品出售给国外市场的经销商、 进口商或用户。 其优点在于: (1)可以不受国内中间商销售渠道和业务范围的限制, 在更大范围内选择目标市场; (2)可以通过与国际市场的直接联系及时获取市场信息, 从而改进企业的生产经营; (3)可以增强对营销活动的控制,有利于改进营销工作; (4)直接出口的合同期限一般较短,企业易于调整目标 市场及进入市场的方式,因而具有一定的灵活性。 其局限性在于: (1)企业独立与国外客商签订合同,会增加国际营销业 务机构及专业人员,因而成本随之提高; (2)企业独立完成出口营销,工作量大,责任较重,面 临的风险也相对增大。
一、国际目标市场的含义
目标市场是企业为了满足现实或潜在的消费需求 而开拓的特定市场,它是在市场细分、确定市场机会 的基础上形成的。
国际目标市场是指企业在国际市场细分的基础 上选择的能利用企业资源去满足并可以为其带来收益 的一个或若干个子市场。 从宏观和微观层面上讲,国际目标市场有两层含义: 一是在众多的国家中选择某个或某些国家作为目标市 场;二是在一国中众多的子市场里选择某个或某些子 市场作为目标市场。
(二)合作经营
这是一种契约安排,即由合营双方通过 签订协议或合同,具体规定各方的权利和义务。 一般由外方提供资金、技术和设备,东道国提 供场地、原料和劳务,产品、销售额或利润按 合同规定进行分配。
(三)技术转让
这是一种有偿的技术转移,指技术的输出 方将某项技术的使用权作价出售给技术的输入 方。 许可证贸易是技术转让的最基本和最主要的 方式,即拥有专利权、商标权或专有技术的一 方作为许可方,向被许可方授予某项权利,允 许被许可方取得许可方所拥有的权利、商标和 专有技术的使用权、产品制造权和销售权。
4、国际市场宏观细分应注意的问题
• 市场细分没有绝对的标准。 • 市场并不是越细越好。 • 有效的市场细分必须进行商业分析。
三、国际市场微观细分
(一)消费者市场的细分变量 消费者市场细分的变量主要有: (1)人口因素。如消费者的年龄、性别、职业、家 庭规模、种族、宗教信仰等。 (2)地理因素。消费者所在的地区,如城市、农 村;北方、南方;沿海、内地等。 (3)经济因素。主要是指消费者的经济收入的高 低。 (4)心理因素。主要是指消费者的个性、生活方 式等。 (5)行为因素。主要是指消费者的购买行为,如 使用情况、追求的利益、品牌忠诚度等。
三、市场定位过程
通常采用以下三个步骤:
明确企业的 竞争优势
选择有价值的 竞争优势
沟通及传播 企业的定位
第四节进入国际市场的模式
所谓进入国际市场模式,是指企业对进入 外国市场的产品、技能、管理诀窍或其它资源 进行的系统规划。 国际市场进入模式通常被分为三个主要类型: 出口贸易、对外合作和直接投资。
(二)生产者市场的细分变量
生产者市场的细分变量包括: (1)地理位置,即生产用户所处的地理位置; (2)用户性质,即用户是属于生产企业、中间商 还是政府部门等; (3)用户规模,即用户规模的大、中、小; (4)用户要求,即用户追求的利益是方便、质量 或经济等; (5)购买方式,即用户的购买频率、支付方式等。
(二)选择国际目标市场战略时应考虑的因素
1、企业的资源条件。 2、产品的同质性。 3、产品的生命周期。 4、市场的同质性。 5、竞争结构及对手的营销战略。
三、国际目标市场的拓展
(一)目标市场拓展的基本原则 先近后远;先易后难;先熟悉后陌生 (二)目标市场拓展的方式 主要有二: 1、“滚雪球”方式,是指企业在现有市场的同一地 理区域内,采取区位内发展的方式,穷尽了该区域 内市场后再转移到一个新区域。 2、“采蘑菇”方式则是一种跨区域的跳跃式发展方 式,企业在选择和拓展目标市场时并不考虑目标市 场之间的地理因素,而是按目标市场本身的优劣条 件来决定。
二、对外合作
是指国际营销企业和目标国家的企业之间,在转 让技术、工艺、经营方式等方面订立长期的非投资 性合同,进行合作并由此而进入接受方市场。 对外合作的形式多种多样,主要包括合资经营、 合作经营、技术转让及特许经营等。
(一)合资经营
指中外企业组织或个人按彼此在资金、技术、 资源、管理等方面的优势,按一定比例联合投资, 共同经营某个或某些企业。 合资经营的地点既可选择在合资双方国(投资国 或东道国),也可选择在第三国。 通常所称的合资企业,一般采用股权式合营形 式,即外国投资者以认股的方式对东道国进行投资, 或由合营双方各参加一定比例的股份,建立有限责 任公司。
第三节国际目标市场的定位
一、国际市场定位的含义 所谓国际市场定位,是指企业在国际 市场细分的基础上,根据目标消费者要 求来给产品确定一个适当的位置。 注意:市场定位所塑造的不是产品在市场 中的物理位置,而是心理位置,它取决 于购买者如何来认识这种产品。
二、市场定位策略
(一)针锋相对式定位 针锋相对式定位战略也叫迎头定位战略,这种定位 方式是指,企业把产品或服务定位在与竞争者相似 或相同的位置上,同竞争者争夺同一细分市场。 (二)填空补缺式定位 这种定位方式是指,企业把产品或服务定位在尚未被 竞争者占领、且被许多消费者重视的位置。
(一)直接出口
直接出口主要有三种途径: (1)建立独立的出口经营机构,将产品直接出口给国外 经销商和消费者; (2)设立驻外分支机构和国外营销分公司,派出销售人 员直接在国外从事营销活动; (3)设立海外市场商业代表,与国外进口商、批发商、 经纪人乃至零售商、消费者建立业务关系,将产品 直接销售于海外市场。 与直接出口相对应的营销方式主要有国外包销、代理、 寄售、拍卖、展卖、投标、易货贸易等。
(二)间接出口
间接出口是一种进入国际市场最脆弱的方 式,多为无力在国际市场上建立销售网络的小企 业采用。 间接出口主要有三种途径: (1)企业将产品出口给出口商,再由出口商以自己的 名义将产品销往国外; (2)企业与出口贸易机构签订代销合同,由后者协 助寻找国外销路,企业承担风险,产品售出后付 给出口贸易机构一定比例的佣金; (3)与国内中间商合作经营,由中间商提供信息, 寻找买主,实行风险共担。
3、国际市场细分的层次与关键
• 国际市场细分是在国际和国别市场两个层次上 识别不同的消费者群的过程;国际层次的市场 细分被称之为宏观细分,而对某一国别的市场 细分称之为微观细分 • 市场细分的关键问题是选择划分标准